• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 6
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 12
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The phenomena of male on male rape among youth at a Juvenile youth care centre in the Western Cape

Peters, Fatima January 2010 (has links)
Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / A concentration about issues important to the subpopulation of children in conflict with the law has received much more attention over the past few years. It is a known fact that within all male environments the likelihood of violence and especially sexual violence is exponential. Male on male rape as a topic has only received greater exposure over the last decade. Male on male rape within the context of the child and youth care context has however been reported, recorded and written about in academia to a far lesser degree.Within this research study it was found that within the child and youth care context oppressive practices of male on male rape and exploitation were rife. Life is marred by intra-personal, inter-personal and institutional violence. A hierarchy based on the ability to resort to violence and gender mitigated all experiences within this context.Through these experiences children came to understand the phenomenon of male on male rape.This research study was exploratory in nature and aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how children within this context understood and spoke about male on male rape.This endeavour was qualitative in approach and utilised social constructionism and the theory of oppression to understand the discourses produced by participants. The participants were males with age ranging from 16 to 18 years. An interview was the framework within which the phenomenon of male on male rape was discusses. The information gained from participants was managed through the use of discourse analysis. The highest ethical standards were upheld during the research process.In conclusion three main discourses were utilised by participants to make sense of the phenomenon of male on male rape. These discourses were the discourse of violence,the discourse of gang culture and the discourse of gender. These discourses intersected and predominantly functioned to hinder the reporting and likelihood of children that were sexually assaulted acquiring assistance.
2

Conditional Correlation Analysis

Bhatta, Sanjeev 05 June 2017 (has links)
No description available.
3

Funktionelle Analyse von Proteasom-Subtypen aus Leber von Ratten verschiedener Altersstufen

Gohlke, Sabrina 03 June 2013 (has links)
20S Proteasomen der Leber gehören ausschließlich zur Population der Intermediär-Proteasomen. Chromatographisch sind drei proteasomale Subpopulationen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Oberflächenhydrophobizität trennbar. Diese beinhalten unterschiedliche Mengen der Standard- und Immunountereinheiten und zeigen unterschiedliche spezifische Aktivitäten gegenüber kurzen fluorigenen Peptidsubstraten. Außerdem lassen sie sich deutlich anhand der Schnittfrequenzen bei Hydrolyse von Polypeptidsubstraten unterscheiden. Jede dieser Subpopulationen konnte aufgrund unterschiedlicher Oberflächenladung in bis zu 5 verschiedene 20S Proteasom-Subtypen unterteilt werden, die wiederum unterschiedliche Mengen an Standard- und Immununtereinheiten enthielten. Jeder dieser Subtypen zeigte unterschiedliche Eigenschaften bezüglich der spezifischen Aktivitäten und Hydrolysegeschwindigkeiten von Polypeptidsubstraten. Unterschiede wurden auch bezüglich ihrer Peptid-Spleiß-Aktivitäten nachgewiesen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden darüber hinaus Veränderungen der Spektren proteasomaler Subtypen- und ihrer Eigenschaften im Lebergewebe von 2, 8 und 23 Monate alten Ratten nachgewiesen. Während die Gesamtmenge der Leber-Proteasomen mit steigendem Alter abnahm, nahm die Menge der Subtypen mit integrierten Immununtereinheiten zu. Gleichzeitig kam es zu einer altersabhängigen Zunahme der Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit gegenüber Polypeptide-Substraten sowie veränderten Schnitthäufigkeiten. Die altersabhängigen intramolekularen Umgestaltungen von Leberproteasomen könnten eine funktionelle Anpassung an die altersbedingten zellulären Veränderungen in Verbindung mit Veränderungen der MHC Klasse I Antigen-Präsentation darstellen. / 20S proteasomes isolated from rat liver belong to the population of intermediate type proteasomes. Three subpopulations were separated by chromatography due to their differences in surface hydrophobicity. These subpopulations contain different types of intermediate type proteasomes with standard- and immunosubunits exhibiting distinct specific activities towards short fluorogenic substrates. However, depending on the substrate their hydrolyzing activity of long polypeptide substrates was significantly different. Additional separation of the three 20S proteasome subpopulations due to their different surface charges allowed further resolution of each subpopulation to at least five 20S proteasome subtypes. The subunit composition of these subtypes varied with regard to the content of exchangeable subunits. The pattern of proteolytic activities measured with short fluorogenic peptides differed between the various subtypes as well as the ability to hydrolyze polypeptide substrate. Above all, each subtype displayed a specific pattern regarding the peptide-splice-activity. Furthermore, the present work showed age-dependent alterations in the subtype patterns, which were analyzed in livers of 2, 8 and 23 month old rats. While the total amount of proteasome declines with age, in all subtypes from aged animals standard subunits were widely replaced by immunosubunits. This resulted in a relative increase of immunosubunit-containing proteasomes, paralleled by age-dependent changes regarding the hydrolyzing activity of long polypeptide substrates. Such modifications could have implications on protein homeostasis as well as on MHC class I antigen presentation as part of the immunosenescence process.
4

