Internetdejting har sedan 1990-talet blivit allt mer populärt och har under de senaste åren förflyttats från webbplatser till appar i smartphones som effektiviserar processen att träffa andra individer. En av dessa appar är Tinder som revolutionerat internetdejting genom sitt säregna sätt att matcha ihop användare. Trots att många använder applikationen verkar det inte vara fullt ut accepterat att använda den. Användningen av appen kopplas till liknande förlägenhet som identifierats i forskning om internetdejting på webbplatser. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur Tinderanvändare normaliserar sitt användande och de strategier de använder sig av för att normalisera sitt användande och hur man kan förstå sambandet mellan förlägenhet och normalisering. Undersökningen baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer där 10 studenter vid Uppsala universitet som aktivt använt Tinder. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk bygger på stämplingsteori där sociala normer, mjuka och hårda stigman, normalisering, normifering och strategier för att undvika stigma utgör centrala begrepp. Tinder har normaliserats bland dess användare. Men att det är normalt innebär också att de måste bete sig på ett visst sätt när de använder appen. Det är en normalisering inom vissa ramar. De använder strategier för att undvika den förlägenhet som förknippas med kopplingen mellan appen och så kallad hookupkultur eller att man ska ses som desperat i sökandet efter en längre ”seriös” relation. Den förklarade normaliseringen och den upplevda förlägenheten förknippat med stigmatisering hanteras med hjälp av olika strategier och verkar ta sig olika form beroende på vad förlägenheten grundar sig i. Tidigare forskning har visat att internetdejting kopplats till stigma men att detta stigma har avtagit i kraft under de senaste 20 åren. Dock har tidigare forskning inte belyst de normaliseringsprocesser och de strategier som förekommer för att normalisera och hantera stigmat. De strategier som kunnat identifieras i undersökningen föreföll sig i största delen vara samma som tidigare forskning även sett, med undantag för Avsägande av det egna engagemanget som kunde identifieras här. Vi menar att Tinderanvändare använder sig av Utbildning som strategi för att normalisera sitt användande och framhåller användande som något helt normalt. Övriga strategier som identifierades användes för att normifiera användande. Att normifiera innebär att konstruera sitt användande så att det faller inom det som är socialt accepterat. / Internet dating has, since the 1990s, become increasingly popular and has in recent years moved from websites to apps in smartphones that streamline the process of meeting other individuals. One of these apps is Tinder, which revolutionized internet dating through its peculiar way to match users. Although the app is very popular it seems that it is not fully acceptable to use it. The use of the app has been compared to similar embarrassment identified in research on Internet dating sites. The purpose of this paper is to examine how Tinder-users normalize their use and the strategies they use to normalize it, and to understand the relationship between embarrassment and normalization. The study is based on semistructured interviews conducted with 10 students at Uppsala University who actively used Tinder. The theoretical framework is based on a number of key concepts, labeling theory, social norms, soft and hard stigma, normalization, normification and strategies to avoid the stigma. Tinder is normalized among its users. But even tho the app is considered normal the users still have to behave in a certain way when they use the app. It is a normalization within certain limits. They use strategies to avoid the embarrassment associated with so-called hookup culture or the perception of users as desperate in the search for a more "serious" relationship. The declared normalization and the perceived embarrassment associated with soft stigma are managed using various strategies and seem to take different forms depending on what embarrassment is based in. Previous research has shown that internet dating is linked to stigma, but that stigma has diminished in power over the last 20 years. However, previous research has not highlighted the normalization processes and the strategies that appear to normalize the internet dating and manage the stigma. The strategies identified in the material for this thesis appeared in previous research, except for the strategy “renouncement of personal commitment”. We believe that Tinder-users adapt education as a strategy to normalize its use and stresses usage as something quite normal. Other strategies were used to normify use. To normify means to construct an action or behavior so that it falls within the boundaries of what is socially acceptable.

