In South Africa teachers are currently allowed to strike. This leads to numerous problems, as learners are left without an educator and their Constitutional right to basic education is infringed upon. This has an impact on university acceptance and impairs the socio-economic growth in the country, especially when taking into account the history of prejudice as regards education in South Africa. This dissertation considers whether or not education should be declared as an essential service in terms of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, as sectors declared as such are not awarded the right to strike. In order to determine whether education should be designated as an essential service, the right to strike and the right to education as enshrined in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, have to be balanced or weighed up against each other. By declaring education as an essential service it will ensure that the latter right is more adequately realised, in turn having a positive impact on the development of South Africa. In declaring education an essential service, educators will not be left without remedy as other remedies (which do not impair the rights of learners) do indeed exist and will be available to said educators in accordance with relevant legislation and provisions. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In South Africa teachers are currently allowed to strike. This leads to numerous problems, as learners are left without an educator and their Constitutional right to basic education is infringed upon. This has an impact on university acceptance and impairs the socio-economic growth in the country, especially when taking into account the history of prejudice as regards education in South Africa. This dissertation considers whether or not education should be declared as an essential service in terms of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, as sectors declared as such are not awarded the right to strike. In order to determine whether education should be designated as an essential service, the right to strike and the right to education as enshrined in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, have to be balanced or weighed up against each other. By declaring education as an essential service it will ensure that the latter right is more adequately realised, in turn having a positive impact on the development of South Africa. In declaring education an essential service, educators will not be left without remedy as other remedies (which do not impair the rights of learners) do indeed exist and will be available to said educators in accordance with relevant legislation and provisions. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation is a critical analysis of the provisions of sec 64(l)(b) and (c), 66(2)(b) and 77(l)(b) and (d) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 which prescribe notice of industrial action as a requirement of protected industrial action in South Africa. It traces the historical background of the requirement. It also addresses issues such as the purpose(s) of the notices, their scope of application, meaning, implications, who must give notice, to whom must notice be given, timing, computation, their duration, the consequences of failure to comply with them and various potential difficulties in the practical application of the notice requirement as well as the unintended consequences flowing from the provisions. Recommendations are made for the amendment of the Act in certain respects. The dissertation concludes that there is no justification for the inclusion in the Act of this requirement. The law is stated as at 30 September 2005. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

Τα πλοία αποτελούν πιθανό στόχο ενός κεραυνικού πλήγματος. Η μελέτη και η προσομοίωση ενός κεραυνού σε δύο διαφορετικά πλοία για διάφορα σημεία πτώσης έγινε με χρήση του προγράμματος Vector Fields Opera 3D Cobham. Στο κεφάλαιο 1, γίνεται μία συνοπτική παρουσίαση των ηλεκτρικών ατμοσφαιρικών φαινομένων που οδηγούν στην εμφάνιση του κεραυνού. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται τα διάφορα είδη κεραυνικών πληγμάτων, οι ισοδύναμες κυκλωματικές αναπαραστάσεις αυτών και η συχνότητα πτώσης κεραυνών. Στο κεφάλαιο 2, αναφέρονται οι διάφορες μέθοδοι υπολογισμού πεδιακών μεγεθών και γίνεται μια πιο εκτενής αναφορά στη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Ακολούθως, παρουσιάζεται το πρόγραμμα Opera 3D στο οποίο έγινε η προσομοίωση του κεραυνού. Γίνονται αναφορές στης εξισώσεις και τον αλγόριθμο που χρησιμοποιεί το πρόγραμμα για τον υπολογισμό των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών μεγεθών του εκάστοτε προβλήματος. Στο κεφάλαιο 3, παρουσιάζονται οι προσομοιώσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν με το συγκεκριμένο πρόγραμμα. Αρχικά αναφέρεται η προσέγγιση του κεραυνικού πλήγματος με στόχο να προσαρμοσθεί στις δυνατότητες του προγράμματος. Στη συνέχεια αναφέρονται τα δύο μοντέλα πλοίων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν (USS Somerset, HMS Albion) και τα σημεία τα οποία επιλέχθηκαν να πληγούν από κεραυνό. Επιλέχθηκαν τέσσερα σημεία σε κάθε πλοίο (πλώρη, πρύμνη, δύο κορυφές) και εφαρμόσθηκε η οριακή συνθήκη της μέγιστης τιμής του ρεύματος ενός χαρακτηριστικού κεραυνού. Σαν αποτέλεσμα προέκυψε η πυκνότητα ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος, για τις διάφορες περιπτώσεις, στο σύνολο της επιφάνειας του πλοίου και της θάλασσας. Στο κεφάλαιο 4, σχολιάζονται οι διαφορές που προέκυψαν στα δύο διαφορετικά πλοία καθώς και στα διαφορετικά σημεία πλήγματος. Επίσης παρουσιάζονται οι κανονισμοί προστασίας πλοίων, ανθρώπων και συσκευών που πρέπει να τηρούνται. Τέλος, με χρήση της μεθόδου κυλιόμενης σφαίρας γίνεται μία εκτίμηση της προστασίας έναντι κεραυνών στο κάθε πλοίο. / Naval ships are possible targets of a lightning strike. A study and simulation of a lightning strike in two different ships for different stress points is executed with Vector Fields Opera 3D Cobham. In chapter one, an overview of electrical atmospheric phenomena that lead to the appearance of lightning is given. Also, there are presented various kinds of lightning strikes, equivalent circuit representation of lightning current and frequency lightning maps. In chapter 2, various methods of calculating electromagnetic fields are presented and a more extensive report on the finite element method is described. Furthermore, the Opera 3d program is described, which simulates the lightning strike. The equations that are computed, the algorithm and the methods of calculating the electromagnetic field of Opera 3d are fully analyzed. In chapter 3, the performed simulations are presented. Firstly, the lightning approach is described. The approach was made in order to adapt to the capabilities of the program. Two ships with different dimensions (USS Somerset, HMS Albion) are designed. For the solution of the electromagnetic problem the lightning strike is approximated with the peak value of a standard strike waveform and the current density results are analyzed over the ship for four different stress points. In chapter 4, the differences that resulted from the two different ship’s simulations and different striking points are described. Several regulations of ship, human, electric devices, protection against lightning are presented and must be observed. Finally, using the rolling sphere method, lightning protection in each vessel is estimated.

