Incluído no grupo informal \"Clado Novo Mundo\" sensu Huber (2000), o gênero Mesabolivar apresenta distribuição restrita a região neotropical e inclui atualmente 45 espécies válidas. Este gênero e é composto por algumas espécies que habitam a vegetação, troncos e rochas (hábito parietal) e outras que habitam a serapilheira. Foi proposto testar o monofiletismo de Mesabolivar e estudar a evolução do habitat de vida no gênero. Foram realizadas duas análises. A primeira, em escala genérica, objetivou avaliar as relações do \"Clado Novo Mundo\" e o monofiletismo de Mesabolivar. Usando parcimônia Foram encontradas 200 árvores com 498 passos. Não foi encontrada resolução suficiente para encontrar o grupo-irmão de Mesabolivar. O gênero não é monofilético, com três espécies (M. luteus, M. levii e M. cambridgei) relacionadas a outros gêneros. As demais espécies de Mesabolivar formam um grupo monofilético, suportado pelo procurso curvado e presença de cavidade epiginal. A segunda análise, que incluiu 36 espécies descritas e 29 não descritas de Mesabolivar, encontrou 74 mais parcimoniosas com 256 passos. Foram testadas as relações entre medidas morfométricas, para que estas possam ser relacionadas com o habitat. Foi encontrado há uma correlação entre o habitat, tamanho das pernas e formato do abdomem, onde aranhas com abdomem esférico (fiandeiras quase ventrais) e pernas curtas habitam o solo e aranhas com abdomem alongado (fiandeiras subterminais) e pernas longas vivem em vegetação, troncos e rocha (habito parietal). Para realizar inferências em espécies com história natural desconhecida, foi observado que o fêmur, tíbia e metatarso representam bem o tamanho total das pernas, sendo que o metatarso é o mais adequado. Otimizando o habito de vida (com dados diretos ou inferidos pelas medidas/formato do abdomem) foi otimizado no cladograma. A condição plesiomórfica baseada no grupo externo é o habitat parietal. Entretanto, o hábito plesiomórfico para Mesabolivar é ambíguo. O clado mais basal de Mesabolivar é composto por habitantes do solo. O hábito de vida no solo é reconquistado pelo menos duas vezes. São apresentadas descrições resumidas das 29 espécies incluídas nas análises, e duas relacionadas a M. luteus / Belonging to the informal group \"New World Clade\" sensu Huber (2000), Mesabolivar has a Neotropical distribution. Includes nowadays 45 valid species. This genus comprises parietal species (shrubs, logs, trunks and rocks inhabitants) and litter inhabitant species. The Mesabolivar monophyletism was tested, and the evolution of habitat choice was studied. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted in two phases. The first one, at generic scale, tried to reevaluate the \"New World Clade\" internal relationships and verify the monophyly of Mesabolivar. The analysis using parsimony found 200 tree with 498 steps. The resolution did not allow identify the sister group of Mesabolivar. The genus Mesabolivar was found polyphyletic, with three species related to other genera (M. luteus, M. levii and M. cambridgei). All other Mesabolivar species form a monophyletic group. The second analysis included 96 known and 29 unknown Mesabolivar species. Found 74 more parsimonious trees with 256 steps. The relationship between the morfometrical traits and habitat was tested. There is a correlation between habitat, leg length and abdomen shape. Spiders with spherical abdomen (ventral spinnerets) and relatively short legs are litter inhabitants. Spiders with elongated abdomen (subterminal spinnerets) and long legs have parietal habitat. The statistical inference found the metatarsus as the best representative of leg length. Using observation and inference, the habitat was optimized. The plesiomorphic condition in Mesabolivar was ambiguous. The basal clade was composed by litter inhabitants. The litter living habitat was conquered at least two times indenpendently. Was presented 29 reduced descriptions of unprescribed species included in the phylogenetic analysis

