A musculatura estriada de cães Golden Retriever, jovens e adultos, provenientes do Canil GRMD-Brasil, foram analisadas sob microscopia de luz. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras do músculo bíceps femoral de um cão adulto não-acometido e um acometido por distrofia muscular, e dos músculos bíceps femoral, semitendinoso, diafragma e miocárdio ventricular esquerdo de dois cães jovens acometidos, as quais foram coradas pelas técnicas de hematoxilina-eosina, tricrômico de Masson e sirius red F3BA. Todos os músculos examinados do cão adulto e dos jovens portadores de distrofia apresentaram lesões musculares. As lesões observadas na musculatura esquelética de todos os cães acometidos incluíram: perda de organização das fibras musculares, variação no diâmetro das fibras, aumento do tecido conjuntivo perimisial e endomisial, este no animal adulto. As lesões eram mais evidentes no animal adulto. O diafragma apresentou fibras hipercidófilas, com contorno mais definido; necrose envolvendo grupos de fibras musculares; espessamento do conjuntivo perimisial e edema endomisial. A musculatura da língua mostrou variação do diâmetro das fibras; fibrose perimisial e infiltração de tecido adiposo no epimísio. No miocárdio identificou-se leve a moderada fibrose e aumento do espaço endomisial. Nossos achados demonstram as lesões produzidas por essa patologia na musculatura esquelética, comparativamente com a musculatura de animais não-acometidos e corroboram o descrito para cães acometidos por distrofia muscular, GRMD, de outros criatórios / The striated muscle of young and adults Golden Retriever dogs, from the GRMD-Brazil Kennel, had been analyzed under light microscopy. Samples of biceps femoral muscle of a healthy control adult dog and of an adult Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD), and of the femoral, semitendinosus, biceps femoral, diaphragm, and left ventricular myocardium muscles of two young GRMD had been collected to be stained with HE, Masson trichrome and sirius red F3BA stain. All the examined muscles of the adult and young GRMD had presented muscular injuries. The injuries observed in the skeletal musculature included: dearrangement of muscular fibers, variation in the fiber diameter, increase of the perimisial and endomisial connective tissue, the latter in the adult dog. The lesions were more evident in the adult GRMD. The diaphragm presented hyperacidophyly fibers, with more defined contour; necrosis involving groups of muscular fibers; increase of perimisial connective tissue and endomisial edema. The tongue musculature showed variation of the fibers diameter; perimisial fibrosis and fat infiltration in the epimysial space. In the myocardium it was identified moderate fibrosis and increase of the endomysial space. Our findings demonstrate the injuries produced for this pathology in the skeletal musculature, comparatively with the healthy control dog, and corroborate that described for GRMD of other GRMD-kennels

Nous avons généré des souris déficientes pour les gènes codant pour les échangeurs Na/Ca de type I (NCX1) et de type III (NCX3) afin d'étudier, in vivo, le rôle de ces deux protéines.<p>L‘analyse phénotypique des souris adultes totalement déficientes pour le gène Ncx1 (Ncx1-/-) n'a pu être menée étant donné que ces souris décèdent au cours du développement embryonnaire.<p>Les souris déficientes pour le gène Ncx3 (Ncx3-/-) sont viables et fertiles. Nous avons analysé l'effet de l'inactivation du gène Ncx3 dans le muscle squelettique et plus particulièrement au niveau de la jonction neuromusculaire.<p>L'analyse histologique des muscles squelettiques de souris Ncx3-/- a révélé des altérations des fibres musculaires caractérisées par la présence de foyers de fibres nécrotiques et d'infiltrats de cellules mononuclées.<p>L'analyse électromyographique classique a montré un électromyogramme anormal du muscle gastrocnémien de souris Ncx3-/-, révélant une affection neuromusculaire pré- et post-synaptique caractérisée par (i) la petitesse de l'amplitude de la réponse M au repos, (ii) le décrément après stimulation répétitive à basse fréquence, (iii) l'incrément après stimulation répétitive à haute fréquence et (iv) la facilitation post-exercice. L'électromyographie à fibre unique a révélé une MCD élevée et des blocages anormaux de la transmission neuromusculaire, reflétant une atteinte post-synaptique de la jonction neuromusculaire chez les souris Ncx3-/-. L'ensemble de ces anomalies électromyographiques sont les caractéristiques du syndrome myasthénique de Lambert-Eaton.<p>Finalement, pour déterminer les conséquences de l'inactivation du gène Ncx3 sur l'activité physique des souris Ncx3-/-, nous avons réalisé des tests comportementaux sur ces souris. Ces tests ont permis de détecter un épuisement et une faiblesse musculaire accrus à l'effort chez ces souris.