This investigation was designed to discover the reported patterns of perceptions and behaviors of building principals involved in the 1978 Tucson Unified School District teacher strike. The theoretical framework developed for this study was based on perceptual psychology and included the following areas: (1) perception; (2) empathy; (3) adequacy/self-concept; (4) relationships; (5) stress; and (6) perceptual framework. An interview schedule was developed, based on the theoretical framework, employing a Likert-type attitudinal scale together with an open-ended comment format. Quantitative data were collected based on the principals' responses to the scale items and qualitative data were collected based on the principals' comments on the scale items. Forty principals who were principals during the strike were interviewed in-depth regarding their perceptions and behaviors on the following aspects of the strike: (1) issues and causes; (2) influences; (3) stress; (4) relationships; (5) post-strike views; and (6) attitudes. All the data were collected during the field interviews. The principal sample was a volunteer sample selected from the total population based on their willingness to participate. Among the findings, the following appeared to be the most significant: (1) salary was perceived as the major strike issue and the way the School Board and District Office handled the issues as the primary cause of the strike; (2) the principals perceived themselves and the Tucson Education Association as having the most influence on the teachers' decisions to strike and the teachers' strike behaviors; (3) the principals reported experiencing the most stress during the strike and the least stress before the strike. As a group, the high school principals experienced the most amount of stress and elementary principals experienced the least amount of stress; (4) a break in relationships with significant others, especially teachers, was a major strike concern of the principals; (5) most of the principals perceived the strike as successful in terms of the teachers achieving their goals but costly in terms of relationships; and (6) the majority of the principals were opposed to the act of striking.

This investigation was designed to study the patterns of perceptions of the central office administrators involved in the 1978 Tucson Unified School District teacher strike. The theoretical framework developed for this study, which was based on perceptual psychology, included the following areas: (1) perception; (2) empathy; (3) adequacy/self-concept; (4) relationships; (5) stress; and (6) perceptual framework. An interview schedule was developed based on the theoretical framework. The schedule utilized a Likert-type attitudinal scale as well as an open-ended comment format. Quantitative data were collected based on the principals' responses to the scale items. Qualitative data were based on comments on each of the scale items. Twenty-one central office administrators who were in those positions at the time of the strike were interviewed in-depth regarding their perceptions on the following aspects of the strike: (1) issues and causes; (2) relationships; (3) stress; (4) post-strike views. All of the data were collected during the field interviews. The central office administrator sample was a volunteer sample selected from the total population based on their willingness to participate. Among the findings, the following appeared to be the most significant: (1) the superintendents and school board were cited most frequently as the major cause of the strike; (2) relationships with any of the significant others were not significantly impacted by the strike; (3) the participants were most stressed during the strike. They indicated the least stress was experienced in the pre-strike period; (4) a break in relationships with significant others, especially teachers, was a major strike concern of the central office administrators; (5) Tucson Education Association was perceived by the majority of the participants to have acted in a responsible manner before and during the strike; (6) the consensus agreement was considered by the majority of the participants to be a fair and equitable resolution to the problem; (7) central office administrators, for the most part, did not perceive the strike as having a negative impact on their effectiveness as central office administrators; and (8) the efforts of the district to effectively meet district educational goals was not negatively impacted by the strike circumstances, according to slightly less than a majority of the participants.

