Nine west-northwest-trending faults on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington, between 43° 05'N and 470 20'N latitude, have been mapped using seismic reflection, sidescan sonar, submersibles, and swath bathymetry. Five of these oblique faults are found on both the Juan de Fuca and North American plates, and offset abyssal plain sedimentary units left-laterally from 2.0 to 5.5 km. These five faults extend 8-18 km northwestward from the deformation front. The remaining four faults, found only on the North American plate, are also inferred to have a left-lateral slip sense. The age of the Wecoma fault on the abyssal plain is 600±50 ka, and has an average slip rate of 7-1 0 mm/year. Slip rates of the other four abyssal plain faults are 5.5 ± 2 - 6. 7 ± 3 mm/yr. These faults are active, as indicated by offset of the youngest sedimentary units, surficial fault scarps, offsets of surficial channels, and deep fluid venting. All nine faults have been surveyed on the continental slope using SeaMARC 1A sidescan sonar, and three of them were surveyed with a high-resolution AMS 150 sidescan sonar on the continental shelf off central Oregon. On the continental slope, the faults are expressed as linear, high-angle WNW trending scarps, and WNW trending fault-parallel folds that we interpret as flower structures. Active structures on the shelf include folds trending from NNE to WNW and associated flexural slip thrust faulting; NNW to N trending right-lateral strike-slip faults; and WNW trending left-lateral strike-slip faults. Some of these structures intersect the coast and can be correlated with onshore Quaternary faults and folds, and others are suspected to be deforming the coastal region. These structures may be contributing to the coastal marsh stratigraphic record of co-seismic subsidence events in the Holocene. We postulate that the set of nine WNW trending left-lateral strike-slip faults extend and rotate the forearc clockwise, absorbing most or all of the arc parallel component of plate convergence. The high rate of forearc deformation implies that the Cascadia forearc may lack the rigidity to generate M > 8.2 earthquakes. From a comparison of Cascadia seismogenic zone geometry to data from circum-Pacific great earthquakes of this century, the maximum Cascadia rupture is estimated to be 500 to 600 km in length, with a 150-400 km rupture length in best agreement with historical data. / Graduation date: 1994

大陸自改革開放30年來，經濟成長突飛猛進，每年GDP成長率幾乎獨步全球，近年來更將從全球的世界工廠轉為世界市場，但2010年台商鴻海集團旗下大陸子公司富士康國際發生多起員工跳樓自殺事件，之後又發生後續一連串勞工抗議薪資過低，要求比照富士康企業加薪，以維護勞動權益的罷工事件。本研究認為中國大陸與勞工相關的勞動制度、分配制度、戶籍制度與政治制度，制度間的扞格衝突形成了替富士康工作的農民工自殺的背景因素。由於先天上缺乏自由組織工會與罷工的權利，僅有個人力量的勞動者無足夠的權利與保障以對抗資方的剝削，工人只能一而再、再而三地將勞資爭議或衝突外部化，尋求體制外力量的幫助，加上種種貧富不均、戶籍制度上等社會不公，導致逐漸加劇的勞工維權運動。 從富士康事件可以看出，黨國基於己身鞏固政權的目的，維持對社會既有的控制力，不僅剝奪全體勞工的集體權利，也間接剝奪了勞工向資本家主張工資福利的個人權利。黨國對於勞資雙方不平衡的狀態，不願從根本上改革勞動制度，給予勞工自由結社、罷工等權利，而以提高法定最低工資及繼續加強勞工法律上個人權益等政治或法律的手段來影響勞資關係。國家不只是對企業主軟硬兼施，對工人一樣採取胡蘿蔔加鞭子的兩手策略，為了使工人能在國家劃定的範圍內維權，國家一方面加強實施有關勞工個人利益的政策，協助工人向資方爭取利益，另一方面對於超出劃定的範圍又影響國家統治權的活動，則以各種國家機器的控治手段壓制勞工的維權運動。 / Since the reformation and opening-up 30 years ago, the economics of China has been improving rapidly. The annual GDP growth rate has had almost no equal around the world. In the recent years, the role of China has transformed from the world’s factory to the world’s market. However, in 2010, several employees of the subsidiary of the Foxconn Technology Group in China had committed suicide by jumping off buildings. After those suicides, there had been a series of protests and strikes by labors regarding low wages, requesting for raises following the example of the Foxconn Technology Group. This study believes that the reasons behind the suicides of the farmers working for Foxconn were caused by the conflicts among the labor system, the distribution system, the household registration system, and the political system. Due to the lack of the right to form trade unions freely and the right to strike, labors with only individual strengths had no sufficient protections or rights to fight against being exploited by the management. Labors could only externalize the labor-management controversies and conflicts over and over again, looking for help from outside the system. Plus there was the social unfairness such as the disparity between the rich and the poor and the household registration system unfairness, finally leading to the Appealing Movement of Labor Rights. It can be seen from the Foxconn event that, for the purposes of consolidating its own political power and maintaining existing control over the society, the party-state exploited not only all labors’ group rights, but also their individual rights of standing for their wages and welfare in front of capitalists. The party-state wasn’t willing to reform the labor system from the fundamentals to improve the unbalanced state between the labor and the management by offering labors the freedom of association and the right to strike. Instead, it tried to influence the labor-management relationship via political or legal means such as increasing the legal minimum wage and continuously improving labors’ individual legal rights and interests. The nation not only adopted both hard and soft tactics against proprietors, it also applied the two-hand strategy with labors. In order to ensure that labors would appeal within the pre-set limits, the nation on the one hand improved the implementation of policies regarding labors’ individual interests to help labors fight the management for their interests, on the other hand applied various controlling measures of state apparatus to suppress labors’ appealing movement for activities which went beyond the pre-defined scope and would influence the nation’s sovereign power.