<p>En conclusion, nos observations montrent que les souris Ncx3-/- présentent des anomalies électromyographiques similaires à celles du syndrome myasthénique de Lambert-Eaton. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'échangeur NCX3 est peut-être impliqué dans la pathogenèse de certaines formes de cette maladie.<p>Des études supplémentaires afin de confirmer notre hypothèse devront donc être réalisées.<p>/<p>We produced and analyzed mice deficient for Na/Ca exchanger 3 (NCX3), a protein which mediates cellular Ca2+ efflux (forward mode) or Ca2+ influx (reverse mode) and thus controls intracellular Ca2+ concentration. NCX3-deficient mice (Ncx3-/-) present a skeletal muscle fiber necrosis and a defective neuromuscular transmission, reflecting the absence of NCX3 in the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers and at the neuromuscular junction. The defective neuromuscular transmission is characterized by the presence of electromyographic abnormalities including low compound muscle action potential amplitude, a decremental response at low frequency nerve stimulation, an incremental response and a prominent post-exercise facilitation at high frequency nerve stimulation as well as neuromuscular blocks. The analysis of quantal transmitter release in Ncx3-/- neuromuscular junctions revealed an important facilitation superimposed on the depression of synaptic responses and an elevated delayed release during high frequency nerve stimulation. It is suggested that Ca2+ entering nerve terminals is cleared relatively slowly in the absence of NCX3, thereby enhancing residual Ca2+ and evoked and delayed quantal transmitter release during repetitive nerve stimulation. Our findings indicate that NCX3 plays an important role in vivo in the control of Ca2+ concentrations in the skeletal muscle fibers and at the neuromuscular junction.<p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les ions Ca2+ responsables de la contraction musculaire sont extrudés du réticulum sarcoplasmique (RS) via le récepteur de la ryanodine de type 1 (RyR1). Des mutations du gène de RyR1 sont responsables chez l’homme de l’hyperthermie maligne (HM) et de la myopathie à cores centraux (MCC). Nous avons caractérisé les altérations de l’efflux calcique du RS dues à de telles mutations dans la fibre musculaire de souris par électrophysiologie et imagerie confocale. L’expression des formes Y523S, R615C et R2163H de RyR1, associées à l’HM, provoque une hypersensibilité de l’efflux vis-à-vis du potentiel membranaire alors que les formes I4897T et G4896V associées à la MCC provoquent une réduction chronique de l’efflux sans modification de densité des RyR1 s ainsi que des protéines Cav1.1 et SERCA1. L’expression de la forme R4892W associée à la MCC ne modifie pas l’efflux calcique suggérant une plus faible pénétrance fonctionnelle de cette forme. Dans tous les cas, aucune indication de changement du contenu en calcium RS n’a été observée. Les résultats suggèrent que les modifications pathologiques de l’efflux calcique sont la conséquence directe de l’altération de fonction des canaux. Le deuxième objectif du travail s’est intéressé au rôle de certains phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) dans la régulation de l’efflux calcique du RS. La surexpression de la PtdInsPs-phosphatase Mtm 1 n’a aucun effet sur l’efflux calcique alors que l’application intracellulaire de ses deux principaux substrats inhibe l’efflux, suggérant que leur accumulation dans les fibres musculaires déficientes en Mtm1 pourrait contribuer aux altérations pathologiques associées du couplage excitation-contraction / Ca2+ ions that trigger muscle contraction are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) channel. Mutations of the gene encoding RyR1 are responsible for malignant hyperthermia (MH) and central core disease (CCD) in human. We characterized the alterations of SR Ca2+ release due to such mutations in mouse fibers using electrophysiology and confocal imaging. Expression of each of the MH-associated Y523S, R615C and R2163H mutant forms of RyR1 increases the sensitivity of Ca2+ release to membrane potential whereas forms I4897T and G4896V that are associated to CCD provoke a chronic depression of Ca2+ release with no concurrent alteration of RyR1, Cav1.1 and SERCA1 density. Expression of the CDD-associated R4892W form of RyR1 has no effect on Ca2+ release suggesting a weaker functional penetrance of this mutant form. In all cases we found no indication for a change in SR calcium content. Results suggest that pathological changes in Ca2+ release are the direct consequence of the functional alteration of the channels. The second goal of this work focused on the role of certain phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) in the control of SR Ca2+ release. Over-expression of the PtdInsPs-phosphatase Mtm 1 does not affect Ca2+ release whereas intracellular application of its two main substrates inhibits Ca2+ release, suggesting that accumulation of these molecules in Mtm 1-deficient fibers could contribute to the associated alterations of excitation-contraction coupling