Analysis of Selection and Genetic Drift in a Dioecious Plant : Spatial Genetic Structure and Selection in Phenotypic Traits in a Young Island Population of Silene dioica

Andersson, Bea Angelica January 2014 (has links)
Selection and genetic drift are often competing forces in shaping genetic structure in populations. Genetic drift will often effectively cancel out the effect of selection when population sizes are small, such as in colonizing island populations. On a small island in the Skeppsvik Archipelago in northern Sweden, a newly founded population of Silene dioica has been monitored since it first established around 1993. Though inhabiting an area of merely 173 m2, the population has been shown to exhibit a genetically differentiated patch structure where closely related individuals are tightly grouped, distanced from other family groups. In this study, the effect of selection was evaluated as compared to that of genetic drift. Variation in phenotypic traits in flowers, leaves and stalks were compared to that of neutral markers, in the form of PST and FST measures, to assess a measure of what proportion of differentiation among patches in phenotypic traits could not be attributed to genetic drift. Males and females were analysed separately to obtain measures of sex specific selection. Signs of divergent and stabilizing selection were found in several traits in both males and females despite the small spatial scale and short time since colonization. Further analysis is needed to assess explanations for trait divergence among patches and direction of selection.
5

Across Borders : A Histological and Physiological Study of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Reward and Movement

Schweizer, Nadine January 2016 (has links)
The basal ganglia are the key circuitry controlling movement and reward behavior. Both locomotion and reward-related behavior are also modified by dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). If the basal ganglia are severed by lesion or in disease, such as in Parkinson’s disease, the affected individuals suffer from severe motor impairments and often of affective and reward-related symptoms. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a glutamatergic key area of the basal ganglia and a common target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease to alleviate motor symptoms. The STN serves not only motoric, but also limbic and cognitive functions, which is often attributed to a tripartite anatomical subdivision. However, the functional output of both VTA and STN may rely more on intermingled subpopulations than on a strictly anatomical subdivision. In this doctoral thesis, the role of subpopulations within and associated with the basal ganglia is addressed from both a genetic and a behavioral angle. The identification of a genetically defined subpopulation within the STN, co-expressing Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (Pitx2) and Vesicular glutamate transport 2 (Vglut2), made it possible to conditionally reduce glutamatergic transmission from this subgroup of neurons and to investigate its influence on locomotion and motivational behavior, giving interesting insights into the mechanisms possibly underlying deep brain stimulation therapy and its side-effects. We address the strong influence of the Pitx2-Vglut2 subpopulation on movement, as well as the more subtle changes in reward-related behavior and the impact of the alterations on the reward-related dopaminergic circuitry. We also further elucidate the genetic composition of the STN by finding new markers for putative STN subpopulations, thereby opening up new possibilities to target those cells genetically and optogenetically. This will help in future to examine both STN development, function in the adult central nervous system and defects caused by specific deletion. Eventually identifying and characterizing subpopulations of the STN can contribute to the optimization of deep brain stimulation and help to reduce its side-effects, or even open up possibilities for genetic or optogenetic therapy approaches.
6

Immunothérapie adoptive pour le traitement des infections à Adénovirus réfractaires après allogreffes de Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques : de la recherche fondamentale à la recherche clinique / Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy for the treatment of refractory Adenovirus infections after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation : From bench to bedside