In this study, the investigator sought to ascertain what personal relationships existed within the organizational structure of the Tucson (Arizona) Education Association (TEA), and between these TEA members and the Tucson Unified School District officials before, during, and after the teacher strike of 1978. The investigator reviewed literature in the areas of: (1) labor relations, (2) teacher strike activity, (3) perceptual psychology, (4) relational theory, and (5) organizational theory. On this basis, an interview schedule was constructed to ascertain certain of the personal relationships of selected Tucson Education Association members. Forty members of the Tucson Education Association, selected on the basis of nomination by strike-related TEA leaders, were interviewed utilizing the interview schedule. The data thus collected was collated, analyzed, and presented in the form of: (1) case studies and (2) descriptions of responses grouped by subquestions derived from the statement of the problem. Additional data permitting the construction of a chronology of strike-associated events prior to, during, and after the strike were gathered from local news sources, Tucson Education Association literature, and TEA respondents. The study highlighted the apparent lack of supportive and productive relationships existing between Tucson Education Association respondents and Tucson Unified School District officials before, during, and after the strike. Such human relationships appear, according to this study, to be central to the productivity of a school district's professional staff. From this perception, the investigator suggested that school district management personnel, while concerning themselves with the technical aspects of their organizations, should display an equal concern for the quality of the human relationships within their organizations.

One possible solution to common running related injuries is to transition runners from a rearfoot strike during initial contact to a midfoot strike. Natural rearfoot strike runners were studied to see if a modified elliptical trainer could be used to alter their running pattern to that of a midfoot strike runner. Their results were compared to subjects who ran on a non-modified elliptical trainer. After training on the modified elliptical trainer, subjects demonstrated a decrease in foot angle at initial contact when attempting to run with a midfoot strike. Training did not affect all kinetic metrics or stride frequency. However, the kinematic change suggests that there may be an impact on running energetics. Training on the modified elliptical trainer resulted in improved midfoot strike kinematics in natural rearstrike runners when they attempted run in a midfoot strike pattern.

Diese Arbeit ist als Übersicht der Wege der Lösungen der arbeitsrechtlichen Beziehungen mit dem Fokus überwiegend auf die kollektiven arbeitsrechtlichen Streitigkeiten konzipiert. Die Arbeit teilt sich auf drei Hauptabschnitte: die tschechische Gesetzgebung, die deutsche Gesetzgebung und dann ihren Vergleich. Ein unbeträchtlicher Teil der Arbeit verfolgt den Vergleich der Gerichtsbarkeit in Arbeitssachen, wo die tschechische Agenda im Rahmen der allgemeinen Gerichte gelöst wird und die deutsche das Institut der Arbeitsgerichte benützt. Das Kapitel des Vergleichs beginnt mit einer tabellarischen Übersicht des Verfahrens. Erwähnt ist auch die Effektivität beider rechtlichen Ausgestaltungen. Unwesentlich sind die alternativen Wege der Lösung arbeitsrechtlicher Streitigkeiten erwähnt, und zwar mit dem Vergleich der Schlichtung und der Mediation. Das Hauptthema sind die aus den kollektiven arbeitsrechtlichen Beziehungen entstandenen Streitigkeiten, insbesondere aus den kollektiven Verhandlungen in der Tschechischen Republik und aus den Tarifverhandlungen in Deutschland im Rahmen der Abschließungen der kollektiven (und in Deutschland der Tarif-) Verträge. Der wichtige Ausdruck dieser Beziehungen ist unter anderem die spezifische Weise der Durchsetzung der kollektiven Interessen, und zwar mithilfe der...

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / As a maritime nation, Pakistan has not been able to effectively exploit the sea and its resources. Decades of neglect have hampered the development of the maritime sector, which in turn has hurt both economic growth and the national security of the country. While seaborne trade is the backbone of Pakistan's economy, the domestic shipping and shipbuilding industries are in disarray. The exploitation of offshore natural resources is restricted to coastal fisheries. Despite its animosity with neighboring India, Pakistan has until recently relied on two colocated ports at Karachi, which would be a vulnerable target in any war. The continental mindset of the policymakers has affected the development of the Pakistan Navy as an effective element of the military strategy. This thesis argues that development of the maritime sector is important for both economic growth and the national security of Pakistan. In economic terms, the maritime sector can diversify the economic base and stimulate Pakistan's economic growth. The development of the Pakistan Navy both as a credible conventional and strategic force is important for protection of growing economic maritime interests against predation and coercion and also necessary to safeguard the strategic interests of the country. / Lieutenant Commander, Pakistan Navy