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Traditionnellement, le construit de la phobie sociale a été défini selon une vision intrapersonnelle, en tant que trouble de l’anxiété. Une autre conception se propose de la définir d’un point de vue interpersonnel, comme un pattern global d’autoprotection. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de tester des hypothèses tirées du modèle interpersonnel de la phobie sociale. Deux études, présentées sous forme d’articles, ont permis d’examiner si des patterns spécifiques d’autoprotection, tels que l’impuissance et la soumission, caractérisent le mode de fonctionnement des phobiques sociaux. Les études ont également évalué si l’autoprotection et l’anxiété sont interreliées. Pour la première étude, les patterns interpersonnels de 132 phobiques sociaux, évalués à l’aide d’une mesure dérivée du Circumplex interpersonnel, ont été comparés à ceux de 85 individus célibataires ayant une dysfonction sexuelle et 105 sujets normaux. La relation entre les patterns d’autoprotection, l’anxiété sociale, la détresse générale et le fonctionnement social a également été examinée chez les phobiques sociaux. La seconde étude a permis d’examiner l’évolution des patterns d’autoprotection ainsi que de l’anxiété sociale, de la détresse générale et du fonctionnement social, chez 85 phobiques sociaux à quatre moments : avant et après un traitement d’approche interpersonnelle, ainsi qu’aux relances de six mois et d’un an. L’étude a également comparé les participants en rémission et ceux satisfaisant les critères de la phobie sociale un an suivant la fin du traitement. Les résultats suggèrent que les patterns d’impuissance et de soumission sont caractéristiques de la phobie sociale. Plus précisément, ces patterns décrivent davantage les comportements des phobiques sociaux plutôt que ceux des groupes de comparaison. De plus, une réduction significative de l’autoprotection a été notée au post-traitement et maintenue jusqu’au suivi d’un an, surtout chez les participants en rémission.En outre, une relation entre l’autoprotection, l’anxiété sociale et la détresse générale a été mise en évidence chez les phobiques sociaux. Une amélioration de l’anxiété, de la détresse subjective et du fonctionnement social cohérente avec la dissolution des patterns d’autoprotection a également été obtenue au post-traitement. En conclusion, les résultats des deux études appuient une conception interpersonnelle de la phobie sociale. / Traditionally, the construct of social phobia has been viewed intra-personally, as a disorder of anxiety. In recent years, an alternative interpersonal account of the concept has been proposed, whereby social phobia is characterized as an overall self-protective pattern of specific fearfully self-protective patterns of interpersonal behaviour. The main objective of this dissertation was to test hypotheses drawn from this interpersonal approach. Two studies, presented in the form of research articles, were devised to examine whether specific self-protective interpersonal patterns of powerlessness and submissiveness are characteristic of the overall socially phobic pattern. The studies also examined whether self-protectiveness is interrelated with anxiousness. The first study compared the interpersonal patterns, assessed using an Interpersonal Circumplex measure, of 132 socially phobic individuals to those of 85 single sexually dysfunctional and 105 normal control participants. The relationship between self-protective patterns and social anxiety, general distress, and social functioning were also examined in the socially phobic group. The second study examined the evolution of self-protectiveness, as well as social anxiety, general distress, and social functioning, in 85 socially phobic individuals at four time-points: Prior to being treated by an interpersonal approach, post-treatment, as well as at a six-month and one-year follow-up. Remitted and non-remitted participants at the one-year follow-up were also compared. Results support the hypothesis that social phobia is characterized by self-protective patterns of powerlessness and submissiveness. Specifically, these interpersonal patterns were found to characterize the socially phobic group to a larger extent than either of the two contrast groups. They were also shown to improve meaningfully after treatment, especially in participants who achieved remission one year later.In addition, a relationship between the self-protective patterns and increased levels of social anxiety and subjective distress was found in the socially phobic group. Results also showed an improvement in anxiety, general distress, and social functioning consistent with the shrinking in self-protectiveness after treatment. In conclusion, the findings are consistent with predictions drawn from an interpersonal approach and provide support for this alternative conceptualization of social phobia.

Leadership in stressful and dangerous situations is vitally important in terms of lives, property, and national strategic objectives. But our understanding of effective leadership in these and other contexts is limited. Part of the problem is that interactionist theoretical perspectives are not reflected in contemporary leadership thinking. In addition, the impact of individual differences on leadership is often misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions conducted on continuous scores. This study employed new, innovative, indirect conditional reasoning measures to assess the personalities of 627 leaders entering the militaryâ s most challenging and stressful combat leader development course (the US Army Ranger School). These innovative measures predicted compelling differences in leadership, attrition, and in the peer evaluations made during the training. Analyses conducted on the continuous personality scores demonstrate that these findings are misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions. As an alternative, I present a configural scoring scheme, couched in a poker analogy, to explain how these individual differences combine to predict the odds of success for each of the 18 personality types studied.

Preferences for sexual arousal by overstated dominance and submission in sex is categorized as F65.5, sadomasochism, according to ICD, but this behaviour is called BDSM among the general public. The ground of these preferences could be ultimately biological. These preferences reflect behavioural strategy which enables to gain higher reproductive success. Men and women who were sexually aroused by a submissive partner had more male relatives than men and women with other preferences. Contrary to the women, the dominant men reported themselves as more attractive. Women who were aroused by a higher-ranking partner considered themselves more attractive. Sons of couples in which was hierarchical disparity had more siblings than sons of "equal" couples or couples with no hierarchical disparity. Daughters of hierarchically disparate couples had more brothers than daughters of "both dominant" partners. Concurrently, number and gender of offspring as well as self- reported attractiveness are likely to be criteria of the reproductive success in humans. It is also interesting that hierarchically disparate couples, without regard to gender of higher-ranking partner, reached higher reproductive success than "equal" couples. Individuals who preferred higher- or lower-ranking partner were also aroused by...

Preferences for sexual arousal by overstated dominance and submission in sex is categorized as F65.5, sadomasochism, according to ICD, but this behaviour is called BDSM among the general public. The ground of these preferences could be ultimately biological. These preferences reflect behavioural strategy which enables to gain higher reproductive success. Men and women who were sexually aroused by a submissive partner had more male relatives than men and women with other preferences. Contrary to the women, the dominant men reported themselves as more attractive. Women who were aroused by a higher-ranking partner considered themselves more attractive. Sons of couples in which was hierarchical disparity had more siblings than sons of "equal" couples or couples with no hierarchical disparity. Daughters of hierarchically disparate couples had more brothers than daughters of "both dominant" partners. Concurrently, number and gender of offspring as well as self- reported attractiveness are likely to be criteria of the reproductive success in humans. It is also interesting that hierarchically disparate couples, without regard to gender of higher-ranking partner, reached higher reproductive success than "equal" couples. Individuals who preferred higher- or lower-ranking partner were also aroused by...