<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika behandlingsenheter i Sverige utvärderade effekterna av interventioner för barn med autism 0-6 år, oavsett om det rörde sig om enstaka åtgärder eller hela program. Det var också intressant att se om, och i så fall hur, man tog hänsyn till risker och möjligheter som kunde bidra till variation i utfallen. Kontakt togs med samtliga landstings, och två privata, behandlingsenheter. Brev innehållande information om studien och en enkät med studiens frågor skickades ut.</p><p>Resultaten visade att man i första hand utvärderade effekterna genom någon form av bedömningstest t ex. PEP, VABS eller ADOS. Något som kan ifrågasättas var huruvida dessa test påvisade en direkt effekt av en interventionsmetod, då dels en förändring hos barnet måste anses naturlig allteftersom barnet blir äldre och dels pga. att testet genomfördes utanför barnets vardagsmiljö. Man tog visserligen hänsyn till risk- och möjlighetsfaktorer genom att anpassa interventionerna efter barnet, familjen och närmiljön men fastställde inte omfattningen av dessa faktorers påverkan.</p><p>Instrument och metoder för att känna igen risk- och möjlighetsfaktorer, hur de ska hanteras och mätas samt vilken påverkan de har för utfallet behöver utvecklas, och en samstämmighet över hur tillförlitligheten ska säkerställas både när det gäller vilka instrument som ska användas och vilka rutiner som ska gälla behöver komma till stånd. Indirekta interventionsmetoder som innefattar utbildning av, rådgivning och stöd till familj och närmaste bör också utvecklas då dessa både påverkar utfallet av de interventioner man gör samt interaktionen mellan barnet och dess närmaste.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to determine how the effects of interventions in autistic children 0-6 years were evaluated in Sweden, regardless of whether it concerned separate measures or entire programs. Furthermore there was an interest to see if and how risk and opportunity factors were taken into account regarding their contributions to the differences in outcome. Contact was established with all county council and two privately run treatment units. A letter containing information about the study and a questionnaire was sent to each.</p><p>The result showed that the most common method to evaluate the effects was with some kind of test i.e. PEP, VABS or ADOS. It is an open question whether these tests were able to provide a measure of a direct effect of an intervention method, as a progress in development is to be expected naturally regardless of intervention, and also as the tests are performed outside the everyday environment. Risk and opportunity factors are taken into consideration as interventions are adjusted to the child, its family and others concerned but the extent of their influence is not specifically taken into account in evaluation efforts</p><p>Instruments and methods for evaluating risk and opportunity factors need to be developed. A consensus is urged in how to confirm the reliability and validity of measurements both regarding what instruments to be used and which routines to be used in evaluation. Indirect measures that include education of, advising and supporting the family and others concerned should be designed as these both contribute highly to the outcome of the direct measures as well as the interactions between the child and its close environment.</p>

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika behandlingsenheter i Sverige utvärderade effekterna av interventioner för barn med autism 0-6 år, oavsett om det rörde sig om enstaka åtgärder eller hela program. Det var också intressant att se om, och i så fall hur, man tog hänsyn till risker och möjligheter som kunde bidra till variation i utfallen. Kontakt togs med samtliga landstings, och två privata, behandlingsenheter. Brev innehållande information om studien och en enkät med studiens frågor skickades ut. Resultaten visade att man i första hand utvärderade effekterna genom någon form av bedömningstest t ex. PEP, VABS eller ADOS. Något som kan ifrågasättas var huruvida dessa test påvisade en direkt effekt av en interventionsmetod, då dels en förändring hos barnet måste anses naturlig allteftersom barnet blir äldre och dels pga. att testet genomfördes utanför barnets vardagsmiljö. Man tog visserligen hänsyn till risk- och möjlighetsfaktorer genom att anpassa interventionerna efter barnet, familjen och närmiljön men fastställde inte omfattningen av dessa faktorers påverkan. Instrument och metoder för att känna igen risk- och möjlighetsfaktorer, hur de ska hanteras och mätas