O presente estudo visa dar luz sobre fenômenos ainda pouco explorados que ocorrem durante a estratificação em leitos de jigagem, bem como sobre novas possibilidades de aplicação da técnica. Por meio de testes com misturas de agregados em jigues hidráulico e pneumático descontínuos, foi pela primeira vez examinada a ocorrência de convecção granular em jigues. Os fatores envolvidos em sua formação e a influência sobre a estratificação foram analisados em detalhes. Do mesmo modo, foi examinada a influência da granulometria do leito sobre a estratificação em jigues pneumáticos e a possibilidade de uso do mesmo como um equipamento multi-separador. Os resultados revelam a existência de um fluxo ordenado e estacionário de partículas durante a pulsação do leito, ascendente na porção central e descendente nas bordas do jigue, de modo similar ao fluxo convectivo descritos na literatura para leitos vibrados mecanicamente. Este fluxo convectivo gerou uma distorção no rearranjo do leito estratificado, dando origem a um perfil horizontal de estratificação no qual as partículas leves se concentraram nas bordas e as partículas densas se concentraram preferencialmente na zona central dos estratos. Com base nos resultados, um mecanismo de formação do fluxo convectivo e um modelo preditivo do rearranjo do leito foram propostos. Observou-se também que a diminuição da granulometria e o aumento da distribuição de tamanho dos constituintes do leito teve um efeito positivo sobre a estratificação. Os resultados sugerem que isto pode estar em parte relacionado a maior compactação do leito quando da presença de partículas de menor tamanho. Também, resultados experimentais demonstraram a possibilidade de uso do jigue pneumático para realizar a operação conjunta de separação de materiais rochosos e não rochosos em um único estágio. O desempenho global na remoção de contaminantes não-rochosos foi similar ao de separadores pneumáticos e sistemas de "sorting" automático descritos na literatura. Ainda, a quantidade inicial de contaminantes no sistema teve um efeito desprezível sobre o desempenho. Os resultados obtidos, em particular aqueles relacionados à convecção granular, fornecem novas perspectivas a respeito dos fenômenos envolvidos na estratificação em jigues. Ainda, benefícios práticos podem ser extraídos a partir dos resultados da análise do efeito da granulometria sobre a estratificação e do uso de jigues pneumáticos como multi-separadores. / This study aims to shed some light on some unclear phenomena that occurs during particle stratification in jigs as well as on new possibilities of application of jigging technique. For the first time, the occurrence of granular convection in jigging beds was analyzed by considering the case of hydraulic and pneumatic jigs operating with mixtures of aggregates. The elements involved in the pattern formation and its influence on bed stratification were analyzed in detail. The influence of particle size distribution on bed stratification and the possibility of using pneumatic jigging as a multi-separator were also examined. The experimental results reveal the existence of a steady, ordered flow of particles over bed pulsation, in which particles move upward in the center of the jig bed and downward along the walls of the jig container, similarly to the circulation patterns reported in the literature. The convection gave rise to a distortion in the particle rearrangement, engendering the formation of a horizontal stratification profile in which light particles tended to be concentrated along the walls while dense particles tended to be concentrated preferentially in the center portion of the strata. On the basis of the experimental results, a mechanism of pattern formation and a prediction model were proposed. The results also revealed that the decrease of the particle size and the increase in the particle size distribution had a positive influence on stratification extent. It was suggested by the results that this behavior can be related to the higher bed compaction due to the presence of smaller particles in the bed. Also, experimental results indicated the technical feasibility of the combined use of pneumatic jigging for the removal undesired non-stony materials together with the bed stratification in only one single stage. The reported separation efficiency in the removal of low-density materials was comparable to those of air classifiers and automatic sorting systems. Also, the initial content of contaminants seemed to have a negligible effect on the separation performance. The results obtained, in particular those related to the granular convection, provides new perspectives about the phenomena involved in stratification by jigging. Moreover, practical benefits can be obtained from the results about the influence of particle size on bed stratification and about the usage of pneumatic jigging for multi-separation.