Qian, Chongsheng 14 June 2017 (has links)
L’allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) est un des seuls traitements curatifs des hémopathies bénignes ou malignes et des déficits immunitaires primitifs. Cependant, les infections notamment virales ainsi que la réaction du greffon contre l’hôte comptent parmi les complications les plus fréquentes des allogreffes associées à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées. Les infections virales surviennent souvent en l’absence de reconstitution immunitaire spécifique dans un contexte d’immunosuppression liée à la GVHD elle-même ou à la prophylaxie ou au traitement de la GVHD. Les traitements médicamenteux anti-viraux préconisés présentent une efficacité inconstante dans ce contexte d’immunodéficience et ne sont pas dénués de toxicité. L’alternative thérapeutique prometteuse est l’immunothérapie adoptive cellulaire notamment celle qui consiste en l’injection de lymphocytes T spécifiques anti-viraux isolés par technique immunomagnétique (VSTs). Cependant, ces lymphocytes T peuvent être la cible des traitements immunosuppresseurs administrés pour la GVHD mais également par eux-mêmes être potentiellement la cause de la survenue ou de la réactivation d’une GVHD. Nous avons montré dans ce travail que l’efficacité des VSTs, qui repose sur leur expansion in vivo lors de la rencontre avec le virus circulant, est principalement permise par les sous-populations lymphocytaires les plus immatures, même si elles ne sont présentes qu’en faible proportion. Nous défendons dans ce travail le fait que l’efficacité des VST ainsi que leur persistance repose prioritairement sur la présence des sous-populations lymphocytaires T les plus immatures et ce quel que soit le degré de compatibilité HLA entre les VSTs et le receveur. De plus, leur sensibilité modérée aux corticoïdes, que nous avons étudiée in vitro, ne justifie pas la modulation de l’immunosuppression lors de l’injection des ADV-VSTs, comme observé in vivo dans le protocole clinique multicentrique de phase I/II que nous avons mené entre 2012 et 2015. En effet, ce protocole clinique ne rapporte aucune GVHD de novo après injection d’ADV-VSTs ; en revanche, la modulation de l’immunosuppression peut potentiellement être incriminée dans la réactivation de GVHD dans les semaines suivant l’injection des ADV-VSTs. La réalisation d’un essai comparatif de phase II permettra de prouver très clairement le rôle des VSTs dans la réactivation de GVHD. / Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is one of the only curative treatments for benign or malignant hematological diseases and primary immune deficiencies. However, viral infections and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are among the most frequent complications after HSCT associated with high morbidity and mortality. Viral infections often occur in the absence of specific immune reconstitution in the context of immunosuppression related to GVHD itself or to the prophylaxis or treatment of GVHD. The recommended anti-viral drug treatments have an inconsistent efficacy in this context of immunodeficiency and are not devoid of toxicity. The promising therapeutic alternative is adoptive immunotherapy, in particular the infusion of specific anti-viral T lymphocytes isolated by immunomagnetic technique (VSTs). However, these T lymphocytes may be targeted by immunosuppressive treatments administered for GVHD, but also may be the cause of the onset or reactivation of GVHD. We have shown in this work that the efficacy of VSTs, which is based on their in vivo expansion when they encounter the circulating virus, is mainly allowed by the most immature lymphocyte subpopulations, even in a small proportion. We argue in this work that the efficacy of VSTs and their persistence is mainly based on the presence of the most immature T lymphocyte subpopulations and this regardless of the degree of HLA compatibility between the VSTs and the recipient. Moreover, their moderate sensitivity to corticosteroids, which we have studied in vitro, does not justify the modulation of immunosuppression at the time of infusion of ADV-VSTs, as observed in vivo in the multicenter phase I / II clinical trial we conducted between 2012 and 2015. Indeed, this clinical trial does not report any de novo GVHD after ADV-VSTs infusion. On the other hand, modulation of immunosuppression may potentially be incriminated in the reactivation of GVHD within weeks of ADV-VST infusion. A Phase II comparative trial will bring the evidence of efficacy and will clearly determine the role of VSTs in the reactivation of GVHD
7

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von CD16+ Monozytensubpopulationen

