The purpose of this thesis is to increase our knowledge about the thinking of idiocy behind the formation of the first institutional schools for idiots in the Scandinavian countries. The source materials – publications, articles, documents, photos – has been studied and interpreted through a hermeneutic existential method. The final interpretation is connected to Ludwik Fleck´s theory of thought-style and thought-collective. Thought-style in this context has different aspects: The quality or characteristics of the conception or diagnosis of idiocy The ideas about underlying causes The educational, medical and social measures required The expected results or goals The environmental influence Three historical perspectives are traced in the thesis: a biographical history perspective, an educational/medical and a comprehensive perspective of the history of knowledge. The Nordic thinking of idiocy was strongly influenced from French, Swiss and Prussian forerunners. The first efforts in the Nordic countries were attempted by psychiatrists, theologians and teachers for the deaf and dumb. The precursor in Sweden, a woman, had to connect to the available female/religious strategy of the time for her participation. The study concludes that although the activists spoke about “the time of the idiots” it was also a time for the activists to create possibilities for entrepreneurship and professional careers. The medical knowledge of idiocy was in its infancy. The educational progression was moderate and built upon the theories of the time.

Loss is an inevitable human experience. How each individual reacts to loss may be affected by various factors among these is ones attachment style. The present studies examine the ultimate form of loss, the death of a significant attachment relationship in ones life. Specifically, the research focuses on how people respond to and cope with the death of an attachment figure. In so doing, the relationship between grief and attachment theory is discussed and an integrated model of grief and attachment is proposed, which accounts for various differences in how individuals respond to the death of an attachment figure in adulthood.<p> Study 1 examined the notion that in order to maintain an ongoing relationship with a deceased person and engage in behaviours that maintain this relationship, one must have had a close relationship to the deceased prior to his or her death. Seventy-three undergraduate students who reported having experienced the death of someone they knew were recruited to complete the online survey. This study utilized a measure specifically designed for the present research, the Ongoing Relationship Scale (Waskowic & Chartier, 2006), to demonstrate the necessity of a close relationship in order to engage in behaviours that maintain an ongoing relationship with the deceased.<p> The ORS was used to distinguish between whether one perceived engaging in ongoing behaviours with the deceased attachment figure as positive or negative, that is, whether engaging in certain behaviours brought an individual comfort or discomfort. The findings showed that those who identified themselves as having had a closer relationship to the deceased were more likely to engage in behaviours consistent with maintaining an ongoing relationship; whereas those who did not report having had a close relationship to the deceased were less likely to do so. Preliminary psychometric data for the ORS demonstrated good reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity for the measure are also provided.<p> Study 2 extends the findings from the first study by exploring a specific type of close relationship, the attachment relationship, and how one copes with the grief upon the death of the attachment figure. One hundred and ninety three participants who experienced the death of either a partner or parent were recruited to participate in the study. Participants were asked to complete a survey containing measures of attachment style, relationship closeness, grief, coping with the loss, interpersonal dependency, ongoing relationship with the deceased, and resilience. Utilizing Stroebe, Schut, and Stroebes (2005) Dual Processing Model and OLeary and Ickovicss (1995) Outcome of Challenge Model the differences in coping with the death of an attachment figure were explored based on ones type of attachment. Based on the findings from the present research that there are differences between the four types of attachment (i.e., secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) in how each copes with the death of a significant attachment figure, a new comprehensive model of grief, which integrates previous theories within an attachment theoretical framework is offered. This new model, referred to as the Grief Attachment Model, accounts for observed differences in the way people cope with the death of a significant attachment figure in their lives, and suggests that researchers focus on the attachment relationship to explain variability in a persons grief response.<p> The results of Study 2 provide support for this new integrated model and encourage others to consider using attachment theory, and its theoretical speculations, for how individuals with different attachment styles (i.e., secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) will respond to the death of an attachment figure in adulthood.<p> The present studies findings advance our understanding of the relationship between attachment theory and grief in that they go beyond present theory and provide empirical data for the current theoretical assertions. Further, the findings are reported in regards to specific attachment styles, rather than the secure versus insecure distinction that has been more commonly utilized when conducting research on attachment style differences. Implications and directions for future research are also proposed.

