Au cours des dernières décennies, l'évolution du système éducatif québécois a été caractérisée par des logiques du marché. En accordant aux parents la liberté de choisir l’école pour leurs enfants et à l’établissement la possibilité de sélectionner ses élèves, les pouvoirs politiques ont ouvert la porte à la compétition intra et inter établissements (Kamanzi, 2018, 2019). Cette dynamique du marché accentue, entre autres, des inégalités scolaires et sociales où les élèves sont séparés selon leurs capacités et, de façon implicite, leur origine sociale (Desjardins, Lessard et Blais, 2011; Marcotte-Fournier, 2015; Marcotte-Fournier et al., 2016; Larose, 2016, Hurteau et Duclos, 2017). À partir des données de l’enquête Pisa 2015, nous étudions les effets des pratiques de marché sur la cohésion scolaire. Celle-ci est analysée à travers les sentiments d’appartenance, de confiance et de coopération chez les élèves du secondaire. Les analyses montrent que la stratification scolaire et la présence de compétition sont liées à la cohésion scolaire. D'une part, les élèves des écoles privées sont ceux qui maintiennent une forte cohésion dans leur environnement scolaire. D'autre part, plus il y a de concurrence au sein de l’établissement, plus le sentiment d'appartenance est élevé. À partir de ces constats, l’étude suggère quelques pistes d’interprétation pour mieux comprendre la nature de la compétition, mais aussi envisager les moyens d'établir une cohabitation saine entre la cohésion et les logiques du marché scolaire dans le contexte du système scolaire québécois. / Over the past few decades, market forces have characterized the evolution of Quebec’s education system. By giving parents the freedom to choose the school that their children attend and schools the opportunity to select their students, political leaders have opened the door to intra- and inter-school competition (Kamanzi, 2018, 2019). This results, among other things, in educational and social inequalities where students are separated according to their abilities and, implicitly, their social background (Desjardins, Lessard and Blais, 2011; Marcotte-Fournier, 2015; Marcotte-Fournier et al., 2016; Larose, 2016, Hurteau and Duclos, 2017). Using data from the Pisa 2015 survey, we study the effects of market practices on school cohesion. We analyze this phenomenon through the feelings of belonging, trust and cooperation among secondary school students. Our analyses show that school stratification and the presence of competition are linked to school cohesion. On the one hand, students in private schools are those who maintain a strong cohesion in their school environment. On the other hand, the more competition there is within the institution, the higher the sense of belonging. Based on these findings, the study suggests some possible interpretations to better understand the nature of competition, but also to consider ways to establish a healthy cohabitation between cohesion and the logic of school markets in the context of Quebec’s school system.

Ce mémoire porte sur la situation du domaine d’apprentissage de l’univers social au primaire dans la hiérarchisation des matières. En effectuant une recherche de type qualitative dans une démarche descriptive, nous avons identifié des éléments qui influencent le statut de cette matière à l’aide des réponses qui ont émergé lors d’un questionnaire de pré-entretien, ainsi que d’un entretien semi-dirigé menés auprès de cinq enseignants au primaire. Ces données nous ont permis de faire ressortir les éléments d’influence suivants : la formation initiale, le développement professionnel et le sentiment de compétence; le curriculum formel et les ressources didactiques; ainsi que le temps et la prise de décision. Les résultats vont dans le même sens que la littérature existante au sujet de la situation de l’univers social dans la hiérarchisation des matières soit qu’elle se situe au centre ou au bas de celle-ci, puis qu’elle est considérée comme moins importante que le français et les mathématiques. En revanche, notre recherche permet d’apporter des nuances à la situation de l’univers social en classe parmi les autres matières à l’aide des éléments d’influence. Notre travail avance également que le concept de stratification des matières serait plus adéquat étant donné les éléments qui expliquent la situation de la discipline dans le curriculum réel, puis qu’un simple classement n’est pas assez pour expliquer cette situation. Finalement, quelques recommandations et pistes de recherche sont présentées afin d’améliorer la situation de l’univers social au primaire, puis de poursuivre le travail entamé. / This thesis focuses on the situation of the social and human sciences in primary school in the subject matter hierarchy. By executing a qualitative research with a descriptive approach, we identified factors that influence the status of this subject through the responses that emerged during a pre-interview questionnaire and a semi-structured interview conducted with five primary school teachers. These data allowed us to highlight the following influencing factors: initial training, professional development and the feeling of competence; formal curriculum and didactic resources; as well as time and decision-making. The results align with existing literature about the social and human sciences in the hierarchization of subjects, placing it either at the center or towards the bottom of the hierarchy, as this subject is considered less important than French (primary language) and mathematics. However, our research brings nuances to the situation of the social and human sciences in the classroom with the help of the influencing factors. Our work also suggests that the concept of subjects stratification might be more appropriate given the elements explaining the subject’s situation in the reel curriculum. A simple ranking is insufficient to explain this situation. Finally, some recommendations and research avenues are presented to improve the situation of the social and human sciences in primary education and continue the work initiated.

No description available.

