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1	Role of second messengers in controlling growth patterns of corneal epithelial cells Liu, Ke, University of Western Sydney, College of Science, Technology and Environment, School of Science, Food and Horticulture January 2002 (has links) The purpose of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms contolling the growth of corneal epithelial cells, particularly the intracellular signals involved with stratification compared with cellular migration and maturation. Buttons of epithelium were cultured in different culture media. The explants were monitored microscopically for their growth patterns and finally fixed and examined for cytokeratin, vimentin and actin. Different growth patterns were observed in the different media, indicating that different signalling patterns must be operating in these cells depending upon the media in which they were grown. To investigate the intracellular pathways controlling the different growth patterns, the protein phosphorylation of different cultures was investigated. The two proteins, p57 and p30, are strongly suggested to be associated with stratification of the epithelial cells. The possible involvement of the common serine kinase, PKC, in controlling the growth pattern of corneal epithelial cells were also investigated. The results suggested that an intracellular pathway involving PKC promotes the maturation and spread of the cells but is not involved in their stratification. These experiments taken together indicate that the different aspects of corneal epithelia cell growth are tightly controlled and may occur quite independently. Specific protein expression appears to be important for stratification, and phosphorylation of proteins by PKC appears to be involved with the maturation of epithelial cells from basal cells. It also indicates that the mature cells are capable of producing the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin which appears to have an important role in causing the spread as distinct from the stratification of the corneal epithelial cells. / Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) corneal epithelial cells intracellular signals intracellular pathways stratification phosphorylation PKC
2	Investigating The Impact of Multipurpose Solutions Released From Silicone Hydrogel Lenses on Corneal Epithelial Cells, in vitro Tanti, Nicole-Christina January 2009 (has links) Cytotoxicity of Multi-Purpose Solutions (MPS) is commonly tested on cells using diluted MPS or extracts from MPS soaked contact lenses. There is evidence that lens type will affect uptake and release of compounds contained in MPS. To assess the cytotoxicity of agents contained in MPS that would be released by contact lens, an in vitro “onlay” model was used, whereby MPS soaked silicone hydrogel lenses were directly set onto a confluent monolayer of corneal cells. Chapter 4 describes the impact of MPS released from contact lenses on immortalized human corneal epithelial cells. MPS-soaked lens interactions with cells were characterized by studying cell viability, cell adhesion and caspase assays. In Chapter 5, mechanisms of cell death induced by exposure to MPS from contact lenses were determined through evaluation of apoptotic markers, such as activation of caspase 3 and 9. In Chapter 6, the impact of the physical properties of silicone hydrogel lenses, specifically surface treatments, on cytotoxicity of MPS were investigated. The development of methods for characterizing the release of MPS from lenses, using absorbance spectra, is also described. The results indicate that exposure to contact lenses soaked in Opti-Free Express (OFX) and ReNu not only induces cell death in vitro, but also has an adverse effect on adhesion phenotype, suggesting that the remaining cells may have a compromised epithelial structure. Borate- buffered MPS were found to be more cytotoxic than phosphate-buffered base solutions. Investigation of the mechanisms of cell death revealed that ReNu and OFX induced corneal epithelial cell death in vitro using different pathways, whereby ReNu induced a necrotic pathway while OFX-induced cell death was mediated by the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The in vitro model was also able to identify differences between silicone hydrogels with different surface treatments: the different surface treatments and chemistries of silicone hydrogels lens will affect the release profile of MPS and hence their potential cytotoxicity. By investigating the induction of cell death processes by solution-lens combinations in vitro, we aim to prevent potential adverse effects in the cornea, which may ultimately compromise various visual and barrier functions. The findings indicate the wealth of information in vitro cytotoxicity testing can provide when evaluating the toxicological profile of MPS. Multi-purpose Solutions Contact Lens Silicone Hydrogel Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Cytotoxicity Apoptosis Necrosis Biocompatibility In vitro modelling Caspase Cell Adhesion Viability Vision Science