Louis Vierne indicated his 24 Pices en style libre as being for organ or harmonium and he provided separate registrations for each instrument. Nevertheless, several organists and authors have noted a disparity in the work's success on the two different instruments. This study begins with a look into the development of the harmonium and a consideration of sorne important traits of standard harmonium literature as exemplified by Franck and Guilmant. An examination of Vierne's pieces from this harmonium perspective reveals several problems, mostly in the areas of compositional texture, the harmonium's air supply; and Vierne's harmonium registrations, which often point in opposite directions from his verbal indications in the score and his organ registrations. This study concludes that Vierne's 24 Pices are genuine organ music and that Vierne made little attempt to conform to the musical capabilities and constraints of the harmonium, even as he hoped that indicating the harmonium would increase the market appeal of this volume. / Louis Vierne indiqua que ses 24 Pices en style libre taient crites pour orgue ou pour harmonium, et il fournit des indications de registration pour les deux instruments. Toutefois, plusieurs organistes et auteurs ont not une disparit entre le succs de l'oeuvre sur l'un ou l'autre des instruments. Cette tude s'intresse tout d'abord l'histoire de l'harmonium ainsi qu' la littrature pour harmonium, telle qu'illustre dans certaines oeuvres de Franck et Guilmant. Une analyse des pices de Vierne, du point de vue de l'harmonium, rvle plusieurs problmes, notamment en ce qui concerne la texture musicale et le systme de vent de l'harmonium, ainsi que les registrations pour harmonium, qui souvent indiquent le contraire de ce qu'indiquent les instructions verbales et les registrations pour orgue. Cette tude conclut que les 24 Pices de Vierne constituent une musique d'orgue vritable, et que Vierne ne fit que peu d'efforts pour les adapter aux capacits et limitations de l'harmonium, en esprant que l'harmonium permettrait ce recueil de trouver un public plus large.

It has been shown in many species that individuals exhibit consistent differences in behaviour over time and/or across situations. These differences in behaviour are called personality. One way to categorise personality types typically used for rodents, is along a proactive-reactive gradient, which describes how individuals cope with stressful challenges. Proactive individuals pay less attention to their environment, form routines easily and take longer to adapt when routines are broken compared to reactive individuals. Avian species have to date rarely been described along this gradient, thus the generality of this description across species is unclear. The present study has investigated variation in proactivity-reactivity in red junglefowl chicks (Gallus gallus). To observe the chicks’ coping styles, a proactive-reactive test was conducted where the chicks were trained to form a routine, which was then broken. Their behavioural response to this was recorded and used as a measure for proactivity-reactivity. The behavioural response was then linked to individual behavioural variation in additional personality assays. Individuals that were more vigilant in the proactive-reactive test often uttered stress calls and took longer to complete the test. In contrast, individuals that walked more and did not utter stress calls had a shorter time to complete the test. These findings can be used to describe proactive red junglefowl chicks; those that are more stressed when routines are broken, compared to calmer reactive individuals. I found no difference in routine formation between proactive and reactive red junglefowl chicks, suggesting that what describes proactive and reactive individuals may vary across species.

