The study focuses on the regulation of informal trading, specifically street traders, within Polokwane Local Municipality. Municipalities required to manage street trading, and to deal with the challenge of increasing numbers of informal traders, which is affecting the formal trading economy. A small income and the limited ability of the government and the formal business sector to provide sufficient employment opportunities to people in the economically active age categories are two of the main reasons for informal trading in South African cities. As a result, the informal street trading sector plays an important role in providing a security net for millions of unemployed in the South African economy. However, informal street trading is not without its problems (Willemse, 2011:7). Often people blame government for not creating employment. When government is unable to provide sustainable employment to all the people, informal jobs emerge. Thus informal trading has become the only option for survival. Informal trading is a major source of income for the majority of the urban poor and therefore requires a properly regulated environment to address issues of income and unemployment for the poor. This study undertook to investigate how Polokwane Local Municipality regulates informal trading in the city of Polokwane. The research method employed in this study is qualitative. The main finding of the study is that because informal trading plays a significant role in creating employment, it must be well regulated and supported by the municipality in order to be organised. The main recommendation on the basis of this finding is that there should be a new approach, especially in terms of enforcement of by-laws. Most informal traders have applied for permits and have been waiting for a response from the Polokwane Local Municipality for years. In this regard, most of the informal traders are dissatisfied with municipal treatment of informal trading in the city. This dissatisfaction is also caused by lack of consultation.

The inadequate food safety knowledge by street food vendors have been a challenge encountered in ensuring safety of street foods. The aim of this study was to assess the food safety knowledge of street food vendors in the Johannesburg metropolis and to evaluate the conformance and monitoring of their street food vending facilities in accordance to regulations governing general hygiene requirements for food premises in South Africa. A cross sectional survey was conducted in which 315 street food vendors and 155 street food vending facilities were observed using a questionnaire instrument and observational checklist, respectively. The majority (61.3%) of the street food vendors were females and most (64.1%) of them had not attended a food safety training course. Only a few (12.1%) street food vendors knew the correct minimum internal cooking temperature for stuffed chicken, while less than half knew the correct temperature for cold and hot holding of ready-to-eat foods, 40% and 39% respectively. The majority of them have never heard of Salmonella (92.7%), Campylobacter (95.2%), Listeria (57.1%), Clostridium (94.3%), or Staphylococcus (87.6%). Up to 52% street food vendors had moderate food safety knowledge. Most of the street food vending facilities (68.3%) had been inspected by health inspectors and only 17% of street food vending facilities had low level of compliance to regulations governing general hygiene requirements for food premises and the transport of food in South Africa. The overall food safety knowledge of street food vendors in Johannesburg metropolis was moderate. The level of compliance and monitoring of street food vending facilities to regulations governing general hygiene requirements for food premises in South Africa was satisfactory. Street food vendors should be trained on internal cooking temperature, hot and cold storage temperature of ready-to-eat foods, and food pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Clostridium, and Staphylococcus / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Cons. Sci.