Drawing from oral histories which I gathered while living in Bolivia, this thesis tracks the start, growth, and development of the political movement led by women from the Bolivian mines from 1961 to 1987. This movement helped create a new political culture that recognized the importance of women’s participation in politics and human rights. Today, this culture lives on. Bolivia has not experienced a coup since 1980, and the nation’s human rights record has improved dramatically since the 1980s as well. Prior to the mid-1980s, Bolivia was often under the control of oppressive military regimes that resorted to many different types of coercion in attempts to silence resistance in the mining centers, the national government’s main source of conflict. This uneven power struggle between working class activists and the national government motivated many women to challenge gender roles and involve themselves in politics. After establishing their political organization called the Housewives’ Committee, women activists organized and acted collectively to challenge political oppression and mitigate the effects of extreme poverty. They frequently employed compelling tactics, most commonly hunger strikes, to win attention for their issues. They also involved themselves in many other diverse projects and demonstrations depending on their communities’ need. Women’s political development resulted in a number of personal transformations among those who participated: it awakened a political consciousness and also enabled women to recognize the importance of their paid and unpaid work in the mining economy. These changes eventually altered women’s understanding of how women’s oppression fit into the broader struggle of working class activism by convincing them of the deep connection between women’s liberation and the liberation of their community. These transformations led to the acceptance of women as political activists and leaders, which continues in the present. This work also tracks the United States’ impact on the relationship between the mining centers and the state. This analysis serves to remind us that as United States citizens we must be very critical of our nation’s impact; because of our ability to enormously affect small land-locked countries like Bolivia, we must also hold ourselves accountable to understanding our historical impact so that we can make informed decisions in the present.

The following paper is a study about how three Swedish workingclass news papers, Arbetet, Norrskensflamman and Ny Dag, describe and stigmatized the common strike braker in may 1931. I chose in particulary this month because of the tradgic events in Ådalen 14th of may 1931, where five citizens got killed by the Swedish military during a friendly demonstration and the strike braker was a part the unrest that was embossed among the organized workers in Sweden.

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is one of the world&rsquo / s largest active continental strikeslip faults, and forms the northern margin of the Anatolian plate. Although its geologic and geomorphologic features are well defined, crustal deformation and associated seismicity around central segment of the NAF is relatively less-known. In this study, we analyzed locations and focal mechanisms of 172 events with magnitude &ge / 3, which are recorded by 39 broadband seismic stations deployed by the North Anatolian Passive Seismic Experiment (2005-2008). Distribution of the events shows that the local seismicity in the area is widely distributed, suggesting a widespread continental deformation, particularly in the southern block. For the entire data set, P- and S- arrival times are picked and events are relocated using the HYPOCENTER program. Then, relocated events which have a good azimuthal coverage with a maximum gap of 120&deg / and at least 13 P- wave readings are selected and 1-D inversion algorithm, VELEST, is used to derive the 1-D seismic velocity model of the region. The final model with updated locations is later put together to the FOCMEC program, to obtain focal mechanisms solutions. In this step, an iterative scheme is applied by increasing the number of data errors. To obtain more unique solutions, first motions of P and SH v phases are used along with SH/P amplitude ratios. Resultant 109 well-constrained focal mechanisms later used to perform stress tensor inversion across the region. Our focal mechanisms suggest a dominant strike-slip deformation along two major fault sets in the region. In the east, E-W trending splays (Ezinepazari, Almus, and La&ccedil / in Kizilirmak) show right-lateral strike-slip motion similar to the NAF whereas in the west, N-S trending faults (Dodurga, Eldivan) show left lateral strike-slip motion. Overall, stress orientations are found as: maximum principal stress, &sigma / 1, is found to be subhorizontal striking NW-SE, the intermediate principle stress, &sigma / 2, is vertically orientated and the minimum principal stress, &sigma / 3, is found to be NE &ndash / SW striking, consistent with the strike-slip regime of the region.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