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Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit standen Signaltransduktionsprozesse in den Strukturen der Kraftübertragung quergestreifter Muskelzellen, d. h. in den Costameren (Zell-Matrix-Kontakten) und den Glanzstreifen (Zell-Zell-Kontakten der Kardiomyozyten).<br><br>Es ließ sich zeigen, dass sich die Morphologie der Zell-Matrix-Kontakte während der Differenzierung von Skelettmuskelzellen dramatisch ändert, was mit einer veränderten Proteinzusammensetzung einhergeht. Immunfluoreszenz-Analysen von Skelettmuskelzellen verschiedener Differenzierungsstadien implizieren, dass die Signalwege, welche die Dynamik der Fokalkontakte in Nichtmuskelzellen bestimmen, nur für frühe Stadien der Muskeldifferenzierung Relevanz haben können. Ausgehend von diesem Befund wurde begonnen, noch unbekannte Signalwege zu identifizieren, welche die Ausbildung von Costameren kontrollieren: In den Vorläuferstrukturen der Costamere gelang es, eine transiente Interaktion der Proteine Paxillin und Ponsin zu identifizieren. Biochemische Untersuchungen legen nahe, dass Ponsin über eine Skelettmuskel-spezifische Insertion im Carboxyterminus das Adapterprotein Nck2 in diesen Komplex rekrutiert. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die drei Proteine einen ternären Signalkomplex bilden, der die Umbauvorgänge der Zell-Matrix-Kontakte kontrolliert und dessen Aktivität von mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) reguliert wird.<br><br>Die Anpassungsvorgänge der Strukturen der Kraftübertragung an pathologische Situtation (Kardiomyopathien) in der adulten quergestreiften Muskulatur wurden ausgehend von einem zweiten Protein, dem muscle LIM protein (MLP), untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein mutiertes MLP-Protein, das im Menschen eine hypertrophe Kardiomyopathie (HCM) auslöst, strukturelle Defekte aufweist und weniger stabil ist. Weiterhin zeigte dieses mutierte Protein eine verringerte Bindungsfähigkeit an die beiden Liganden N-RAP und alpha-Actinin. Die molekulare Grundlage der HCM-verursachenden Mutationen im MLP-Gen könnte folglich eine Veränderung der Homöostase im ternären Komplex MLP &ndash; N-RAP &ndash; alpha-Actinin sein. Die Expressionsdaten eines neu generierten monoklonalen MLP-Antikörpers deuten darauf hin, dass die Funktionen des MLP nicht nur für die Integrität des Myokards, sondern auch für die der Skelettmuskulatur notwendig sind. / The cell-matrix-contacts (costameres) and cell-cell-contacts (intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes) of cross-striated muscle cells transmit mechanical forces to the exterior. On top of this mechanical function, both structures have been implied to be involved in signal transduction processes.<br><br>Dramatic morphological changes in the overall structure of cell-matrix-contacts of skeletal muscle cells were revealed during differentiation. Moreover, this reorganisation was accompanied by alterations in protein composition. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that signalling pathways which control the dynamics of focal contacts in non-muscle cells seem to be important only for early differentiation stages of skeletal muscle cells. To explore novel signalling pathways involved in regulating the formation of costameres, signalling molecules engaged were identified. Thus, paxillin and ponsin transiently interact at the precursors of costameres during muscle development. In addition, biochemical data indicate that a skeletal muscle specific module in the carboxyterminal part of ponsin can recruit the adapter protein Nck2 to this complex. Hence, the three proteins might form a ternary signalling complex involved in controlling the reorganisation of cell-matrix-contacts. Apparently, the activity of this signalling complex is regulated by mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK).<br><br>A second approach has focussed on adaptational processes of the same structures observed in pathological situations. In particular, the role of muscle LIM protein (MLP) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was investigated. It was shown that a HCM-causing mutant MLP protein fails to fold properly and that the consequent loss of stability is reflected in altered binding properties: the mutant MLP protein shows decreased binding to both N-RAP and alpha-actinin. Hence, the molecular basis for HCM-causing mutations in the MLP gene might be an altered homeostasis of the ternary complex MLP &ndash; N-RAP &ndash; alpha-actinin. Increasing evidence indicates that the functions of MLP are required not only for the integrity of the myocardium. In addition, MLP seems to have regulatory functions in skeletal muscle tissues.

