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Naftos ir naftos ploviklio Simple Green bendras toksinis poveikis vaivorykštiniam upėtakiui ankstyvoje ontogenezėje / The toxic effects of crude oil combined with oil cleaner "simple green" on rainbow trout in ontogenesisRatkelytė, Eglė 08 September 2009 (has links)
NAFTOS IR NAFTOS PLOVIKLIO SIMPLE GREEN BENDRAS TOKSINIS POVEIKIS VAIVORYKŠTINIAM UPĖTAKIUI ANKSTYVOJE ONTOGENEZĖJE E. Ratkelytė Vilniaus universitetas Santrauka Tyrimai buvo atlikti su vaivorykštinio upėtakio (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ikrais (nuo „akutės“ stadijos) ir lervomis (nuo jų išsiritimo pradžios iki trynio maišelio rezorbcijos), veikiant juos 0,11, 0,22, 0,43, 0,87, 1,73, 3,46, 6,93 g/l naftos koncentracijomis į kiekvieną iš jų pridedant 0,5 g/l ploviklio Simple Green. Toksiškumo kriterijai buvo upėtakio ikrų ir lervų žuvimo procentas, ir tokie fiziologiniai rodikliai, kaip širdies (ŠD) bei kvėpavimo (KD) dažniai. Darbo tikslas buvo ištirti naftos ir naftos ploviklio Simple Green bendrą toksinį poveikį vaivorykštiniam upėtakiui (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ankstyvose jo vystymosi stadijose priklausomai nuo koncentracijos ir poveikio trukmės bei įvertinti ilgalaikio poveikio fiziologiniams rodikliams ypatumus. Apibendrinus gautus rezultatus galima teigti, kad vaivorykštinio upėtakio jautrumas naftos ir ploviklio Simple Green mišiniui priklauso nuo mišiniu veikiamos individo vystymosi stadijos, poveikio trukmės, ir naftos bei ploviklio koncentracijų santykio mišinyje. Nustatyta, kad jautriausios naftos poveikiui pasirodė lervutės ritimosi metu, mažiau jautrūs pasirodė embrionai ankstyvoje „akutės“ stadijoje. Palyginus gautus rezultatus su rezultatais gautais tiriant vien tik naftos poveikį vaivorykštiniam upėtakiui ankstyvoje ontogenezėje, matome, kad ploviklis Simple Green... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / THE TOXIC EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL COMBINED WITH OIL CLEANER „SIMPLE GREEN“ ON RAINBOW TROUT IN EARLY ONTOGENESIS E. Ratkelytė Vilnius University Summary Long-term effects of crude oil combined with oil cleaner „Simple Green“ were evaluated in chronic toxicity tests by use of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in early stages of development (embryos, larvae) as test-objects. The following toxicity criteria were studied for evaluation of toxic effects: mortality of embryos and larvae; physiological parameters (heart rate, ventilation frequency). The aim of the study was to investigate the overall effect of crude oil combined with oil cleaner „Simple Green“ on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in early development stages (embryos, larvae) depending on oil concentration in the mixture and exposure duration and to evaluate the specificity of negative effects of mixture on physiological parameters of fish. It was determined that 0.87, 1.73, 3.46 and 6.93 g/l concentrations of crude oil combined with 0.5 g/l of “Simple Green” resulted in the significant increase in larvae mortality, but practically had no negative effect on embryos. Hatching was found to be the most sensitive stage of development, 1 day age larvae were less and embryos were the least sensitive to the toxic impact of mixture, respectively. It was estimated that 0.87+0.5, 1.73+0.5, 3.46+0.5 and 6.93+0.5 g/l concentrations of crude oil combined with oil cleaner „Simple Green“ disturbed the work of cardiorespiratory... [to full text]
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Efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos causados pela deposição de ferro particulado em Clusia hilariana, uma espécie de restinga / Physiological and biochemical effects of iron ore dust in Clusia hilariana, a plant of restingaPereira, Eduardo Gusmão 07 February 2006 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Clusia hilariana, a CAM plant with crucial ecological role, has a broad distribution in brazilian restingas. With the aim to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of iron ore particulate matter (MSPFe), deposited in different fashions, on this species, three distinct experiments were carried out. Young plants were hydroponic cultivated in Hoagland solution at pH 5,5 and 4,0, using two source of iron, iron citrate III (0 and 2,0 mM) and FeEDTA complex (0, 1 and 2,0 mM). On the second experiment the plants were exposed to 6 and 18 mg.cm-2.day-1 of MSPFe, applied directly on the soil surface. On the final experiment, 2,14 