Kraus, Stephan Georg 19 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Seit 20 Jahren unterteilt man Monozyten in eine klassische CD14++/CD16-Population und eine proinflammatorische CD16+ Population. Letztere macht 10-20 % der peripheren Blutmonozyten aus und ist unter verschiedenen pathologischen Zuständen drastisch erhöht. Seit Kurzem wird die CD16+ Fraktion in zwei weitere Untergruppen aufgeteilt, die CD14++/CD16+ und die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, die relativ neue und wenig charakterisierte Subpopulation der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten näher zu beschreiben. Es sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, ob diese sich von den übrigen Subpopulationen abzugrenzen lässt und damit als eigenständige Zellgruppe anzusehen ist. Die von gesunden Spendern gewonnen peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen (PBMCs) wurden mithilfe einer Magnetsäulenvorseparation von einem Großteil der T-, B- und NK-Zellen befreit. Die restlichen Zellen wurden mit Anti-CD14-FITC und Anti-CD16-PE markiert. In einem Hochgeschwindigkeitssortierer wurden diese, anhand ihres Fluoreszenzmusters, in die drei Subpopulationen CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) und CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3) aufgeteilt. Durch dieses Verfahren konnte ein hoher Reinheitsgrad erreicht werden. Die erhaltenen Subpopulationen wurden mit heterologen CD4+ T-Lymphozyten zusammen gebracht. Die Reaktion dieser T-Zellen auf die verschiedenen Subpopulationen wurde im Proliferations- und Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) studiert. Des Weiteren wurde die Zytokinsekretion der Monozytenarten nach definierter Stimulierung (LPS, Zymosan, aktivierte T-Zellen) analysiert. In einem zweiten Versuchskomplex wurden aus den jeweiligen Subpopulationen unreife dendritische Zellen (Sub-DCs) differenziert und diese auf bestimmte Oberflächenmarker bzw. deren Verhalten mit heterologen CD4+ T-Zellen im Proliferations-/Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) untersucht. Nach 7 Tagen Inkubation fanden sich im Sub2- und Sub3-Ansatz ca. 10 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als im Sub1-Ansatz. Dabei lag der Anteil der CD25+ T-Zellen in diesen beiden Versuchsansätzen ebenfalls um 10 % höher. Der Proliferationsassay über 14 Tage zeigte für die Sub3 ca. 10-15 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als für die anderen Populationen. Das Niveau der CD25-Expression der T-Zellen war hierbei in allen drei Ansätzen gleich. Im Sekretionsassay induzierten alle drei Subpopulationen eine Th1-Antwort, jedoch mit einem leicht höheren Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen für die CD16+ Monozyten. Durch LPS-Gabe produzierten die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten am meisten TNF-α, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Bei den CD14++/CD16- fanden sich die geringsten Mengen an TNF-α. Zusammen mit aktivierten T-Zellen demonstrierten die CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten die stärkste TNF-α-Sekretion unter allen anderen Subpopulationen. Für die beiden CD16+ Populationen wurden nach LPS-Stimulation höhere Werte für IL-1β bestimmt als für die klassischen Monozyten. Sowohl im LPS- als auch im Zymosanansatz lag die IL-6-Sekretion der CD14++/CD16- Subpopulation über der der anderen zwei Fraktionen. Unter allen drei Stimuli wurden die höchsten Werte für IL-8 bei den CD14++/CD16- Monozyten detektiert, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Am niedrigsten lag die IL-8-Produktion bei den CD14+/CD16+. Die IL-10-Sekretion im LPS- und im Zymosanansatz der CD14++/CD16- und CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten war gegenüber der CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation erhöht. Nach Entwicklung der unreifen dendritischen Zellen aus den entsprechenden Monozytenarten weisen diese eine differenzierte Morphologie auf. Die DCs der CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten hatten eine stärkere HLA-DR-Expression in der mittleren Fluoreszenzintensität als die anderen beiden Sub-DC-Populationen, wobei sich keine Unterschiede in der HLA-DRExpressionsintensität zwischen Sub1- und Sub2-DCs feststellen ließen. Der Anteil der CD11c positiven Zellen war bei den Sub1-DCs deutlich größer als bei den Sub2-DCs. Dagegen exprimierten die Sub3-DCs praktisch kein CD11c. Im Proliferationsassay über 7 Tage ergaben sich keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den Subpopulationen. Allerdings zeigte sich eine Tendenz zu geringeren Werten im Anteil proliferierender bzw. CD25-positiver T-Lymphozyten für den Sub2-DC-Ansatz. Nach 14 Tagen im Assay war der Anteil der proliferierenden T-Zellen bei den Sub1-DCs um 10 % höher als bei den Sub2-DCs. Es fanden sich ca. 10 % mehr CD25+ T-Zellen im Sub1-DC-Ansatz als in den anderen beiden Ansätzen. Der Sekretionsassay erbrachte für alle Sub-DCs eine Th1-Induktion der T-Zellen. Dabei ließen sich keine Abweichungen im Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen zwischen den einzelnen Sub-DC-Kulturen nachweisen. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen auf der einen Seite das proinflammatorische Potential (z.B. TNF-α-Sekretion, erhöhte Proliferation), auf der anderen Seite die antiinflammatorische Komponente (IL-10-Sekretion) der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten. Eine Rolle in der Regulation von entzündlichen und infektiologischen Erkrankungen erscheint für diese Subpopulation denkbar. Die Subpopulation 2 kann dabei als eigenständige Monozytenfraktion betrachtet werden. Die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen den analysierten Monozytensubpopulationen zeigten sich auch nach deren Differenzierung zu unreifen dendritischen Zellen. In Anbetracht des erhöhten Anteils der CD16+ Monozyten im Rahmen diverser autoimmuner Krankheiten und der immer klarer werdenden Unterteilung in eine CD14++/CD16+ und eine CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation, sollten weitere Untersuchungen zur klinischen Relevanz dieser Monozytengruppen durchgeführt werden. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse könnten bei der Zuordnung und Interpretation in diese zukünftigen klinischen Befunde behilflich sein. / For more than 20 years monocytes were subdivided in the classical CD14++/CD16- population and the proinflammatory CD16+ populations. The latter one includes about 10-20 % of the peripheral blood monocytes and is dramatically expanded under different pathological circumstances. Recently, the CD16+ fraction was further subdivided into two subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16+ and CD14+/CD16+ monocytes. In the present paper, the subpopulation of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was characterized in order to answer the question if this subset can be distinguished as an independent cell population. T cells, B cells and NK cells were depleted from peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors using immunomagnetic cell separation. Subsequently, the pre-separated cells were stained with anti-CD14-FITC and anti-CD16-PE and separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) in three subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), the CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) and the CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3). The achieved purity was sufficient for the subsequent experiments. The obtained subpopulations were co-cultured together with heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. The reaction of these T cells to the different subpopulations was studied in the proliferation and secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). Furthermore, the cytokine secretion of the monocyte subsets after defined stimulation (LPS, Zymosan, activated T cells) was analysed. In a second set of experiments, immature dendritic cells were differentiated from the monocyte subpopulations (Sub-DCs) and phenotypically and functionally characterized according to the expression of cell surface markers and the response to heterologous CD4+ T cells in the proliferation/secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). After 7 days of incubation, the Sub2 and Sub3 of the monocytes induced approximately 10 % higher proliferation rates of T cells than the Sub1. The resulting frequency of CD25+ T cells in these two co-culture settings was also 10 % higher. The proliferation analysis after 14 days again showed for the Sub3 ca. 10-15 % more proliferating T cells than for the other populations. At this, the frequency of CD25 expression was equal in all co-cultures. In the secretion assay all three subpopulations induced a Th1 response, but the range of IFN-γ-positive T cells was somewhat higher for the CD16+ monocytes. Under LPS stimulation the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes produced the highest amounts of TNF-α followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The CD14++/CD16- showed the lowest amounts of TNF-α. In co-culture with activated T cells the CD14++/CD16+ monocytes demonstrated the strongest TNF-α secretion from all subpopulations. After LPS stimulation, a higher level of IL-1β was measured for both CD16+ populations than for the classical monocytes. In the LPS and the Zymosan stimulated cultures, the IL-6 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- subpopulation was higher than in the two other fractions. Under all three stimuli the highest levels of IL-8 were detected for the CD14++/CD16- monocytes followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The lowest IL-8 production was found by the CD14+/CD16+. The IL-10 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- and CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was increased compared to the CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation after LPS and Zymosan stimulation. The in vitro generated immature dendritic cells from the different monocyte subsets showed a differentiated morphology. The DCs of the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes had the strongest HLA-DR expression compared to the other two Sub-DC populations. No differences in the HLA-DR intensity were found between the Sub1- and Sub2-DCs. The rate of CD11c-positive cells was significantly higher in the Sub1-DCs than in the Sub2-DCs. However, the Sub3-DCs expressed no CD11c altogether. The proliferation assay over 7 days showed no significant differences between the subpopulations. Nevertheless, a tendency for lower levels of proliferating or CD25-positive T lymphocytes was seen in T cells co-cultured with the Sub2-DC. After 14 days, the ratio of proliferating T cells was 10 % higher with the Sub1-DCs than with the Sub2-DCs. The Sub1-DC co-culture yielded ca. 10 % more CD25+ T cells than the other two. The secretion assay revealed for all Sub-DCs a Th1 response of the T cells, with no differences in the amount of IFN-γ-positive T cells between the Sub-DC cultures. The results illustrate on one hand the proinflammatory potential (e.g. TNF-α secretion, higher proliferation), on the other hand the antiinflammatory effect (IL-10 secretion) of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes. A role in the regulation of inflammatory and infectious diseases seems to be possible for this subpopulation. The subpopulation 2 can be regarded as an independent fraction of monocytes. The functional differences between the analyzed monocyte subpopulations are further underscored following differentiation into immature dendritic cells. Considering the increased proportion of CD16+ monocytes in various autoimmune diseases and their clear subdivision in a CD14++/CD16+ and a CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation, new investigations about the clinical relevance are warranted. The findings obtained in the work presented could be in the basis for these future clinical studies.
8