3	Investigating The Impact of Multipurpose Solutions Released From Silicone Hydrogel Lenses on Corneal Epithelial Cells, in vitro Tanti, Nicole-Christina January 2009 (has links) Cytotoxicity of Multi-Purpose Solutions (MPS) is commonly tested on cells using diluted MPS or extracts from MPS soaked contact lenses. There is evidence that lens type will affect uptake and release of compounds contained in MPS. To assess the cytotoxicity of agents contained in MPS that would be released by contact lens, an in vitro “onlay” model was used, whereby MPS soaked silicone hydrogel lenses were directly set onto a confluent monolayer of corneal cells. Chapter 4 describes the impact of MPS released from contact lenses on immortalized human corneal epithelial cells. MPS-soaked lens interactions with cells were characterized by studying cell viability, cell adhesion and caspase assays. In Chapter 5, mechanisms of cell death induced by exposure to MPS from contact lenses were determined through evaluation of apoptotic markers, such as activation of caspase 3 and 9. In Chapter 6, the impact of the physical properties of silicone hydrogel lenses, specifically surface treatments, on cytotoxicity of MPS were investigated. The development of methods for characterizing the release of MPS from lenses, using absorbance spectra, is also described. The results indicate that exposure to contact lenses soaked in Opti-Free Express (OFX) and ReNu not only induces cell death in vitro, but also has an adverse effect on adhesion phenotype, suggesting that the remaining cells may have a compromised epithelial structure. Borate- buffered MPS were found to be more cytotoxic than phosphate-buffered base solutions. Investigation of the mechanisms of cell death revealed that ReNu and OFX induced corneal epithelial cell death in vitro using different pathways, whereby ReNu induced a necrotic pathway while OFX-induced cell death was mediated by the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The in vitro model was also able to identify differences between silicone hydrogels with different surface treatments: the different surface treatments and chemistries of silicone hydrogels lens will affect the release profile of MPS and hence their potential cytotoxicity. By investigating the induction of cell death processes by solution-lens combinations in vitro, we aim to prevent potential adverse effects in the cornea, which may ultimately compromise various visual and barrier functions. The findings indicate the wealth of information in vitro cytotoxicity testing can provide when evaluating the toxicological profile of MPS. Multi-purpose Solutions Contact Lens Silicone Hydrogel Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Cytotoxicity Apoptosis Necrosis Biocompatibility In vitro modelling Caspase Cell Adhesion Viability Vision Science
4	Application de l'immunolocalisation à la recherche de la cellule souche endothéliale cornéenne humaine / Application of the immunolocalization for researching the human corneal endothelial stem cells He, Zhiguo 28 October 2011 (has links) Le contrôle de la transparence de la cornée dépend de l'intégrité de l'endothélium cornéen mono-stratifié qui est classiquement considéré dès la naissance, dépourvu de capacité de régénération chez l’homme. Dans des conditions pathologiques conduisant à la cécité par œdème cornéen, les pertes significatives en cellules endothéliales (CE) ne sont pas remplacée efficacement, ce qui signifie que ni de nouvelles CE provenant de cellules souches (CS), ni la division des cellules voisines des lésions ne peuvent contribuer à la régénération endothéliale. Toutefois, plusieurs travaux ont prouvé depuis 25 ans que les CE possédaient une capacité proliférative résiduelle ex vivo et deux équipes ont suggéré l’existence de CS ou de progéniteurs à la périphérie de l’endothélium cornéen. Dans notre travail de thèse, nous avons tout d'abord optimisé, en la systématisant, une technique d’immunomarquage spécialement adaptée à l'endothélium cornéen intact de cornées montées à plat. A l’issue de ces développements, nous disposons de protocoles simples de fixation à température optimale et de démasquages antigéniques susceptibles de permettre la révélation de nombreuses protéines. A partir d’une importante série de cornées humaines non conservées et d’autres conservées en organoculture, et grâce à cet outil désormais efficace, nous avons étudié le cycle cellulaire des CE et la localisation de potentielles CS sur l’endothélium cornéen humaine. Nos résultats démontrent que dans ces conditions, les CE expriment de façon homogène des régulateurs positifs (PCNA, MCM2, cycline D1, cycline E et cycline A) et des régulateurs négatifs du cycle cellulaire (P16, P27); certaines particularités ont par ailleurs pu être décrites de façon innovante, comme la localisation cytoplasmique diffuse de MCM2, paranucléaire de la cycline D1, l’absence de P21. L’ensemble des marquages pourrait suggérer que les CE sont arrêtées en fin de G1, après le point de restriction et que de nombreux mécanismes de réparation de l’ADN sont mis en jeux dans les CE exposées à un stress oxydant important tout au long de l’existence. Nous avons identifié une nouvelle organisation de la micro-anatomie de la périphérie et de l'extrême périphérie de l’endothélium où des cellules regroupées en multiples clusters pluristratifiés semblent alimenter des colonnes de CE radiaires longues d'un millimètre. Ces éléments, associés à l’observation d'une moindre différenciation et d’une compétence proliférative plus élevés en périphérie suggèrent un nouveau modèle d’homéostasie endothéliale humaine in vivo: toute la vie, des