mg.cm-2.day-1 of MSPFe was applied on the leaf surface by keeping the plant inside a MSPFe deposition chamber, in order to simulate the phenomenon that takes place in the field. The source of available iron in the hydroponic solution was critical for the stress onset. The gas exchange parameters were only affected on plants treated with FeEDTA. The iron content in plant tissues was greater in plants exposed to MSPFe deposition treatments than the control plants. The deposition of MSPFe on leaf surface caused significant decrease of a number of parameters such as plant height, leaf number, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a fluorescence, pigments content and organic acid accumulation, yonder increment on the relative membrane permeability, reduction of activity of catalase enzyme, without similar effect on lipid peroxidation. These effects were less dramatic on the treatment with MSPFe deposited on the soil surface. The enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase was enhanced in those plants treated with MSPFe applied on the soil surface, revealing an effective control of the reactive oxygen species. Thus, the set of physiological response of C. hilariana, as a consequence of MSPFe applications depends upon the target of the deposition, as supported by the significant results obtained when the MSPFe was applied directly on the leaves surface. The damages caused by the applications of MSPFe on the leaves of C. hilariana, were probably due to a physical effect rather than a toxic effect of the iron. The tolerance of C. hilariana to the high iron content in the soil, followed by iron accumulation in the plant, reveals the possibility of its use in iron phytoextraction of contaminated environments. / Clusia hilariana é uma espécie que apresenta o metabolismo ácido das crassuláceas (CAM), de grande distribuição nas restingas brasileiras, onde desempenha importante papel ecológico. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das diferentes formas de deposição do material sólido particulado de ferro (MSPFe), em aspectos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, nesta planta, foram implantados três experimentos. No experimento inicial, plantas jovens foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva de Hoagland em pH 5,5 e 4,0, com duas fontes de ferro, o citrato de ferro III (0 e 2,0 mM) e o complexo FeEDTA (0; 1,0 e 2,0 mM). No segundo experimento, as plantas foram expostas a 6 e 18 mg.cm-2.dia-1 de MSPFe aplicados sobre o solo. O último experimento, com aplicação de 2,14 mg. cm-2.dia-1 de MSPFe sobre a superfície foliar, foi realizado após a construção de uma câmara de deposição de MSPFe, que simula o que ocorre naturalmente nas áreas sujeitas à poluição por ferro. A fonte de ferro disponível na solução nutritiva foi determinante para a ocorrência do estresse, os parâmetros de trocas gasosas, nesse experimento, foram prejudicados apenas com a exposição das plantas ao FeEDTA. Foi verificado maior teor de ferro nos tecidos vegetais expostos às diferentes formas de deposição do MSPFe, em relação aos respectivos controles. A aplicação do MSPFe sobre as folhas de C. hilariana causou reduções significativas em vários parâmetros avaliados, como altura da planta, número de folhas, fotossíntese, condutância estomática, fluorescência da clorofila a, teor de pigmentos e acumulação de ácidos orgânicos, além de aumento na permeabilidade relativa de membrana e redução na atividade da enzima catalase. Entretanto, a peroxidação de lipídios de membrana não sofreu alterações. Com a deposição do MSPFe sobre o solo, os mesmos parâmetros permaneceram invariáveis. Houve incremento significativo na atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase em decorrência da deposição do MSPFe no solo, indicando controle efetivo das espécies reativas de oxigênio. A resposta fisiológica em C. hilariana, como conseqüência da
aplicação do MSPFe, depende da forma de deposição, como evidenciado pelos diversos danos causados quando o MSPFe foi aplicado sobre a superfície foliar, em relação à aplicação do mesmo material ao solo. Provavelmente, os danos causados pela aplicação do MSPFe sobre as folhas de C. hilariana, não se deve, primeiramente, à toxidez do ferro, mas sim devido aos efeitos físicos da deposição. A tolerância de C. hilariana, encontrada nesse experimento, à elevada concentração de ferro no solo e conseqüente acúmulo deste metal, fornece indícios para sua utilização em estudos com objetivos de fitoextração do ferro em ambientes contaminados.