À l’instar des romans africains et maghrébins qui s’inscrivent pour la plupart dans une perspective de confrontation avec le colonialisme, les textes que nous avons choisis peuvent se lire dans la perspective novatrice que Bertrand Westphal a significativement baptisée “géocritique”. Ces œuvres reflètent une esthétique qui puise sa particularité et sa richesse dans des origines hybrides, entre langue maternelle, d’éducation et langue de l’occupant ou de l’exil. Cette thèse est donc l’occasion de parcourir l’espace africain, créant ainsi un panorama de son horizon littéraire, notamment par l’étude des particularités de l’Afrique du nord et de l’Afrique subsaharienne ainsi que les rapports qu’elles entretiennent depuis la plus haute antiquité jusqu’à aujourd’hui. / Like most of African and Maghreb novels which are mostly enrolled with the confrontation of colonialism, the texts we have choosen can be read the original perspective that Bertrand Westphal has significantly named "geocritics". These works share an aesthetics of a richness which owes its originality to hybrid origins, between mother or learned tongue and occupant or exile language. This thesis is therefore an opportunity to explore the African space, shaping a panorama of its literary horizon, mainly by studying the particularities of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa and the relationships that they maintain from the highest Antiquity until today.

abstract: C.C. Cragin Reservoir’s location in the Coconino National Forest, Arizona makes it prone to wild fire. This study focused on the potential impacts of such a wild fire on the reservoir’s annual thermal stratification cycle impacts and water quality. The annual thermal stratification cycle impacted the reservoir’s water quality by increasing hypolimnion concentrations of magnesium, iron, turbidity, and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) values, as well as resulting in the hypolimnion having decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations during stratified months. The scarification process did not affect the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the reservoir or the total/dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations. Some general water quality trends that emerged were that phosphorous was the limiting nutrient, secchi disk depth and chlorophyll a concentration are inversely related, and no metals were found to be in concentrations that would violate an EPA drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL). A carbon mass model was developed and parameterized using DOC measurements, and then using historic reservoir storage and weather data, the model simulated DOC concentrations in the reservoir following four hypothetical wild fire events. The model simulated varying initial reservoir storage volumes, initial flush volumes, and flush DOC concentrations, resulting in reservoir DOC concentrations varying from 17.41 mg/L to 8.82 mg/L. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

The problem of rehabilitation of the physically handicapped in the United States is one of massive proportions. A 1968 survey conducted by the Department of Transportation estimates the number of physically disabled persons in the United States to be approximately 30 million.1 As noted above, physical deviance serves as a basis of social differentiation; and where this differentiation takes on a negative character, the concept of social distance can be useful in measuring the attitudes of physically normal persons in their acceptance or rejection of those who are physically deviant. This study intends to examine the normals' contacts (in their various forms) with disabled persons and the relationship of these contacts to the social distance established between persons who are physically normal and those who are physically deviant. 1. Ruth Lauder, The Goal Is: Mobility! Published for the National Citizens Conference on Rehabilitation of the Disabled and Disadvantaged by the U.S. Dept. of Health, Education & Welfare (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969), p. 4

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms contolling the growth of corneal epithelial cells, particularly the intracellular signals involved with stratification compared with cellular migration and maturation. Buttons of epithelium were cultured in different culture media. The explants were monitored microscopically for their growth patterns and finally fixed and examined for cytokeratin, vimentin and actin. Different growth patterns were observed in the different media, indicating that different signalling patterns must be operating in these cells depending upon the media in which they were grown. To investigate the intracellular pathways controlling the different growth patterns, the protein phosphorylation of different cultures was investigated. The two proteins, p57 and p30, are strongly suggested to be associated with stratification of the epithelial cells. The possible involvement of the common serine kinase, PKC, in controlling the growth pattern of corneal epithelial cells were also investigated. The results suggested that an intracellular pathway involving PKC promotes the maturation and spread of the cells but is not involved in their stratification. These experiments taken together indicate that the different aspects of corneal epithelia cell growth are tightly controlled and may occur quite independently. Specific protein expression appears to be important for stratification, and phosphorylation of proteins by PKC appears to be involved with the maturation of epithelial cells from basal cells. It also indicates that the mature cells are capable of producing the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin which appears to have an important role in causing the spread as distinct from the stratification of the corneal epithelial cells. / Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