Le but de cette recherche a été de savoir si le leadership expérientiel d'équipe existait et était utilisé dans les milieux professionnels. Pour atteindre ce but, nous avons réalisé une revue de littérature dans les domaines du leadership, tant situationniste que personnaliste. En nous basant sur ces formes de leadership, nous avons pu proposer la perspective du leadership expérientiel. La recherche s'est particulièrement appuyée sur les travaux de Kolb (1976, 1984) et de Fleishman (1955). Nous avions perçu des analogies entre ces deux modèles et voulions mettre à jour leur relation. Nous sommes ainsi parvenu à une définition sommaire de ce qu'était le leadership expérientiel, cela en mettant tout d'abord en relief les modes et les styles de leadership expérientiels présents en entreprise, et également en essayant de mettre en relief la manière dont les gestionnaires et cadres le mettent en pratique. Nous avons pu conclure que les quatre styles sont rencontrés chez la plupart de nos répondants, mais les styles favorisés peuvent être différents selon la nationalité des répondants. ______________________________________________________________________________

Loss is an inevitable human experience. How each individual reacts to loss may be affected by various factors among these is ones attachment style. The present studies examine the ultimate form of loss, the death of a significant attachment relationship in ones life. Specifically, the research focuses on how people respond to and cope with the death of an attachment figure. In so doing, the relationship between grief and attachment theory is discussed and an integrated model of grief and attachment is proposed, which accounts for various differences in how individuals respond to the death of an attachment figure in adulthood.<p> Study 1 examined the notion that in order to maintain an ongoing relationship with a deceased person and engage in behaviours that maintain this relationship, one must have had a close relationship to the deceased prior to his or her death. Seventy-three undergraduate students who reported having experienced the death of someone they knew were recruited to complete the online survey. This study utilized a measure specifically designed for the present research, the Ongoing Relationship Scale (Waskowic & Chartier, 2006), to demonstrate the necessity of a close relationship in order to engage in behaviours that maintain an ongoing relationship with the deceased.<p> The ORS was used to distinguish between whether one perceived engaging in ongoing behaviours with the deceased attachment figure as positive or negative, that is, whether engaging in certain behaviours brought an individual comfort or discomfort. The findings showed that those who identified themselves as having had a closer relationship to the deceased were more likely to engage in behaviours consistent with maintaining an ongoing relationship; whereas those who did not report having had a close relationship to the deceased were less likely to do so. Preliminary psychometric data for the ORS demonstrated good reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity for the measure are also provided.<p> Study 2 extends the findings from the first study by exploring a specific type of close relationship, the attachment relationship, and how one copes with the grief upon the death of the attachment figure. One hundred and ninety three participants who experienced the death of either a partner or parent were recruited to participate in the study. Participants were asked to complete a survey containing measures of attachment style, relationship closeness, grief, coping with the loss, interpersonal dependency, ongoing relationship with the deceased, and resilience. Utilizing Stroebe, Schut, and Stroebes (2005) Dual Processing Model and OLeary and Ickovicss (1995) Outcome of Challenge Model the differences in coping with the death of an attachment figure were explored based on ones type of attachment. Based on the findings from the present research that there are differences between the four types of attachment (i.e., secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) in how each copes with the death of a significant attachment figure, a new comprehensive model of grief, which integrates previous theories within an attachment theoretical framework is offered. This new model, referred to as the Grief Attachment Model, accounts for observed differences in the way people cope with the death of a significant attachment figure in their lives, and suggests that researchers focus on the attachment relationship to explain variability in a persons grief response.<p> The results of Study 2 provide support for this new integrated model and encourage others to consider using attachment theory, and its theoretical speculations, for how individuals with different attachment styles (i.e., secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) will respond to the death of an attachment figure in adulthood.<p> The present studies findings advance our understanding of the relationship between attachment theory and grief in that they go beyond present theory and provide empirical data for the current theoretical assertions. Further, the findings are reported in regards to specific attachment styles, rather than the secure versus insecure distinction that has been more commonly utilized when conducting research on attachment style differences. Implications and directions for future research are also proposed.