Variabilidade das sub-populações de espermatozóides avaliados pela cinética em sistema computadorizado e combinação de sondas fluorescentes como praâmetro quantitativo do sêmen congelado de ovinos

Sousa, Daniel Bartoli de [UNESP] 17 January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_db_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 488884 bytes, checksum: cee00747e11c814a32c18443659e8194 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Várias pesquisas foram desenvolvidas visando a melhoria da congelabilidade do sêmen ovino. Contudo, ainda não houve progressos significativos na fertilidade do sêmen congelado após a inseminação artificial cervical. Diversos sistemas de análise computadorizada do movimento espermático (CASA) têm sido propostos e aplicados na tentativa de quantificar características específicas do movimento espermático, podendo ainda determinar a presença e a cinética das subpopulações de espermatozóides. Muitos testes para avaliar a função espermática foram desenvolvidos, permitindo analisar simultaneamente diferentes aspectos da função espermática. Análise da função mitocondrial oferece uma maneira de acessar a motilidade espermática. Foram objetivos otimizar o sistema CASA na avaliação do sêmen congelado; determinar parâmetros da cinética espermática que expressem analogia com as características da avaliação das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial (IP, FITC-PSA e JC-1; MITO; R-123) e utilizar conjuntamente os parâmetros fornecidos pelo sistema CASA e pelas sondas fluorescentes para agrupar as amostras de maneira qualitativa. Vinte e seis amostras de sêmen congelado de diferentes carneiros foram estudadas pelo CASA obtendo-se para os parâmetros VCL, VAP, VSL, ALH, BCF, LIN, STR, ELONG dados médios e individuais para cada espermatozóide e por sondas fluorescentes para a avaliação simultânea da integridade de membrana plasmática, reação acrossomal e potencial de membrana mitocondrial. Estatisticamente aplicou-se a análise exploratória de técnicas multivariadas obtendo-se três fatoriais sendo o primeiro fator F1 positivo e alto para as variáveis VAP, VSL, STR e LIN, que é interpretado com um fator relacionado à progressividade. Para o segundo fator F2, associam as variáveis VCL, ALH e MT, que representam um fator de deslocamento... / Many researches were developed to improve the ram semen criopreservation. However, no significant advances in the fertility rates with the frozen semen were observed with cervical artificial insemination. Several computer-assisted motility assessments (CASA) systems have been considered and applied in the attempt to quantify specific characteristics of the sperm motion and still them being able to determine the spermatozoa presence and subpopulations kinematics. A large number of sperm functions evaluation had been developed, making it possible to analyze different aspects of the sperm function simultaneously. Analysis of the mitochondrial function offers a way to have access the sperm motility. The aim of this study was to optimize the CASA system in the evaluation of the ram frozen semen; determine parameters of the sperm kinematics that express analogy with the characteristics of the evaluation of plasmatic, acrossomal and mitochondrial membranes (PI, FITC-PSA and JC-1; MITO; R-123) and use CASA parameters together with the fluorescent probes to group samples in a qualitative way. Twenty and six frozen semen samples of different rams were evaluated by CASA system for mean and individual sperm motion parameters VCL, VAP, VSL, ALH, BCF, LIN, STR, ELONG and for fluorescent probes leads for the simultaneous evaluation of the integrity of plasmatic, acrossomal membranes and membrane mitochondrial potential. The statistic applied was multivariate analysis getting to three different factorials. The first factor was positive and high (F1 factor) for variables VAP, VSL, STR and LIN, that were interpreted with the forward displacement. For F2 factor, there were associate variables VCL, ALH and MT that represent the displacement. The F3 factor, whose interpretation has to do with available energy, was associated with variables BCF, MITO and ELONG...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
9

Exploring Transcriptional Heterogeneity in the Postnatal SVZ / Explorer l'hétérogénéité transcriptionnelle dans la SVZ postnatale