L’orientation essentielle de notre thèse concerne spécifiquement les relations intergroupes et les constructions identitaires en situation de pluralité culturelle, dans des contextes de changements sociaux importants et de ruptures idéologiques profondes. Nous nous intéressons au domaine particulier des sociétés post-soviétiques. Les changements politiques qui ont accompagné, au Kazakhstan, la chute du système en vigueur durant l’ex-URSS ont été à l’origine de nouvelles catégorisations sociales et ethniques : ethnie titulaire (Kazakhs) et non-titulaires (autres ethnies). Cette nouvelle classification a induit des changements importants au niveau des représentations de l’identité nationale et des rapports entre groupes ethniques. En effet, l’objectif idéologique du Kazakhstan est devenu celui de former une nouvelle nation sur la base de l'identité kazakhe mais celle-ci se heurte à l'opposition des groupes ethniques minoritaires et suscite l’élaboration des nouvelles stratégies identitaires destinée à réagir à la tendance d’unification de ce modèle Etat-Nation. Nous avons choisi pour notre étude la région centrale du Kazakhstan, où les contacts interculturels sont particulièrement soutenus du fait de la présence de plusieurs ethnies. Notre but est, en premier lieu, d’analyser les liens entre l’appartenance à un groupe ethnique donné et la construction de l’identité nationale ; et, en second lieu, l’effet de la construction identitaire sur les relations entre les différents groupes. Compte tenu de nos objectifs de recherche et des réalités du contexte sur lequel porte notre étude, nous avons retenu l’idée d’une méthodologie à la fois quantitative et qualitative : le questionnaire spécifiquement adapté à notre terrain et l’entretien semi-directif explicitant les variabilités interethniques. L’échantillon que nous avons retenu est composé de 371 jeunes âgés de 15 à 31 ans et représentatif des différents groupes ethniques en présence (Kazakhs, Russes et autres ethnies minoritaires). / Our thesis is mainly orientated on relations between groups and the construction of identity in a situation of cultural plurality. These mechanisms are studied in a context of important social changes and deep ideological fractures. We will focus more specifically on the post Soviet societies. The fall of the political system of the former USSR led to political changes in Kazakhstan. From these changes originated a new social and ethnic organization : appointed ethnic groups (Kazakhs) and non appointed ethnic groups (others ethnic groups). This new classification led to some considerable changes in the representation of the national identity and the relations between ethnic groups. The new ideological objective of Kazakhstan was indeed to build a new nation based on the Kazakh identity. However it encountered the opposition of minority ethnic groups which encouraged the development of new identity strategies so as to react to the unification tendency of this State - Nation's model. For our study, we have chosen the centre region of Kazakhstan where cross cultural contacts are particularly important due to the presence of several ethnies. Firstly, our goal is to analyse the links between the belonging to an ethnic group and the construction of the national identity. Secondly, we will interest ourselves to the effects of identity construction on the relationships between the different ethnic groups. Considering our research objectives and the reality of the context on which was based our study, we applied a both qualitative and quantitative methodology: the questionnaire is specifically adapted to our field and the semi – directive interview explains the interethnic variabilities. Our sample is composed of 371 young people aged from 15 to 31 years old, who represent the different ethnic groups in presence (Kazakhs, Russian and others minorities ethnic groups).