samt vilken påverkan de har för utfallet behöver utvecklas, och en samstämmighet över hur tillförlitligheten ska säkerställas både när det gäller vilka instrument som ska användas och vilka rutiner som ska gälla behöver komma till stånd. Indirekta interventionsmetoder som innefattar utbildning av, rådgivning och stöd till familj och närmaste bör också utvecklas då dessa både påverkar utfallet av de interventioner man gör samt interaktionen mellan barnet och dess närmaste. / The purpose of this study was to determine how the effects of interventions in autistic children 0-6 years were evaluated in Sweden, regardless of whether it concerned separate measures or entire programs. Furthermore there was an interest to see if and how risk and opportunity factors were taken into account regarding their contributions to the differences in outcome. Contact was established with all county council and two privately run treatment units. A letter containing information about the study and a questionnaire was sent to each. The result showed that the most common method to evaluate the effects was with some kind of test i.e. PEP, VABS or ADOS. It is an open question whether these tests were able to provide a measure of a direct effect of an intervention method, as a progress in development is to be expected naturally regardless of intervention, and also as the tests are performed outside the everyday environment. Risk and opportunity factors are taken into consideration as interventions are adjusted to the child, its family and others concerned but the extent of their influence is not specifically taken into account in evaluation efforts Instruments and methods for evaluating risk and opportunity factors need to be developed. A consensus is urged in how to confirm the reliability and validity of measurements both regarding what instruments to be used and which routines to be used in evaluation. Indirect measures that include education of, advising and supporting the family and others concerned should be designed as these both contribute highly to the outcome of the direct measures as well as the interactions between the child and its close environment.

Syftet var att genom en deskriptiv litteraturstudie identifiera troliga stressorer bland sjuksköterskor i deras yrkesverksamhet på sjukhus i Europeiska länder samt vilka copingstrategier de använder sig av för att hantera stressen. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilken relevans undersökningsgruppen har i förhållande till valda artiklars syfte och frågeställningar. Ur de 14 granskade artiklarna utläste författarna tio olika grupper för stressorer vilka i storleksordning med den mest förekommande/vanligaste var ”Relationer”, därefter följer i fallande ordning; ”Kontroll”, ”Osäkerhet”, ”Arbetskrav/överbelastning”, ”Personliga förväntningar/tvetydighet”, ”Arbetsmiljö”, ”Emotionella påfrestningar”, ”Arbetsledning”, ”Tidspress” samt ”Missnöje”. Ur sex av de granskade artiklarna kunde författarna utläsa vilka copingstrategier som användes, vilka var olika typer av känslofokuserad- och problemfokuserad coping. Slutsatsen är att ”Relationer” visade sig vara den mest förekommande stressorn. Undvikande och distanserande coping visade sig inte fungera så bra, däremot visades socialt stöd och aktiv coping fungera väl. Vidare är detta ämnesområde väl känt och bevisat att det har en negativ påverkan inom sjuksköterskeyrket inte bara vad gäller sjuksköterskans hälsa och välmående utan påverkar även patienternas säkerhet och omvårdnadskvalitén i stort. / The aim was through a descriptive literature study identify possible stressors among working nurses in hospitals in European countries and which coping strategies they use to handle the stress. Further on the aim was to view the relevance of the participants in relation to the chosen articles aim and research questions. The authors identified ten groups of stressors from the 14 reviewed articles which were “Relations”, “Control”, “Insecurity”, “Working demands/overload”, “Personal expectations/ role ambiguity”, “Working environment”, “Emotional strain”, “Management”, “Time pressure” and “Dissatisfaction”. Six of the reviewed articles brought up different types of emotion- and problemfocused coping strategies. The authors concluded that “Relations” was the most common stressor. Avoiding and distancing strategies gave negative response contrary to social support and active coping which gave a positive effect. Stress is a well-known fact and proved not only to negatively affect nurses health, but also the patients safety and quality of the nursing care broadly.

Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans arbetsrelaterade stress samt att ta reda på vilka konsekvenser detta kan leda till. Metod: Examensarbetet utfördes som en litteraturstudie med 14 vetenskapliga artiklar. Datainsamling gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Huvudresultat: De faktorer som tydligast framkom genom artiklarnas resultat handlade om sjuksköterskornas psykiska och fysiska arbetsmiljö, vilket innefattar bland annat skiftarbete, relationer till arbetsgruppen, att bli utsatt för olika typer av hälso- och säkerhetsrisker samt att bemöta död och döende. Det framkom dessutom att besparingar och omstruktureringar var en av de mest frekvent nämnda stressfaktorerna för sjuksköterskor, liksom arbetsbelastning, krav och förväntningar. De konsekvenser som tydligast dök upp genom studiernas resultat handlade om hur sjuksköterskorna kunde drabbas både psykiskt och fysiskt, samt hur det kunde leda till konsekvenser gällande patientsäkerhetsrisker. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens författare har utifrån resultatet kunnat dra slutsatsen av hur viktig en god arbetsmiljö är för att kunna erbjuda en trygg och säker vård. De faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans arbetsrelaterade stress leder inte endast till konsekvenser för hur sjuksköterskan kan drabbas både psykiskt och fysiskt, utan kan även leda till konsekvenser gällande patientsäkerhetsrisker.

Abstract Through depth interviews and qualitative research techniques with print media and electronic media organizations, this study will discuss about job stressors of the employees in News organizations. This study is also to explore the personal coping strategies of facing work stress. And to the end will further unveil how media organizations assist journalists to deal with work stress. The result shows that the job stressors from media organizations contain three categories: work factors, personal factors, and environment. It emphasizes how the variable environments cause group members¡¦ physical and mental unrest and tension continuous process. First one is ¡§work factors¡¨ and it contents include at least three elements. They are the nature of work (time pressure, heavy workload, the work itself, working conditions, fairness, and nervous), organizational factors (organizations¡¦ roles and structure, role ambiguity, role conflict, and organizational climate and culture), and social relations at work (work place relationships, lack of social support). The second category is "personal factors". It includes individual itself, such as incentives, occupational health, and family, but career development, for example, the chance of professional development. The last one is "environment". This category includes economic and technological uncertainty and other total 18 kinds¡¦ sources from three major sorts. Furthermore, the ¡§coping strategies¡¨ of facing job pressure has five different types. Those types are classified as problem-centered, emotion-centered, appraisal-centered, avoidance-centered, and religion-centered. They all emphasize that organizations¡¦ members will use both the usable resources and experiences along with self-awareness to determine how to solve or reduce their working pressures. Moreover, journalists usually receive several kinds of assistance from media organizations to deal with their work stresses. Usually, the employees will gain a long vacation after a period of consecutive working days. They also receive social or emotional support through communications, such as verbal encouragement, or informational support such as the class of spiritual growth and development, etc. Also, the research found which the interviewees using religion-centered strategies to face their job stresses is a new discovery. This strategy has never been found in the reviewed literatures, or previous relative studies. The researcher believes this discovery will help the scholars engaging in the job stress-related follow-up studies as the basis for further research III and application. In conclusion, based on the interviews, the researcher suggests that the media organizations should extend the time of socialization procedure for freshmen. They also need to provide appropriate equipments for their employees, and strengthen the social supports. By this, the organizations will be able to prevent the journalists burning out, and improve their working satisfaction in order to promote their commitment with the media organizations.

The purpose of this research is about inquiring into the following two matters¡GWhether managerial competencies and stressors of a chain store manager affect one¡¦s job performance by the full mediation through one¡¦s stress coping, Meanwhile,what¡¦s the differences among managerial competencies,stressors,stress coping,and job performance under different personal traits. The research was presumed, experimented, verified, and completed through ways of Factor Analysis, One-Way ANOVA, and Regresion Analysis by the post survey, replied by 98 out of 200 samples in 48% efficient returning. The results of research are listed as following¡G 1.Problem solving abilities in managerial competencies make a notable impact to job performance. Leading abilities in managerial competencies only make a notable impact to financial job performance. Human relations abilities and personal effectiveness in managerial competencies make a notable impact to managements of commodities and stores as well as managements of employees and customers. 2.Personal factors in stressors make an evident impact to job performance. 3.Escape stress in stress coping makes a notable impact to financial job performance. Control stress in stress coping makes a notable impact to job performance of both managements, commodities and stores as well as employees and customers. 4.Problem solving abilities in managerial competencies make a notable impact to stress coping. Human relations abilities and personal effectiveness in managerial competencies make a notable impact to stress coping of control stress. 5.Organization factors of stress make an evident negative influence to both control stress and escape stress. Personal factors of stressors make a notable impact to control stress, escape stress and symptom management. 6.Managerial competencies and stressors, going through the full mediation of stress coping, make notable impacts¡G (1).Problem solving abilities and leading abilities in managerial competencies, going through the full mediation of escape stress of stress coping, make a notable impact to financial job performance. (2).Problem solving abilities of managerial competencies, going through the full mediation of control stress of stress coping, make a notable impact to job performance of both commodity and store managements. (3). Problem solving abilities and leading abilities in managerial competencies, going through the full mediation of control stress of stress coping, make a notable impact to job performance of both employee and customer managements. 7.A store manager with different traits makes a notable impact to the managerial competencies, stressors, stress coping and job performance.