[pt] A partir do questionamento de quem é a classe trabalhadora atual, esta pesquisa se propõe a compreender e analisar o trabalho informal sob a ótica das mulheres camelôs. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro mulheres ambulantes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a fim de perceber as dinâmicas sociais entre elas e o espaço público. Assentando a discussão na necessidade de se atentar aos papéis de cuidado, impostos social e historicamente às mulheres, esta pesquisa atualiza as discussões a partir do contexto da pandemia de coronavírus. A região central do Rio de Janeiro, espaço delimitado para a pesquisa, ao mesmo tempo que é marcado por disputas entre a classe trabalhadora e o poder público, influenciado pelas elites dominantes, aparece, nesta pesquisa, como palco de construção de autonomia, liberdade e cidadania pelas camelôs, caracterizando-se também em campo político. Assim, esta pesquisa procura investigar as práticas coletivas, em um contexto individualizante, muitas vezes imposto pelo sistema neoliberal, percebendo exemplos de resistência coletivas e práticas que podem ser denominadas feministas. A pesquisa adotou como enquadramento teórico as teorias da reprodução social desenvolvidas pelos autores feministas-marxistas da chamada Teoria da Reprodução Social (TRS) e da intelectual negra Angela Davis, buscando realizar uma leitura sobre quem é classe trabalhadora atual, não deixando de fora uma investigação generificada e racializada, além de uma análise pautada na realidade concreta enfrentada pelas sujeitas desta pesquisa, não apartando teoria e prática. / [en] Based on the questioning of who is the current working class, this research aims to understand and analyze informal work from the perspective of women street vendors. For this, semi-structured interviews were carried out with four women street vendors in the city of Rio de Janeiro, to understand the social dynamics between them and the public space. Basing the discussion on the need to pay attention to the roles of care, socially and historically imposed on women, this research updates the discussions from the context of the coronavirus pandemic. The central region of Rio de Janeiro, the specific area of the research, concurrently marked by disputes between working classes and government, influenced by the ruling elites, appears in this research, as the setting of construction of autonomy, freedom and citizenship for the women vendors, featuring the region as well as a political field. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the collective practices, in an individualizing context, often imposed by the neoliberal system, noticing examples of collective resistance and practical actions that can be denominated feminists. This paper adopted as its theoretical framework the theories of social reproduction developed by feminist-marxists authors known as Social Reproduction Theory (SRT) and from the black intellectual Angela Davis, pircing an understanding about who comprises the current working class, not leaving out a gendered and racialized investigation, in addition to an analysis based on the concrete reality faced by the subjects of this research, not separating theory and practice.

Food insecurity in South Africa is not due to a shortage of food in the country but to inadequate access to food by poor groups of individuals and households. Many people, who lost their jobs due to retrenchments or can’t find suitable jobs for various reasons, revert to street trading or other activities of the informal economy as a survival strategy. There is limited information on understanding the food security status and strategies used by street traders and their households in Durban. This study aims to understand the extent of food insecurity among street traders in terms of their access to food, the quality of food consumed and the strategies they used to cope with food shortage. A mixed research method composed of a survey, face to face interviews and observations were conducted with a sample population of 120. The findings of this study confirmed that the sector was dominated by semi-literate people who generated R2000 per month which was to be shared with an average of 4 members of their respective households. Consequently, the majority of street traders’ households lived below the poverty line, thus food insecure. Limited income compromised the quality of food consumed: energy dense food dominated their food; hence 59.2% suffered from communicable lifestyle diseases. The study recommended more studies in this field, the extension of the Isipingo census to the entire municipality and the decriminalization of street trading by the municipality in order to improve the food security situation of street traders. / Geography / M.A. (Human Ecology)

Food insecurity in South Africa is not due to a shortage of food in the country but to inadequate access to food by poor groups of individuals and households. Many people, who lost their jobs due to retrenchments or can’t find suitable jobs for various reasons, revert to street trading or other activities of the informal economy as a survival strategy. There is limited information on understanding the food security status and strategies used by street traders and their households in Durban. This study aims to understand the extent of food insecurity among street traders in terms of their access to food, the quality of food consumed and the strategies they used to cope with food shortage. A mixed research method composed of a survey, face to face interviews and observations were conducted with a sample population of 120. The findings of this study confirmed that the sector was dominated by semi-literate people who generated R2000 per month which was to be shared with an average of 4 members of their respective households. Consequently, the majority of street traders’ households lived below the poverty line, thus food insecure. Limited income compromised the quality of food consumed: energy dense food dominated their food; hence 59.2% suffered from communicable lifestyle diseases. The study recommended more studies in this field, the extension of the Isipingo census to the entire municipality and the decriminalization of street trading by the municipality in order to improve the food security situation of street traders. / Geography / M.A. (Human Ecology)