Zweifel, Stefan 28 March 2018 (has links)
Une activité germinale persiste après la naissance dans des niches spécialisées du cerveau des mammifères, à savoir le gyrus denté de l'hippocampe et la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) bordant le ventricule latéral. Les cellules souches neurales (NSC) de la SVZ postnatale se différencient en progéniteurs transitoires qui vont générer des neuroblastes migrant à travers la voie de migration rostrale vers le bulbe olfactif, où ils se différencient en neurones. La SVZ génère également des progéniteurs gliaux qui se dispersent dans le parenchyme voisin. Les travaux récents auxquels j'ai participé soulignent la nature hétérogène de la SVZ postnatale, composée de différents microdomaines générant des lignées neurales distinctes. Les objectifs de mon travail de thèse ont permis de : 1) développer de nouveaux moyens pour explorer l'hétérogénéité de la SVZ; et 2) d'identifier et d'étudier le rôle d'un facteur de transcription exprimé par une sous population des NSCs de la SVZ. Objectif 1: La SVZ est une région hautement complexe et irrégulière dans laquelle une forte activité germinale persiste après la naissance. Le caractère hétérogène de la SVZ est évident et des études récentes ont généré une très grande base de données de transcrits, qui sont différentiellement exprimés entre les microdomaines. Cependant, un outil approprié pour l'analyse rapide du niveau d'expression d'une protéine d'intérêt, le long des axes rostro-caudal et dorso-ventral de la SVZ est toujours manquant et nécessaire. Par conséquent, j'ai développé "FlashMap", un logiciel semi-automatique qui permet une analyse rapide des niveaux d'expression de protéines dans le SVZ, basé sur des mesures de densité optique après immunohistochimie. "FlashMap" génère des cartes thermiques facilement lisibles en deux dimensions, qui peuvent être superposées avec précision aux reconstructions tridimensionnelles du système ventriculaire pour une visualisation spatiale fine et rapide. Cette nouvelle approche accélérera la recherche sur la régionalisation de la SVZ, en permettant l'identification de marqueurs (e.g. facteurs de transcription) exprimés dans des régions discrètes de la SVZ. Objectif 2: J'ai utilisé des approches de transcriptomique et de « fate mapping » des NSCs pour étudier la relation entre l'expression régionale de facteurs de transcription et leur différenciation dans des lignées neurales distinctes. Mes résultats supportent un amorçage précoce des NSCs à produire différents types cellulaires en fonction de leur localisation spatiale dans la SVZ. Nos données identifient Hopx comme un marqueur d'une sous population de NSCs qui génère principalement des astrocytes. De façon intéressante, la manipulation de l'expression de Hopx montre des effets mineurs sur l'astrogénèse, mais entraîne des changements marqués quant au nombre de NSCs et de leur descendance. Dans son ensemble, Mes résultats mettent en évidence à la fois une hétérogénéité spatiale des NSCs postnatales ainsi que leur amorçage précoce à produire des types cellulaires distincts / Germinal activity persists in the postnatal mammalian brain in specialized niches, namely the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) surrounding the lateral ventricle. Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the postnatal SVZ differentiate into transient amplifying progenitors that will generate neuroblasts migrating through the rostral migratory stream, into the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into neurons. The SVZ additionally generates glial progenitors that invade the nearby parenchyma. Recent work to which I have participated, highlights the heterogeneous nature of the postnatal SVZ in respect to different microdomains generating distinct neural lineages. The objectives of my PhD work were twice: 1) to develop new means to explore the heterogeneity of the SVZ; and 2) to identify transcription factors expressed by subpopulations of NSCs of the SVZ and acting in their differential specification. Objective 1: The SVZ is a highly complex and irregular region of ongoing postnatal germinal activity. The heterogeneous character of the SVZ is evident and recent studies generated enormous datasets of transcripts, which are differentially expressed between divergent microdomains. However, an appropriate tool for fast analysis of the protein level along the full rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral extend of the SVZ is still missing. Therefore, I developed “FlashMap”, a semi-automatic software that allows rapid analysis of protein levels in the full SVZ, based on optical density measurements after immunohistochemistry. “FlashMap” generates easy readable heatmaps in two dimensions, which can be accurately superimposed on three-dimensional reconstructions of the ventricular system for rapid spatial visualization and analysis. This new approach will fasten research onto SVZ regionalization, by guiding the identification of markers, such as transcription factors expressed in specific SVZ microdomains. Objective 2: I used transcriptomic as well as fate mapping approaches to investigate the relation between regional expression of transcription factors by NSCs and their acquisition of distinct neural lineage fates. Our results support an early priming of NSCs to produce defined cell types depending of their spatial location in the SVZ and identify Hopx as a marker of a subpopulation biased to generate astrocytes. Interestingly, manipulation of Hopx expression showed minor effects on astrogenesis, but resulted in marked changes in the number of NSCs and of their progenies. Taken together, our results highlight transcriptional and spatial heterogeneity of postnatal NSCs, as well as their early priming toward specific lineages and suggest a role for Hopx in the evolution of SVZ germinal activity
10

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von CD16+ Monozytensubpopulationen