The northwest part of the North America-Caribbean plate boundary zone is characterized by active, left-lateral strike-slip faults that are well constrained seismically and are corroborated by on- and offshore geologic mapping. The onshore plate boundary zone comprises the Motogua and Polochic fault systems of southern Guatemala which join and continue offshore as the Swan Islands fault zone along the southern edge of the Cayman trough. At the Mid-Cayman spreading center in the central Caribbean Sea, the fault motion is transferred at a 100 km wide left-step in the fault system to the Oriente fault zone. A third system, the Walton fault zone, continues east from the Mid-Cayman Spreading center to define the Gonave microplate. Seafloor features produced by strike-slip faulting along the Swan Islands and Walton fault zones have been imaged and mapped using the SeaMARC II side-scan sonar and swath bathymetric mapping system, single-channel seismic data, multichannel seismic data and 3.5 kHz depth profiles. Structures mapped along the Swan Islands and Walton fault zones include: 1) twenty-six restraining bends and five releasing bends ranging in size from several kilometers in area to several hundred kilometers in area; 2)en echelon folds which occur only within the restraining bends; 3) straight, continuous fault segments of up to several tens of kilometers in length; 4) restraining and releasing bends forming in "paired" configurations; and 5) a fault-parallel fold belt fold and thrust belt adjacent to a major restraining bend. The features observed along the Swan Islands and Walton fault systems are compared to other features observed along other strike-slip fault systems, from which empirical models have previously been derived. Based on the features observed in these strike-slip systems, a rigid plate scenario is envisioned where the geometry of the fault and the direction of plate motion have controlled the types of deformation that have occurred. In a related study, microtectonic features in an area of Neogene extension within the northwestern Caribbean plate were investigated in order to provide insight on the nature of intraplate deformation related to the motion along the plate boundary. Microtectonic features were measured in the Sula-Yojoa rift of northwestern Honduras with the intention of inverting the data to estimate stress states responsible for the observed strains. Data inversion for the estimation of stress states could not be undertaken with the available measurements, however, the observations made can be used to support several existing models for the intraplate deformation as well as to encourage the elimination of other models. / text

This study examined the perceptions of teachers on the picket line and in the classroom during the 1978 Tucson Unified School District teacher strike and the perceptions and relationships they experienced. Literature from sociology, psychology and education was reviewed to develop the theoretical framework. It is recognized in the literature that theory has utility in designing, shaping and organizing research, giving meaning to data and summarizing and interpreting the findings. The theoretical framework was comprised of two sections: the perceptual and the relational. In the perceptual, self-adequacy, self-concept and threat-anxiety were included. In the relational, communication, shared interests and reference groups were included. An interview schedule of twenty-one items based on the theoretical framework was developed and administered to forty selected school district teachers. The twenty-one questions were derived from the two major sections and the six subsections of the theoretical framework. Some demographic data were also collected. Strikers and non-strikers agreed more than they disagreed. There was general agreement among both strikers and non-strikers that human relationships were handled so ineptly by the superintendent and school board that the teachers perceived themselves to be demeaned and held unworthy.

Aircraft strikes are a significant safety hazard on airports worldwide. Wildlife management at airfields is the most effective tactic to reduce airstrike risk – to modify the habitat to be undesirable to animals. Tall fescue grasses containing a fungal symbiont may serve that purpose. They produce alkaloids that convey resistance to some grass-feeding invertebrates, which might in turn reduce incidence of insectivorous birds. A commercial endophytic grass (Avanex™) consisting of ‘Jackal’ tall fescue infected with a unique endophyte (AR 601) is purported to contain especially high levels of alkaloids and to reduce bird populations if planted at airports. I evaluated it against the common KY31 tall fescue with its wild-type endophyte for invertebrate and vertebrate deterrence. Invertebrate abundance, survival, growth, and development were generally similar on Jackal E+ or KY31 E+. Spanish goats and wild birds showed no avoidance of Jackal E+, nor did Jackal E+ contain significantly higher levels of alkaloids than did KY31 E+. The Avanex™ tall fescue was not any better than KY31 in deterring herbivores but the concept is sound. However, better understanding of the relationship between grass, endophyte, alkaloid, and herbivore is needed to inform how such grasses might be used to reduce bird strike hazard.

No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.