MPH / Department of Public Health / See the attached abstract below

This study investigates the application of conventional marketing tactics of 93 hawkers in the East London Central Business District (CBD). Its focus is on what is being practiced in this informal trading environment from a marketing point of view. To this end the primary objective was to determine the extent of the use of generally accepted principles of common (conventional) marketing in primarily black owned or managed hawker businesses in the East London CBD area. Secondary objectives centred around the degree to which new or unknown marketing tactics were implemented and to identify any influencing factors and the relevance of these to marketing. An in-depth analysis of the marketing environment of the hawker and East London region is depicted and the literature review of the relevant theory relating to the marketing of small businesses is covered and debated thoroughly. A three section questionnaire covering demographic information (Section A), the extent of the use of researcher-identified generally accepted marketing tactics (Section B), and an open ended question identifying which marketing tactics and their ranking the hawkers used in order to achieve marketing success (Section C) was implemented through interviews with 93 hawkers in the East London CBD. Although many of the individual questions results produced interesting statistics, conclusions from analysis of the composite results indicate a fair application of the marketing concept (29%) a slightly higher percentage applying the societal marketing concept (51,6%) and 38,6% of hawkers in the East London CBD applying the marketing mix. The top 3 of 7 marketing tactics identified as being used to achieve good marketing performance were customer service, stall/product presentation and the offering of a discount or discounted pricing. No significant correlations existed between the demographic statistics and the application of any particular marketing tactic. The significant influencing factors noted were the hawkers zero tolerance for competition, the lack of any long term planning, no delayed gratification or building of capital and the strong need to belong to a group or association. It was concluded that much needs to be done to investigate methods of improving the application of marketing tactics but more importantly to analyse the reason for many of their actions. Special attention is recommended to be placed on obtaining further insight and support for the observed influencing factors in order to be able to state them as fact. / Business Management / M.Comm.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Costa Juliao.pdf: 2757633 bytes, checksum: df3659ee296f5e695b9f5e0a6bbf221d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study is to feature an anthropological and ethnographic reflection of the street vendors, camelôs , marreteiros and ambulantes in the urban space in the central area of São Paulo. The research is based on the interventions on these social actors and their urban territories in a plot where body, space and the city itself are dealt as a related tripod which demonstrates conflicts over the use of the central urban spaces by these and other social and urban actors. Such conflicts reveal the symbolic aspects involving the specific use of these social urban actors and the production of imaginings on the urban center and the popular group activities in this space, which help us to understand some social representations about the central area of São Paulo. Under the circumstances, the central area turns out to be a taboo and a stigmatized space where there are urban alterities that make such places avoidable and considered deteriorated and degraded. However, they should be controlled and disciplined through institutional actions and its knowledge-power in strain with popular uses, signaling symbolic conflicts about the urban space mainly in downtown. We have a vision of the street workers, the ambulant commerce and the relation with a wider society that partly sees its stubborn and obstinate presence in this urban space through the presence of remarkable measures of real control, cleanliness and multiple disciplines present in the inspection about the activity, the popular and well known rapa . Moreover, the media construction of its uses on this same space reinforces the segregation and violence of which they are the target through deliberate actions by the public power, which result in removal and control by the police intervention seen recently / A proposta desta dissertação é uma reflexão antropológica realizada a partir de uma etnografia no espaço urbano central da cidade de São Paulo sobre os vendedores do comércio ambulante, a saber, camelôs, marreteiros e ambulantes, investigando as intervenções realizadas sobre estes atores sociais e seus respectivos territórios populares em uma trama onde corpo, espaço e a própria cidade são tratados aqui enquanto um tripé relacional que demonstra conflitos sobre o uso e ocupação dos espaços urbanos centrais por estes e outros atores sociais populares. Tais conflitos nos revelam os aspectos simbólicos em torno dos usos específicos destes atores sociais no urbano, produzindo imaginários sobre o centro urbano e a atividade dos grupos populares neste espaço que nos ajudam a entender algumas das representações sociais sobre o centro de São Paulo, tornado um local tabu a ser evitado, espaço estigmatizado onde existem alteridades populares que tornam e significam tais espaços populares como locais considerados deteriorados ou degradados, que por sua vez, devem vir a ser controlados e continuamente disciplinados através da ação das instituições e de seu saber-poder em tensão com os usos populares, sinalizando conflitos simbólicos sobre o espaço urbano, particularmente o centro da grande cidade. Temos aqui uma visão dos trabalhadores das ruas, do comércio ambulante, e, de sua relação com a sociedade mais ampla e como está, em parte, enxerga sua teimosa e obstinada presença neste espaço urbano através da presença marcante de medidas de franco controle, higienismo e de múltiplas disciplinas, presentes tanto na fiscalização realizada sobre sua atividade, o conhecido e popular rapa, a construção midiática de seus usos sobre este mesmo espaço, que reforça sua segregação e violência de que são alvos que resultam em remoção e controle através de ação policial pura e simples