CS périphériques alimentent de façon très lente la périphérie cornéenne en CE qui migrent de façon centripète pour assurer la stabilité du centre cornéen dont les propriétés optiques primordiales sont sous-tendues par un endothélium qui ne perd que 0,6% de CE par an. A la différence de l’épithélium cornéen, ce système ne peut être accéléré lors de circonstances pathologiques. Les perspectives de nos travaux sont désormais d’essayer d’isoler de l’extrême périphérie les CS endothéliales ou les progéniteurs et de les cultiver en recréant un microenvironnement favorable. La possibilité de produire un grand nombre de CE in vitre non pas à partir de CE sénescentes prélevées sur la totalité de l’endothélium comme cela a été tenté par la passé, mais cette fois à partir de CS ou des progéniteurs ouvriraient la voie d'une véritable thérapie cellulaire endothéliale. L'enrichissement des greffons pendant la durée de leur conservation à la banque de cornée pourrait constituer une première étape majeure avant d’envisager créer de novo un endothélium sur un support greffable pour une greffe endothéliale du 3e type qui deviendrait ainsi enfin indépendante des aléas de la découpe du greffon. Enfin, l’ïdentification de la CS endothéliale et de son microenvironnement permettra aussi d'envisager une thérapie cellulaire in vivo pour traiter les stades précoces des pathologies endothéliales cornéennes / The control of corneal transparency depends on the integrity of the mono-stratified corneal endothelium, which is considered devoid of regenerative capacity after birth in humans. In pathological conditions leading to blindness by irreversible corneal edema, the significant losses of endothelial cells (ECs) are not replaced efficiently, indicating that neither new ECs derived from stem cells (SC) nor the division of ECs neighboring the lesions can contribute to a form of regeneration. However, several works of the last 25 years demonstrated that ECs possess residual capacity of proliferation ex vivo, and more recently, two teams suggested the existence of SC or endothelial progenitors located in the corneal periphery. In this thesis work, we have firstly optimized an immunostaining technique specially adapted to intact endothelium of flat mounted whole corneas. Consequently, we now have simple protocols of fixation at the right temperature, and of antigen retrieval that allow detecting multiple proteins with a clear subcellular localization. Using important series of non-stored and of organ cultured corneas, and thanks to this technique, we investigated the cell cycle status of ECs and the location of potential SC in human corneal endothelium. Our results indicate that ECs homogeneously express positive regulators (PCNA, MCM2, cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A) as well as negative regulators of the cell cycle (P16, P27); several original descriptions have been made: diffuse cytoplasmic location of MCM2, paranuclear location of cyclin D1, absence of P21. The expression patterns suggest that ECS could be arrested after the restriction point of the G1 phase and that numerous mechanism of DNA repair are stimulated in ECs exposed to an important oxidative stress throughout live. We identified a novel organization of the micro-anatomy of the endothelial periphery and extreme-periphery, where cells accumulate in multiple small multilayered clusters connected radial centripetal cell rows of nearly 1 mm of length. Associated with the observation of a lesser differentiation and an increased proliferation capacity in this area, these elements suggest a novel model of endothelial homeostasis in humans: during life, SC continuously and extremely slowly sustain the endothelial periphery with new ECs that migrate toward centre forming cells rows. These cells ensure the stability of the center, which optical fundamental properties require a perfect stability, as indicated by an annual cell loss of only 0.6%. Contrary to the corneal epithelium, this system is incapable of accelerations in case of important cell loss. Further studies are necessary to understand this limitation. Our works offer several perspectives: the next step is to isolate the SC or the progenitors from the extreme periphery and to cultivate them in an adapted microenvironment. The possibility to cultivate endothelial cells directly from SC or progenitors and not, as previously tried in the past, from senescent EC from the whole endothelium open the way of a true endothelial cell therapy. The increase of endothelial cell density during corneal storage by eye banks could be a first step before developing bioengineered endothelium on a specific carrier that could be implanted in the recipient eye. Finally, the identification of SC and of its microenvironment would allow developing the basis of an in vivo cell therapy able to treat early stages of endothelial dysfunctions Cellule endothéliale cornéenne Cellule souche Cornée humaine Electroporation Immunohistochimie Immunocytochimie Cellule épithéliale cornéenne Thérapie cellulaire et génique Corneal endothelial cells Stem cells Human cornea Electrotransfer Immunohistochemistry Immunocytochemistry Corneal epithelial cells Cell and gene therapy
5	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
6	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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