With the development of the Internet and online payment, Online to Offline (O2O) platforms come into people’s lives. O2O platforms provide offline goods and ser-vices for their online users and these platforms are various, for example, they can help the users to call taxis, order food, call babysitters, make orders for cleaning the car and so on, which help people a lot for its convenience. At the same time, attracting customers for these platforms becomes a problem and many of these choose to make discount strategies to reach their goals. Companies invest a lot of money on discounts for competition while investment sometimes is risky, because the company maybe cannot earn the money back, so it is very important to learn how to make discount strategies for O2O platform wisely.Eleme will be studied as the case of this study, because it is a successful example of developing its food delivery O2O platform through investing a lot of money on giving discounts to attract lots of users. Eleme is one of the best food delivery O2O platforms in China, and its users are quite many, so it is a suitable choice to investigate. A mixed method is used in this study. Interviews have been done on commercial tenants of Eleme and questionnaires have been sent to ordinary end-users of Eleme, and the combination of these two parts can lead to good dis-count strategies. To answer the questions of the thesis, relevant knowledge about O2O platform, market strategies, discount strategies, consumer behavior and measures taken by Eleme will be used.The result of this study shows that discounts of the O2O platform do attract lots of customers and giving discounts is a good way to be competitive. At the same time, the platform needs to balance the profits of itself and its commercial tenants, and pays attention to needs of the ordinary end-users behind discounts in case of los-ing them. Eleme used a lot of wise discount strategies to develop itself, but the competition in this area is continuing and many measures can be taken for further development.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den näst vanligaste cancerformen i världen, minst var tredje person kommer någon gång under sin livstid att drabbas. Att få bröstcancer påverkar inte bara den drabbade utan även de närstående. Personen står inför olika behandlingar som följd av sjukdomen, vilket medför kroppslig och känslomässig påverkan Att som sjuksköterska kunna bemöta och stödja personen är av allra störst vikt för att personen ska kunna återgå till den normala vardagen. Syfte: Att beskriva hanteringen av att leva med bröstcancer utifrån copingstrategier. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har gjorts där tretton kvalitativa artiklar har inkluderats i resultatet. Fribergs trestegsmodell har används för att granska, bearbeta och analysera artiklarna. Resultat: Huvudkategorierna är problemfokuserad coping och emotionell coping. Underkategorierna som bildades var information/kunskap, användning av religiös tro, socialt stöd, aktiviteter, förnekelse/bortträngning och användning av positivt tänkande. Slutsats: Copingstrategier som personerna använde sig av var att söka information på olika sätt. Användning av trosuppfattning var förekommande. Stöd från bland annat närstående och vänner var av betydelse. Får att komma på andra tankar än sjukdomen, höll personerna sig upptagna genom olika aktiviteter. Andra typer av copingstrategier var att distansera sig från miljöer som påminde dem om cancer och att upprätthålla en positiv livssyn genom att ta vara på det som var av betydelse. / Titel: A persons way to manage how to live with breast cancer. Background: Breastcancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world, every third person will be afflicted during their lifetime. To develop cancer does not only affect the afflicted person, but also those who are related.  The person is standing in front of many different treatments as a consequence of the disease, which brings physical and emotional impact. The ability as a nurse to be able to meet and support the person is of the greatest importance so that the person is able to return to the everyday life. Purpose: Describe how to cope when living with breastcancer by using different coping strategies. Method: A literature review has been done where thirten qualitative  articles  have been included in the result. Fribergs threestepmodel has been used to review, process and analyse the articles. Result: The main catergories of coping strategies are problemfocused coping and emotional coping. The subcategories that were formed were; information/knowledge, using religious faith, social support, activities, denial/displacement and the use of positive thinking. Conclusion: People looked up information on how to cope with this disease. The use of different beliefs was a common practice. Support from relatives and friends was important. The ability to think about other things than the disease, kept people busy using different activities. Other types of coping strategies were to distance themselves from environments that reminded them about the cancer and to maintain a positive view on life, by taking care of things that are important.

No description available.

In the study of navigation, frequently it is assumed that navigation is accomplished using either an allocentric strategy based on a cognitive map, or an egocentric strategy based on stimulus response associations. Further, it is frequently assumed that individual navigators, or even entire genders, are only capable of navigating by one strategy or the other. The present study investigated whether individuals or genders were limited to a particular navigational strategy and whether both strategies might be learned or used at the same time. In the present study, undergraduate students were tested in a virtual Morris water maze that was modified to allow successful and efficient navigation using either an allocentric or an egocentric strategy. Learning trials on which the participants had to learn the location of the platform were alternated with probe trials on which participants would show which strategy they were using. At the end of testing, participants were given a series of tests to determine what knowledge they had acquired and which strategies they were capable of using. Results indicated that: a) most people preferred to navigate egocentrically in this maze, but some preferred to navigate allocentrically, b) people tended to use an egocentrically strategy first, but it was not a necessary step to learning to navigate allocentrically, c) people were better at their preferred strategy, d) people learned information about their non-preferred strategy, and e) those who preferred to navigate egocentrically could nevertheless learn to navigate allocentrically. Surprisingly, all of these results were true for both men and women, although women tended to prefer egocentric navigation at a higher rate than men, and men outperformed women when forced to navigate allocentrically. These results suggest it may be too simple to think of navigators as being capable of only a single navigational strategy or of learning only one strategy at a time. / Graduate