The dissertation investigates typical operation modes of the heat storage tank in the small-scale cogeneration (CHP) plant, analyses formation of thermal stratifi-cation in such storage tank and presents the simulation of the stratification. The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate peculiarities of operation modes of heat storage tank in small-scale CHP plant, develop an algorithm allowing to choose the storage tank volume and present a model allowing determination of thermal stratification in the storage tank at any time of its operation. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjami būdingi šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimai, susiformuojantys nedidelės galios kogeneracinėje jėgainėje, tiriamas šiluminės stratifikacijos susidarymas tokioje talpoje ir atliekamas jos modeliavimas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – ištirti nedidelės galios kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų ypatumus, sudaryti algoritmą, padedantį parinkti tokios talpos tūrį ir pateikti modelį, leidžiantį nustatyti šiluminę stratifikaciją akumuliacinėje talpoje bet kuriuo jos veikimo metu.

This investigation was to determine if an applicant’s sex and the job’s sex orientation stereotypes affected the evaluation of applicant information and subsequent selection decision outcomes. Interviewers (N=48) were asked to rate the employment suitability of 49 hypothetical applicants. The results indicated that an interaction of the applicant’s sex and job’s sex orientation had marginal affect on the importance weightings in two of the four applicant attribute factors, motivation/ability and personality/appearance. Applicants with equivalent qualifications did not receive comparable employment suitability ratings, Unfair job discrimination was demonstrated by these data. It was concluded that the applicant’s sex and the job’s sex orientation stereotypes affected the evaluation of applicant attribute information and subsequent selection suitability ratings. Future research advocating a process orientation is suggested.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The dissertation is looking into the diagnostics of student's understanding of the principals of society organisation in relation to thecontentof sociologicalcivic curriculumeducation and socialbasisin secondary schools. The teoretical part delimits basic sociological terms, especially social stratification, social mobility and social status. Concept of didactical content knowledge and didactical theory of curricullum reconstruction is described to connect sociological approach to school education. Current research at this area are also presented. In the practical part was implementeda research inquiry, which used semistructured depth interview for data collection. The Gathered data wereprocessedqualitatively. The measure of hierarchy in society, the cause of social stratification and social mobility options, were primarily watched in the research inquiry. Where possible, student's answers were compared to previous research inquiry results.

This thesis is concerned with developing porous materials from tyre shred residue and polyurethane binder for acoustic absorption and thermal insulation applications. The resultant materials contains a high proportion of open, interconnected cells that are able to absorb incident sound waves through viscous friction, inertia effects and thermal energy exchanges. The materials developed are also able to insulate against heat by suppressing the convection of heat and reduced conductivity of the fluid locked in the large proportion of close-cell pores. The acoustic absorption performance of a porous media is controlled by the number of open cells and pore size distribution. Therefore, this work also investigates the use of catalysts and surfactants to modify the pore structure and studies the influence of the various components in the chemical formulations used to produce these porous materials. An optimum type and amounts of catalyst are selected to obtain a high chemical conversion and a short expanding time for the bubble growth phase. The surfactant is used to reduce the surface tension and achieve a homogenous mixing between the solid particulates tyre shred residue, the water, the catalyst and the binder. It is found that all of the components significantly affect the resultant materials structure and its morphology. The results show that the catalyst has a particularly strong effect on the pore structure and the ensuing thermal and acoustical properties. In this research, the properties of the porous materials developed are characterized using standard experimental techniques and the acoustic and thermal insulation performance underpinned using theoretical models. The important observation from this research is that a new class of recycled materials with pore stratification has been developed. It is shown that the pore stratification can have a positive effect on the acoustic absorption in a broadband frequency range. The control of reaction time in the foaming process is a key function that leads to a gradual change in the pore size distribution, porosity, flow resistivity and tortuosity which vary as a function of sample depth. It is shown that the Pade approximation is a suitable model to study the acoustic behaviour of these materials. A good agreement between the measured data and the model was attained.

Orientador: Alcides Padilha / Banca: Celso Luiz da Silva / Banca: Marcos Pinotti Barbosa / Resumo: Devido à extrema necessidade de se diversificar as fontes de energia renováveis, torna-se necessário a busca por métodos de reciclagem de energia pela utilização de rejeitos térmicos de equipamentos. Assim, o aproveitamento desses rejeitos pode ser utilizado, como uma nova fonte de energia, para o aquecimento de água e armazenamento da mesma em reservatório para uso doméstico. Devido a isso, é proposta a construção de um aparato experimental de um reservatório de armazenamento térmico cilíndrico, onde o objetivo da pesquisa será o levantamento dos coeficientes de desempenho relativo aos refrigeradores convencional e modificado, além de realizar uma análise da armazenagem da água quente, através da técnica da estratificação térmica utilizando um refrigerador com condensador modificado. O rejeito térmico coletado, através do princípio do termosifão, será armazenado na forma de energia térmica. Os resultados mostraram que os coeficientes de desempenho dos sistemas, calculados pelas técnicas relativas às perdas térmicas teóricas e experimentais, apresentaram grande diferença. Observou-se o comportamento dinâmico das termoclinas, através do efeito da estratificação térmica e a evolução das temperaturas em função do tempo, mostrando maior viabilidade do refrigerador modificado, gerando assim maior conforto térmico aos usuários além de produzir água quente para uso doméstico. / Abstract: Due to the extreme necessity to diversify renewable energy sources, the search for energy recycling methods through the utilization of thermal losses from equipment has become fundamental. Thus, these losses can be used as new source of energy for water heating and storage in Domestic Hot Water Storage Tanks (DHWST). For this reason, the construction of an experimental apparatus with a cylindrical thermal storage tank is proposed, in which the objective of the study will be a survey of the Coefficient of Performance concerning conventional and modified refrigerators, as well as to perform an analysis of hot water, through the thermal stratification technique using a refrigerator with a modified condenser. The collected thermal loss, as per the thermosiphon principle, will be stored as thermal energy. The results showed that the coefficient of performance for the systems, calculated using techniques for theoretical and experimental thermal losses, presented great differences. The dynamic behavior of the thermal distribution was observed through the thermal stratification effect and temperature evolution in terms of time, showing greater variability of the modified refrigerator generating more thermal comfort to users in addition to providing domestic hot water. / Mestre