La mitochondrie est de plus en plus reconnue pour sa contribution à la dégénerescence musculaire. Les dysfonctions mitochondriales, en plus de causer une défaillance énergétique, contribuent à la signalisation apoptotique, stimule la production de ROS et peuvent induire une surcharge calcique. Ces caractéristiques sont tous reliées à certains types de myopathies. Cette thèse met en lumières comment certaines dysfonctions mitochondriales peuvent intervenir dans la pathogenèse de diverses myopathies. Nous démontrons que les dysfonctions mitochondriales sont impliqués dans l’atrophie dû à la perte d’innervation. Par contre, la désensabilisation de l’ouverture du pore mitochondrial de transition de perméabilité, via ablation génétique de cyclophiline-D, ne prévient ni la signalisation apoptotique mitochondrial ni l’atrophie. Nous avons aussi observé des dysfonctions mitochondriales dans le muscle atteint de dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne qui furent améliorés suite à une transfection de PGC1-α, laquelle résulta aussi en une amélioration de la pathologie. Finalement, nous démontrons que le recyclage de mitochondrie par les voies de mitophagies et de contrôles de la qualité impliquant Parkin et possiblement d’autres voies de signalisation inconnues sont cruciales au recouvrement cardiaqe lors d’un choc septique. / Mitochondria are increasingly being recognized for their role in contributing in cellular damage. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, in addition to causing energy failure, contribute to apoptotic signaling, stimulate ROS production and calcium overload. These are all features of various types of myopathies. This thesis sheds light on how mitochondrial dyfunctions may contribute to the pathogenesis in certain myopathies that have been found to show mitochondrial abnormalities. Specifically, we found that although mitochondrial dysfunctions are involved in denervation-associated atrophy, desensitizing mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening through genetic ablation of CyclophilinD does not prevent mitochondrial apoptotic signaling nor atrophy in this model of chronic inactivity. We also observed mitochondrial dysfunctions in the Duchenne dystrophic muscle that were improved after PGC1-α transfection, which also resulted in an amelioration of the disease presentation. Finally, we found that mitochondrial recycling, led by Parkin and alternate mitophagy pathways a crucial component of cardiac recovery in sepsis.

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Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvida uma plataforma para o condicionamento, digitalização, visualização e gravação de sinais de eletromiografia (EMG). Posteriormente a aquisição, a análise pode ser realizada através de técnicas de processamento de sinais. A plataforma consiste em dois módulos que adquirem sinais de EMG através de eletrodos de superfície, limitam a faixa de frequências de interesse, filtram interferências da rede elétrica e digitalizam os sinais pelo conversor analógico-digital do microcontrolador dos módulos. Deste modo, os dados são enviados para o computador pela interface USB na especificação HID, sendo apresentados em tempo real na forma gráfica e armazenados em arquivo. Como recursos de processamento foram implementadas as operações de módulo do sinal, a determinação do valor eficaz (RMS), a análise de Fourier, filtro digital (IIR) e filtro adaptativo. Foram realizados testes iniciais de avaliação da plataforma com sinais de membros inferiores e superiores para fins de comparação de lateralidade de sinais de EMG. A plataforma aberta destina-se a atividades didáticas e a pesquisa acadêmica, permitindo acrescentar outros métodos de processamento que o pesquisador tenha interesse em avaliar ou outras análises que se façam necessárias. / In this work, a platform to the conditioning, digitizing, visualization and recording of the EMG signals was developed. After the acquisition, the analysis can be done by signal processing techniques. The platform consists of two modules witch acquire electromyography (EMG) signals by surface electrodes, limit the interest frequency band, filter the power grid interference and digitalize the signals by the analogue-to- digital converter of the modules microcontroller. Thereby, the data are sent to the computer by the USB interface by the HID specification, displayed in real-time in graphical form and stored in files. As processing resources was implemented the operations of signal absolute value, the determination of effective value (RMS), Fourier analysis, digital filter (IIR) and the adaptive filter. Platform initial tests were performed with signal of lower and upper limbs with the aim to compare the EMG signal laterality. The open platform is intended to educational activities and academic research, allowing the addition of other processing methods that the researcher want to evaluate or other required analysis.