The present study investigates the role of the Front-End phase within the context of Innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises through the project management lens, focusing on what practitioners can do to manage this phase. Taking a cue from the assumption that the Front-End phase of a project is a very critical and important stage, this study begins with a literature review on innovation and on its role among the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, and moves to the identification of the main challengesthat an Innovative Italian Small and Medium Enterprise has to face in the Front-End phase. Particularly, the research focuses on the strategies that a project manager can implement to deal with the fuzzy nature of the Front-End phase, originated by uncertainty, equivocality and complexity. The study has an inductive approach and a cross-sectional time-horizon. A case study strategy has been employed, together with semi-structured interviews as data collection technique, involving six Italian Innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises identified through the framework of legal requirements provided by the European Union. Although literature poses on the same level all three elements, results show that there is a general consensus about the main role played by uncertainty. Practitioners identify several strategies to employ in order to deal with uncertainty, while the number of strategies identified to reduce equivocality and complexity is limited. Furthermore, this study identifies a correlation between the size of a company and the type of strategies employed to deal with the fuzziness. The more resource a company allocates on a project, the wider is the range of possible strategies project managers can adapt.

Some salespeople cope with the chronic stress that accompanies sales jobs better than others. That is, while all salespeople possess some ability for coping with job stress, some coping mechanisms work better than others. Thus, it is critically important to identify the coping mechanismwhich are associated with the most positive organizational outcomes (i.e., higher performance, increased retention). Research on the coping mechanisms of salespeople is in its exploratory stage. Increased knowledge concerning how salespeople cope with chronic job stress would help researchers and managers to clarify why certain job outcomes occur instead of others (i.e., performance, retention, and burnout). This study proposes and tests a set of relationships pertaining to the dimensionality and the outcomes of salespeople's coping styles. The model identifies the antecedents of coping style and proposes three types of coping style salespeople employ to reduce job stress- emotion focused coping (EFC), problemfocused coping (PFC) and action oriented coping (AOC). It also elucidates the outcomes associated with EFC and PFC styles. The empiricalfindingssuggest that among salespeople, those who use PFC possess a more pronounced internal locus of control, perceive higher social support, and project higher continuance commitment, and higher self efficacy than those who use EFC. The findings also suggest that salespeople who use PFC tend to be more satisfied and express greater well being than those who use EFC. Additionally, salespeople who use EFC tend to exhibit greater propensity to burnout and greater tendency to withdraw than those who use PFC. The model holds considerable promise froma managerial standpoint. Because the model partially predicts whether the outcome of a particular coping style will be positive or negative, managers can train their salespeople to cope with job stress more effectively. Additionally, it may be significantly helpful to those who recruit salespeople. Sales recruiters ought to be able to identify applicants with a greater orientation toward an internal locus of control. Internally driven individuals are more likely to use a problem focused coping style. In the context of hiring salespeople, this knowledge can be of crucial importance.

This study investigates whether different acquisition strategies provide dissimilar abnormal returns forthe bidders’ investors before, during and after the financial crisis. The study focuses on acquisitionsconducted by banks between 2004 and 2012. The data is split in a pre-, mid-, and post-crisis sample.The dataset consists out of 950 completed acquisitions conducted by 378 unique banks. Crosssectionalresults point out that investors are generally indifferent to which acquisition strategy is usedby banks, both at announcement and at completion. Moreover, it seems that investors do not reactfiercer to the announcement compared to the completion of a deal. The results are robust whensplitting the sample in acquirers originating from common- and code law countries. However, the studyfinds that opposed to what is suggested by prior research, shareholders from code law countries earnhigher returns than shareholders from common law countries.

The aim of the thesis is to construct an effective realistic retirement income plan for an individual investor. We propose realistic frameworks with specific inputs given by investor such as number of investment instruments, income, and length of the time period before retirement using Modern Portfolio theory. The aim is to develop a retirement framework using fundamentals of Modern Portfolio Theory as per investor’s needs on asset allocation assuming investor’s risk appetite reduces as he ages in life and worries for real retirement income planning by comparing different statistical models scenarios. In each of the Scenarios we have 3 changing probability profile scenarios to allow for flexibility to the investor to withdraw from the portfolio for personal needs with increasing probability, decreasing probability and uniform probability of withdrawal throughout the portfolio investment time horizon. The results clearly reveal that there is no one best model for different investors as each investor is different with different objective functions. The results also show that, Traditional method and Bootstrapping scenario results are not always the same implying investor should not expect historical returns from the securities to reflect the future.