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Costa Juliao.pdf: 2757633 bytes, checksum: df3659ee296f5e695b9f5e0a6bbf221d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study is to feature an anthropological and ethnographic reflection of the street vendors, camelôs , marreteiros and ambulantes in the urban space in the central area of São Paulo. The research is based on the interventions on these social actors and their urban territories in a plot where body, space and the city itself are dealt as a related tripod which demonstrates conflicts over the use of the central urban spaces by these and other social and urban actors. Such conflicts reveal the symbolic aspects involving the specific use of these social urban actors and the production of imaginings on the urban center and the popular group activities in this space, which help us to understand some social representations about the central area of São Paulo. Under the circumstances, the central area turns out to be a taboo and a stigmatized space where there are urban alterities that make such places avoidable and considered deteriorated and degraded. However, they should be controlled and disciplined through institutional actions and its knowledge-power in strain with popular uses, signaling symbolic conflicts about the urban space mainly in downtown. We have a vision of the street workers, the ambulant commerce and the relation with a wider society that partly sees its stubborn and obstinate presence in this urban space through the presence of remarkable measures of real control, cleanliness and multiple disciplines present in the inspection about the activity, the popular and well known rapa . Moreover, the media construction of its uses on this same space reinforces the segregation and violence of which they are the target through deliberate actions by the public power, which result in removal and control by the police intervention seen recently / A proposta desta dissertação é uma reflexão antropológica realizada a partir de uma etnografia no espaço urbano central da cidade de São Paulo sobre os vendedores do comércio ambulante, a saber, camelôs, marreteiros e ambulantes, investigando as intervenções realizadas sobre estes atores sociais e seus respectivos territórios populares em uma trama onde corpo, espaço e a própria cidade são tratados aqui enquanto um tripé relacional que demonstra conflitos sobre o uso e ocupação dos espaços urbanos centrais por estes e outros atores sociais populares. Tais conflitos nos revelam os aspectos simbólicos em torno dos usos específicos destes atores sociais no urbano, produzindo imaginários sobre o centro urbano e a atividade dos grupos populares neste espaço que nos ajudam a entender algumas das representações sociais sobre o centro de São Paulo, tornado um local tabu a ser evitado, espaço estigmatizado onde existem alteridades populares que tornam e significam tais espaços populares como locais considerados deteriorados ou degradados, que por sua vez, devem vir a ser controlados e continuamente disciplinados através da ação das instituições e de seu saber-poder em tensão com os usos populares, sinalizando conflitos simbólicos sobre o espaço urbano, particularmente o centro da grande cidade. Temos aqui uma visão dos trabalhadores das ruas, do comércio ambulante, e, de sua relação com a sociedade mais ampla e como está, em parte, enxerga sua teimosa e obstinada presença neste espaço urbano através da presença marcante de medidas de franco controle, higienismo e de múltiplas disciplinas, presentes tanto na fiscalização realizada sobre sua atividade, o conhecido e popular rapa, a construção midiática de seus usos sobre este mesmo espaço, que reforça sua segregação e violência de que são alvos que resultam em remoção e controle através de ação policial pura e simples

This thesis aims to unpack the impact the legalization of street vending and the subsequent regulation had on sidewalk vendors. Although legalization occurred state-wide through Senate Bill 946 in September of 2017, the rules and regulations for vending were passed at a city-level, and I am focusing on the City of Los Angeles specifically. Through interviews with government officials, non-profit partners and advocates, and vendors from different parts of the City, I analyze information around the policy itself, its history, and the impact it has and is expected to have on vendors and their businesses. While vendors have been central to advocacy and the policy process, the creation of a permitting system in the City of Los Angeles has been less transparent. By interviewing stakeholders, relying on existing economic, political, and sociological literature, and gathering opinions from vendors themselves, I develop various policy recommendations to further empower vendors and integrate them into Los Angeles’ formal economy. I recommend a permitting model that is backward-mapped and stems from the needs of and feedback from vendors in order for it to be more aligned with the goals and needs of vendors themselves.