Two primary purposes of this study were to explore and to identify the sources of occupational stressors and coping strategies perceived and reported by selected Texas community college faculty members and to generate current demographics about these faculty members that would be useful in understanding such stress. Another purpose of this study was to measure and to compare for possible relationships among stressors, coping strategies, and selected demographic characteristics. Participants who received a three-part survey questionnaire consisted of 90 community college faculty members who were members of either Texas Business and Technology Educators Association or the Accounting Section of the Texas Community College Teachers Association. Each participant was sent a survey questionnaire consisting of three sections. Sections I and II were used to gather data pertaining to the sources of occupational stressors and the coping strategies used by the participants. Section III was designed to request information concerning personal and professional demographic characteristics of each research participant. An analysis of the data was completed on all three sections. The major findings for the study indicated the following: 1. Community business teachers experienced high levels of stress from issues involving reward and recognition, time constraints, college/departmental influence, professional identity, and student interaction. 2. Community college business faculty members responded by identifying additional stressors, such as teaching inadequately prepared students to experiencing too heavy a teaching load. To relieve these stressors, these faculty members use coping strategies, such as talking to other persons about problems to experiencing nature. Based on the findings of this study, this researcher's recommendations include the following: 1. Community college districts should provide stress management training to their faculty, especially the new faculty, along with some clerical assistance for all faculty members, especially during the beginning and ending of a semester. 2. Community college administrators should encourage the establishment of wellness programs. 3. Community college faculty members should be encouraged to develop and to utilize effective coping strategies to reduce the negative effects of their stress.

Ample research has investigated the relationship between non-work and work domains finding consistent links between stressors in one and strains in the other. Additionally, there exist explanatory models of these associations such as psychological/physical sickness and related absences and loss or fear of losing personal resources. The current investigation combined variables from the spillover model and Affective Events Theory to test a new model with negative mood at its core. It hypothesized marital and financial stressors lead to negative mood at home which spills over into the work domain resulting in relatively more negative appraisals of work events. Negative mood at work is a likely outcome, which in turn causes subsequent decreases in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and job satisfaction and increases in counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Finally, the model proposed social support as a moderator buffering against the detriments of negative mood from home. Although structural equation modeling found the proposed model to be incorrect and to suffer from a large degree of misfit, examination of individual parameter estimates warranted the testing of two alternative models. Model 3 presented the best fit and most variance accounted for by omitting OCB and using direct paths from social support to all work variables (rather than the proposed moderating effect) and direct carryover of mood at home to mood at work. The majority of the paths tested in the model reasonably explained the data, although some variance remained unaccounted for. Results of model testing were also supported by significant correlations in the predicted direction between stressors and mood at home; mood at home and appraisals of work events; appraisals of work events and mood at work; and mood at work with job satisfaction and CWB. These results draw attention to the important role played by the individual's mood in the interplay between the work and non-work domains.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe pateikiamas Šiaulių miesto finansine veikla užsiimančių organizacijų - antstolių kontorų ir bankų, darbuotojų nuomonių apie darbo stresą sukeliančius veiksnius, tyrimas. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti darbuotojų nuomonę, apie darbo stresą sukeliančius veiksnius pasirinktose Šiaulių miesto finansinių paslaugų sektoriaus įmonėse. Klausimynas, pateiktas analizuojamų įmonių darbuotojams, buvo parengtas pagal M. Davis, E. R. Eshelman, M. Mckay (2007) stresorių grupių suskirstymą, kuriuo darbuotojai turėjo įvertinti savo būseną darbe ir įvertinti darbo stresorius. Apklausoje dalyvavo 109 respondentai, iš kurių 43 antstolių kontorų (Antstolės Eurikos Rulienės, Antstolės Vaivos Šimkienės, Antstolio Arturo Bložės, Antstolio Mariaus Jastromskio, Antstolio Ričardo Kudrausko, Antstolio Tomo Ubarto) ir 66 bankų (AB „Swedbank“, AB „Šiaulių bankas“, AB „DnB NORD“ ir AB „Snoras“) darbuotojai. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog nei antstolių kontorų darbuotojai nei bankų darbuotojai nėra veikiami gausos stresorių, kurie galėtų įtakoti streso darbe atsiradimą. Tačiau tam tikrų signalų, į kuriuos būtina atsižvelgti – yra. Lyginant šias dvi finansines sritis, pastebėta, kad stresorių veikiančių darbuotojus ir galinčių įtakoti streso darbe atsiradimą yra daugiau antstolių kontorose nei bankuose. 2010 m. balandžio 22 d. darbo autorė dalyvavo ŠU Socialinių mokslų fakulteto organizuotojoe 10-ojoje studentų mokslo darbų konferencijoje „Ekonomikos ir vadybos aktualijos“ ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Bachelor's Final Work presents the research of two companies in Šiauliai city engaging in financial activity (bailiff companies and banks) employees' opinion on the factors that cause work stress. The aim of the research was to survey the opinion of the employees about the factors that cause stress in the selected companies of the financial sector in Šiauliai city. The questionnaire submitted to the employees was prepared according to the groups of stressors proposed by M. Davis, E. R. Eshelman, M. Mckay (2007), by which the employees had to evaluate their state at work and the stressors of work. There were 109 respondents involved in this survey, 43 employees from the offices of the bailiffs (Bailiff Eurika Rulienė, Bailiff Vaiva Šimkienė, Bailiff Artūras Bložė, Bailiff Marius Jastromskis, Bailiff Ričardas Kudrauskas, Bailiff Tomas Ubartas) and 66 employees from the banks of Šiauliai city (AB Swedbank, AB Šiaulių Bankas, AB DnB NORD and AB Snoras). The results of the research indicated that neither the employees of the bailiff offices nor the employees of the banks are affected by the stressors of abundance, which could cause the occurrence of work stress. However, the signals are present that have to be taken into account. When comparing these two financial companies, it was noticed that the stressors affecting the employees and potentially causing work stress are more prevalent in the bailiffs’ offices than in banks. Author of the paper on 22 April 2010 took part in the... [to full text]

The black-white suicide paradox explored in the current study explores black women's notions of suicide. In its most basic form, a fundamental question of this project is why have black women's suicide rates remained consistently low? This project seeks to explore specific internal and external adaptations that black women have come to rely on for long term survival. A great deal of attention will be given to black women's perspectives of suicide inside and outside of the black community. This qualitative study by way of narratives provides insight into the entities that black women perceive to contribute to their virtually non-existent suicide rates. This approach is particularly appropriate for this study because black women's accounts on suicide will provide rich detailed data typically unseen in current suicide literature. In my work, I assume that black women's multifaceted oppressive conditions have compelled them to use subtle forms of resistance, i.e. coping mechanisms that act as protective barriers against suicide. This study also re-examines notions of social integration and religious beliefs in lessening chances of suicide among black women. Research findings were presented by way of four themes that emerged from the dominant narratives of twenty-two in-depth interviews. Respondents perceived family and communal obligations, faith based beliefs, a sense of long suffering, and declaration of strength to be the primary grounds for black women's low rates of suicide. Recurring themes were consistent despite the women's income or education levels. The study concludes that black women employ and perceive these strategies to be significant in coping or resisting trivial and significant stressors of life. Additionally, black women's perception of suicide as a weakness played a significant role in the way they defined themselves as well as the act. For literature on suicide, I engaged the works of Durkheim, Prudomme, Hendin, and Lester among others as a theoretical framework for this study.