An analytical and experimental study of boundary gravity currents propagating through a two-layer stratified ambient of finite vertical extent is presented. The theoretical discussion considers slumping, supercritical gravity currents, i.e. those that generate an interfacial disturbance whose speed of propagation matches the front speed, U and follows from the classical analysis of Benjamin [J. Fluid Mech. 31, pp. 209-248, 1968]. In contrast to previous investigations, the amplitude of the interfacial disturbance is parameterized so that it can be determined straightforwardly from ambient layer depths. The theoretical model, which is applicable to the special case where the depth, D, of the gravity current fluid at the initial instant spans the channel depth, H, shows good agreement with experimental measurements and also analogue numerical simulations performed in conjunction with the present investigation. Unfortunately, it is difficult to extend our theoretical results to the more general case where D < H. Reasons for this difficulty will be discussed. From experimental and numerical observations, the interface thickness is observed to negligibly affect the speed of supercritical gravity currents even in the limit where the interface spans the channel depth so that the ambient fluid is linearly stratified over the whole of its depth. Conversely, subcritical gravity currents show a mild upward trend of U on the interface thickness. Finally, the effects of densities, ambient depths, interface thickness and D on the horizontal position, X where deceleration first begins are considered. In contrast to the uniform ambient configuration, the gravity current can propagate without decelerating beyond 12 lock lengths and decelerate as early as 1 lock length. / Thermo Fluids

The United States has seen tremendous growth since it has achieved a population of 300 million. Interestingly, events like this mask the heterogeneity of fertility behavior particularly along racial/ethnic lines. Unfortunately, despite the voluminous literature examining the dynamics and differentials of fertility, extant studies suffer from several limitations including the treatment of racial/ethnic groups as homogenous, the cross-sectionality of their analyses, or their focus on either current or cumulative fertility ultimately underplaying the complexity of fertility behavior. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the fertility behavior of Mexican American and white women paying particular attention to race/ethnicity and social mobility by conducting a quantitative analysis of current and cumulative fertility behavior of women at three different points in their life course. The findings demonstrate the significant effect that socioeconomic characteristics and race have on explaining the higher fertility of Mexican American women in the United States thus, encouraging the adoption of a racial/ethnic stratification framework in studies of fertility.

The heavily privatized and socially stratified schooling system in Uttar Pradesh, India offers low income children limited opportunities for social mobility via education. In that context, this thesis presents the results of interviews with low-income mothers in the city of Varanasi, gathering their perspectives on the relationship between their children’s current schooling and anticipated adult futures. The results indicate that these mothers see education as an essential investment in both their boys’ and girls’ ability to “stand on their own feet” as independent adults. Study participants dream of a life for their children, especially their daughters, which differs dramatically from their own, and pursue this dream through strategizing to secure the highest quality education possible within their means. Alongside their strong commitment to education, mothers are filled with uncertainty about the adult futures their children will face, especially given the current climate of economic, educational and social change in India.

The heavily privatized and socially stratified schooling system in Uttar Pradesh, India offers low income children limited opportunities for social mobility via education. In that context, this thesis presents the results of interviews with low-income mothers in the city of Varanasi, gathering their perspectives on the relationship between their children’s current schooling and anticipated adult futures. The results indicate that these mothers see education as an essential investment in both their boys’ and girls’ ability to “stand on their own feet” as independent adults. Study participants dream of a life for their children, especially their daughters, which differs dramatically from their own, and pursue this dream through strategizing to secure the highest quality education possible within their means. Alongside their strong commitment to education, mothers are filled with uncertainty about the adult futures their children will face, especially given the current climate of economic, educational and social change in India.