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Valorisation des activités biologiques de certaines espèces végétales sahariennes nord-africaines / Valorisation of the biological activities of some North African Saharan plant speciesPalici, Ionut-Florin 30 November 2016 (has links)
La région sahariennne est une des zones les plus défavorables à la croissance et développement des espèces animales. Cependant, peu d’espèces possèdent à la fois des mécanismes morphologiques et écophysiologiques, assurant leur survie dans les sols arides et sur les dunes de sable.En effet, on peut estimer que le métabolisme secondaire biosynthétise des quantités considérables de composés bioactifs, destinés à assurer le développement et la continuité de ces espèces, notamment leur survie dans ces conditions sahariennes précaires.Les propriétés pharmacologiques des extraits de plantes sahariennes peuvent apporter des bénéfices dans la guérison de certaines maladies microbiennes ou prolifératives ou également contribuer au développement de certaines activités antioxydantes.L'étude des propriétés toxiques vise donc à enrichir la connaissance du potentiel bioactif des plantes sahariennes.Ces aspects de la puissance du métabolisme furent étudiés chez certaines espèces végétales strictement sahariennes. Il s’agit de : Anthyllis henoniana Coss., Centropodiaforskalii (Vahl) Cope, Cornulaca monacantha Delile, Ephedra alata var. alenda (Stapf.)Trabut, Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss & Reut., Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu,Hélianthemum confertum Dunal, Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. et Spartidiumsaharae (Coss. & Durieu) Pomel. Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent que ces espèces possèdent des propriétés intéressantes, susceptibles d’être utiles pour le traitement de certaines maladies humaines.En revanche, parfois à certaines concentrations, des extraits de ces espèces peuvent présenter des effets toxiques sur les organismes.En dépit des conditions extrêmes, le Sahara représente la zone de développement d'une certaine diversité biologique, et principalement des espèces de plantes précieuses dont une meilleure connaissance scientifique de leur propriétés phytochimiques se révèle indispensable. / The Saharan desert is one of the most unfavorable areas, to the plant life. However, a small number of plants possesses both morphological and ecophysiological mechanisms ensuring their survival in the arid soil and on the sand dunes.It can be estimated that the secondary metabolism biosynthesizes considerable amounts of bioactive compounds, meant to ensure the development and the continuity of these species.The pharmacological properties of saharan plant extracts may bring benefits in the healing of certain microbial or proliferative diseases or contributes to the supply of antioxidants activities.The study of toxic properties is meant to enrich the knowledge of Saharan plants’bioactive potential.The biological activities of Anthyllis henoniana Coss., Centropodia forskalii (Vahl)Cope, Cornulaca monacantha Delile, Ephedra alata var. alenda (Stapf.) Trabut,Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss & Reut., Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu, Helianthemum confertum Dunal, Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. and Spartidium saharae (Coss.& Durieu) Pomel have been studied. It can be seen that these species possess interesting properties, capitalized in the treatment of some human diseases. But, on the other hand in certain concentrations, extracts from these species may exhibit toxic effects onorganisms.Despite the extreme conditions, the Saharan desert represents the area of development for some valuable plant species, whose scientific knowledge is necessary.
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Optimización de ensayos celulares para la detección de toxinas marinas responsables de intoxicaciones alimentarias. Aplicación en extractos lipofílicos de muestras naturales de "Mytilus galloprovincialis"Cañete Ortiz, Elisabet 15 June 2012 (has links)
Esta tesis doctoral tiene por objeto el estudio de la aplicabilidad de los cultivos celulares de mamífero como uso de métodos toxicológicos alternativo al uso de métodos establecidos con animales de experimentación en la detección y cuantificación de toxinas marinas responsables de intoxicaciones alimentarias. Incluye cuatro artículos ya publicados y un manuscrito sometido a publicación en revista indexada.
Hasta el momento, el uso de los ensayos celulares (Cell Based Assays, CBAs) como métodos toxicológicos de detección y cuantificación de toxinas marinas en alimentos de origen alimentario se había enfocado por grupos de toxinas con mecanismo de acción similar. En esta tesis, lo que se ha propuesto es simplificar la estrategia de uso de los CBAs mediante un único modelo celular capaz de detectar y cuantificar el efecto tóxico del mayor número de grupos de toxinas partiendo de las siguientes prioridades:
Sensibilidad y repetitividad de respuesta del/os ensayo/s a la detección de la toxicidad teniendo en cuenta los mecanismos de toxicidad implicados.
Reducción del tiempo, complejidad y costes del método.
Interpretación de los resultados.
Priorización de la puesta a punto del método para aquellas toxinas que tienen un mayor impacto en las zonas de muestreo de este estudio.
Los pasos seguidos en la optimización se han dividido en dos grandes bloques:
Un primer bloque en el que se trabajó con toxinas purificadas estándar a fin de establecer las condiciones de los ensayos para la detección y cuantificación de las toxinas, así como contribuir a la caracterización toxicológica de las diferentes toxinas.