Fissura labial com ou sem fissura de palato não sindrômica (FL±P NS) é uma doença complexa que afeta 1:700 indivíduos no mundo. A busca das causas genéticas dessa malformação é dificultada pelo padrão multifatorial de herança e pela heterogeneidade genética, sendo que o gene IRF6 e a região 8q24 são os loci de associação mais corroborada. A estratificação populacional é um problema adicional a ser considerado em estudos de caso-controle na população brasileira. No intuito de caracterizar variáveis que possam interferir na busca dos fatores de risco, realizamos em um primeiro estudo uma avaliação epidemiológica de pacientes de cinco localidades do país (Santarém-PA, Barbalha-CE, Fortaleza-CE, Maceió-AL e Rio de Janeiro-RJ) . Este estudo revelou Barbalha como a região onde a genética desempenha papel mais determinante (herdabilidade = 85%; risco de recorrência = 2,2-2,8%); Maceió, por outro lado, foi a região de menor influência genética (herdabilidade = 45%; risco de recorrência = 0,6-0,7%). Ainda, a consangüinidade não mostrou um mecanismo importante para explicar estes resultados. Em um segundo estudo, realizamos a caracterização da ancestralidade da amostra, com o intuito de estabelecermos parâmetros para serem utilizados em futuros estudos de associação na nossa população. Para testarmos as nossas hipóteses realizamos um estudo de caso-controle com os SNPs mais corroborados nos dois loci em outras populações: rs642961 em um enhancer do gene IRF6 e rs987525 na região 8q24. Verificamos que quando realizamos um teste de associação para os SNPs com correção para estrutura populacional obtivemos resultados consistentes com as estimativas de herdabilidade, uma vez que Barbalha foi a única região de associação positiva para os SNPs. Apesar de estes SNPs terem sido estudados em outras populações, este é o primeiro relato de associação destes SNPs na população brasileira. Ainda, o estudo molecular revelou a importância da caracterização da estrutura populacional por meio de marcadores informativos de ancestralidade em estudos de caso-controle na nossa população, uma vez que resultados diferentes puderam ser observados em análise assumindo ausência de estratificação. Este trabalho fornece importantes bases para a identificação de novos genes de predisposição às FL±P NS na população brasileira, pois permite um direcionamento para as populações de maior contribuição genética nas abordagens que virão a ser realizadas. / Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NS CL±P) is a complex disease with worldwide incidence estimated as 1:700. The multifactorial model of inheritance and the genetic heterogeneity difficult the search for the genetic causes of NS CL±P, and, of all loci, IRF6 gene and 8q24 gene desert are the two most associated. The population stratification constitutes an additional problem to be considered in case-control studies in Brazil. In order to identify the factors that may interfere in the hunting of risk factors, we carried out, in a first moment, an epidemiologic evaluation of patients from five locations in Brazil (Santarém-PA, Barbalha-CE, Fortaleza-CE, Maceió-AL and Rio de Janeiro-RJ). This study put Barbalha as the region where genetic factors play the more determinant role (heritability = 85%; recurrence risk = 2.2-2.8%); Maceió, on the other hand, was the region of less genetic contribution to the disease (heritability = 45%; recurrence risk = 0.6-0.7%). In addition, consanguinity did not appear to influence these results. In a second study, we characterized the sample ancestry, in order to establish parameters for future association studies in our population. To test our hypothesis, we carried out a case-control study with the SNPs which are the most corroborated in other populations: rs642961 (in an IRF6 enhancer), and rs987525 (in 8q24). We verified that, when a structured association test was performed, we obtained results that are consistent with heritability estimates, since Barbalha was the only region with positive association for both SNPs. This was the first time that a positive association for these markers was reported in a Brazilian population. In addition, the molecular analysis evidenced the importance of an individual characterization with ancestry informative markers when performing a case-control study in this population, since different results were obtained from the analyses assuming no stratification and correcting its effect. This study provides important bases for the identification of new susceptibility variants to NS CL±P in Brazilian population, since targeting in the populations of highest genetic contribution to the disease will be possible in the forthcoming studies, increasing the power of the study.