The present essay is a translation study on the two French versions of the Swedish novel Doktor Glas, by Hjalmar Söderberg. As one among relatively few Swedish novels of its time, Doktor Glas has been translated and re-translated. The main purpose of this study is to identify and explain differences between the two French versions of Doktor Glas, concerning the ways the literary style of the Swedish author has been translated. By focusing on the methods of translation (transitions, omissions and the use of footnotes) used by the different translators, I examine to what extent the later ones have been successful in rendering what I call the “söderbergian” style/”le style söderbergien”. For this purpose, certain passages from the two French versions have been examined and compared to the corresponding passages within the original text. The different translators have used different methods of translation, some of which are and have sometimes been considered as controversial, for example in terms of their capacity to render the author-specific style into another language. A main conclusion in this study is that the re-translation is the more faithful of the two French versions of the “söderbergian” style/”le style söderbergien”.

This paper concerning the regional architectural term known as the Tjust Empire style analyses manor houses built in the Tjust area by the east coast of Småland in the period 1810-1860. The term Tjust Empire style was invented in 1937 by PhD. Manne Hofrén in his dissertation on architecture in Kalmar län in the period 1650-1850. The aim of the paper is firstly to determine whether there is a distinct difference between the regional Tjust Empire style in architecture and the common Swedish empire style or as its Swedish equivalent is known; the Karl Johan style. Secondly, the paper strives to analyse why and how the Empire style became so popular in the area during this period, focusing on architecture as a means to express social identity and status. My disposition is grounded in an ethnological viewpoint on architecture where culture is seen as created by and part of human existence. In order to give my analysis substance two case studies have been done of two manor houses in the area; Casimirsborg and Blekhem, in order to compare these with architecture representative of the Swedish Empire/Karl Johan style. The manor houses have been chosen partly because they represent the architectural style of the period well and partly due to them being accessible. As material concerning the construction of the two buildings, such as plans and sketches is sparse the opportunity to examine and analyse them at the spot has been invaluable. When I have been able to, I have used plans and fire insurance documents available. For a general view of the architecture during the period I have had to rely on material already written concerning the architecture of the time, the patrons, their architects and master builders. This has shown that the Tjust Empire style is in fact very closely tied to the common Swedish Empire or Karl Johan style and that it directly strives to commit to it. I have also been able to show that the the reason for the Tjust Empire style being so popular in the area in the period lies in a unique economic and social situation at the time; as well as, a relationship between the patrons and their favoured architects.

Many research have shown that reflection is one of the important factors in the learning process. It is then recommended that teacher should adopt various prompt techniques to promote learners¡¦ reflection ability in traditional classrooms. However, there are still very few studies on how to apply this kind of teaching strategy in outdoor learning environments. Therefore, this study designed an adaptive prompts strategy by matching prompt types with learning styles to improve learners¡¦ reflection levels in an outdoor u-learning environment. We conducted an experiment using the designed and developed learning system in a butterfly ecology garden. Two classes of thirty-nine 5th grade primary school students were involved in the experiment. The result shows that the reflection levels of the learners whose learning styles matched with the appropriate prompt types were higher than that the non-matched group of learners. Therefore, it is evidenced that the designed adaptive reflection prompt system is useful in an outdoor u-learning environment.

A manager¡¦s growth can reflect the type of culture, environment, and institution of an organization. In addition, great career progresses contribute to a positive growth of both the company and the manager. In the past, most research focuses on how to build up a succession planning and some studies investigate how a manager¡¦s behavior, personnel traits, and style of leadership can influence the organization. With Narrative Inquiry, this article focuses on career development of some senior managers to investigate their learning progress to help researchers remodel (review) the managers¡¦ career experiences. This research expects to reveal the managers¡¦ roles and styles. Besides, the findings will lay bare their behavior and cognition with the organization through their own narratives. The environment and opportunities created by the organization motivate the managers to keep learning in their careers. Furthermore, the managers usually make good use of the challenges they have faced to experiment their concepts in action so as to obtain experiences for transforming their opinions and action. The managers¡¦ learning progresses, which have a great impact on their cognition and construction of the roles they play, also shows that learning behavior and construction of role will be interactive. The research purports to illustrate the forces and factors that will impact the managers in their careers in the organization and help the organization to build an appropriate environment beneficial both to the managers and the companies they work for.