Un segundo bloque, en el que se trabajó con muestras naturales con toxinas a fin de establecer las condiciones en situaciones reales.
Para evaluar la respuesta del CBA frente a toxinas purificadas se escogieron toxinas representativas de los grupos más comunes. Para el primer grupo de ensayos (Cañete and Diogène, 2008) se utilizó: STX, PbTx-3, PlTX, PTX-2, OA, DTX-1, DA. Para el segundo grupo de ensayos (Cañete and Diogène, 2010) se amplíaron los estudios a toxinas actuando sobre canales de sodio dependientes de voltaje (STX, PbTx-3 y P-CTX) y a toxinas lipofílicas (OA, DTX-1, PTX-2, YTX y AZA-1).
Para evaluar la respuesta del CBA frente a muestras naturales con toxinas (Caillaud et al., 2009; Cañete et al., 2010; Cañete et al.) se utilizaron muestras de bivalvos procedentes del Delta del Ebro. Por su elevada importancia en el área geográfica en la que nos encontramos, este trabajo se centró en la optimización del CBA para toxinas del tipo lipofílico.
En este trabajo se proponen como conclusiones unas directrices a seguir para el uso de CBAs en este contexto.
PUBLICACIONES
Caillaud, A., Cañete, E., De la Iglesia, P., Giménez, G., Diogène, J., 2009. Cell-based assay coupled with chromatographic fractioning: A strategy for marine toxins detection in natural samples. Toxicology in Vitro 23 (8), 1591-1596.
Cañete, E., Campàs, M., De la Iglesia, P., Diogène, J., 2010. NG108-15 cell-based and protein phosphatase inhibition assays as alternative semiquantitative tools for the screening of lipophilic toxins in mussels. Okadaic acid detection. Toxicology in Vitro 24 (2), 611-619.
Cañete, E., De la Iglesia, P., Diogène, J., Evaluation of a toxicological alternative tool for lipophilic toxicity screening in mussels. NG108-15 cell-based assay coupled to chromatographic fractioning; a case study for YTX contamination. Toxicology in Vitro. Submitted.
Cañete, E., Diogène, J., 2008. Comparative study of the use of neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) and neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins. Toxicon 52 (4), 541-550.
Cañete, E., Diogène, J., 2010. Improvements in the use of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins. Toxicon 55 (2-3), 381-389. / ABSTRACT
This thesis aims to study the applicability of mammalian cell cultures as a toxicological alternative to the mouse bioassay in the detection and quantification of marine toxins which can produce food-borne intoxications. The study includes four published articles, and a manuscript submitted, in indexed journals.
On previous studies, the use of Cell Based Assays (CBAs) as a toxicological method for marine toxins screening on seafood products were focused on toxins with similar mechanism of action. This thesis was oriented to simplify the strategy and propose a CBA, with a single cell model, able to detect and quantify the toxic effect of a higher number of groups of toxins. The following priorities were considered for the assay:
Sensitivity and repeatability of the assay for the detection of the toxic effects taking into considerations the mechanisms of action involved.
Reduce time, complexity and costs of the method.
Interpretation of results.
Prioritize improvements of assay conditions for those toxins which have a greater impact on the sampling areas of this study.
The experiments performed in the optimization can be divided into two main groups:
The first group of experiments were performed with standard purified toxins to establish assays conditions for the detection and quantification of toxicity and to contribute to the toxicological characterization of the different groups of toxins. For this propose some toxins were chosen as a representation of the principal groups. For the first set of tests, the following toxins were used: STX, PbTx-3, PlTX, PTX-2, OA, DTX-1 and DA. For the second group of tests, studies were extended to toxins acting on voltage gated sodium channels (STX, PbTx-3 and P-CTX) and lipophilic toxins (OA, DTX-1, PTX-2, YTX and AZA-1).
A second group of experiments were performed with bivalve natural samples containing toxins to establish the conditions in real situations. For this propose samples were obtained from the Ebre Delta. This part of the study was focused to optimize the assay for lipophilic toxins which are of particular relevance in this geographical area.
In this thesis we finally propose some guidelines for the use of CBAs as a toxicological tool for marine toxins screening and the points which needs improvements in order to obtain a method alternative to the mouse bioassay.
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Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic ProductsMcCanna, David January 2009 (has links)
The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes.
The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.
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Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic ProductsMcCanna, David January 2009 (has links)
The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes.
The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.
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