Kraus, Stephan Georg 11 October 2011 (has links)
Seit 20 Jahren unterteilt man Monozyten in eine klassische CD14++/CD16-Population und eine proinflammatorische CD16+ Population. Letztere macht 10-20 % der peripheren Blutmonozyten aus und ist unter verschiedenen pathologischen Zuständen drastisch erhöht. Seit Kurzem wird die CD16+ Fraktion in zwei weitere Untergruppen aufgeteilt, die CD14++/CD16+ und die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, die relativ neue und wenig charakterisierte Subpopulation der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten näher zu beschreiben. Es sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, ob diese sich von den übrigen Subpopulationen abzugrenzen lässt und damit als eigenständige Zellgruppe anzusehen ist. Die von gesunden Spendern gewonnen peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen (PBMCs) wurden mithilfe einer Magnetsäulenvorseparation von einem Großteil der T-, B- und NK-Zellen befreit. Die restlichen Zellen wurden mit Anti-CD14-FITC und Anti-CD16-PE markiert. In einem Hochgeschwindigkeitssortierer wurden diese, anhand ihres Fluoreszenzmusters, in die drei Subpopulationen CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) und CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3) aufgeteilt. Durch dieses Verfahren konnte ein hoher Reinheitsgrad erreicht werden. Die erhaltenen Subpopulationen wurden mit heterologen CD4+ T-Lymphozyten zusammen gebracht. Die Reaktion dieser T-Zellen auf die verschiedenen Subpopulationen wurde im Proliferations- und Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) studiert. Des Weiteren wurde die Zytokinsekretion der Monozytenarten nach definierter Stimulierung (LPS, Zymosan, aktivierte T-Zellen) analysiert. In einem zweiten Versuchskomplex wurden aus den jeweiligen Subpopulationen unreife dendritische Zellen (Sub-DCs) differenziert und diese auf bestimmte Oberflächenmarker bzw. deren Verhalten mit heterologen CD4+ T-Zellen im Proliferations-/Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) untersucht. Nach 7 Tagen Inkubation fanden sich im Sub2- und Sub3-Ansatz ca. 10 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als im Sub1-Ansatz. Dabei lag der Anteil der CD25+ T-Zellen in diesen beiden Versuchsansätzen ebenfalls um 10 % höher. Der Proliferationsassay über 14 Tage zeigte für die Sub3 ca. 10-15 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als für die anderen Populationen. Das Niveau der CD25-Expression der T-Zellen war hierbei in allen drei Ansätzen gleich. Im Sekretionsassay induzierten alle drei Subpopulationen eine Th1-Antwort, jedoch mit einem leicht höheren Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen für die CD16+ Monozyten. Durch LPS-Gabe produzierten die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten am meisten TNF-α, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Bei den CD14++/CD16- fanden sich die geringsten Mengen an TNF-α. Zusammen mit aktivierten T-Zellen demonstrierten die CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten die stärkste TNF-α-Sekretion unter allen anderen Subpopulationen. Für die beiden CD16+ Populationen wurden nach LPS-Stimulation höhere Werte für IL-1β bestimmt als für die klassischen Monozyten. Sowohl im LPS- als auch im Zymosanansatz lag die IL-6-Sekretion der CD14++/CD16- Subpopulation über der der anderen zwei Fraktionen. Unter allen drei Stimuli wurden die höchsten Werte für IL-8 bei den CD14++/CD16- Monozyten detektiert, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Am niedrigsten lag die IL-8-Produktion bei den CD14+/CD16+. Die IL-10-Sekretion im LPS- und im Zymosanansatz der CD14++/CD16- und CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten war gegenüber der CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation erhöht. Nach Entwicklung der unreifen dendritischen Zellen aus den entsprechenden Monozytenarten weisen diese eine differenzierte Morphologie auf. Die DCs der CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten hatten eine stärkere HLA-DR-Expression in der mittleren Fluoreszenzintensität als die anderen beiden Sub-DC-Populationen, wobei sich keine Unterschiede in der HLA-DRExpressionsintensität zwischen Sub1- und Sub2-DCs feststellen ließen. Der Anteil der CD11c positiven Zellen war bei den Sub1-DCs deutlich größer als bei den Sub2-DCs. Dagegen exprimierten die Sub3-DCs praktisch kein CD11c. Im Proliferationsassay über 7 Tage ergaben sich keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den Subpopulationen. Allerdings zeigte sich eine Tendenz zu geringeren Werten im Anteil proliferierender bzw. CD25-positiver T-Lymphozyten für den Sub2-DC-Ansatz. Nach 14 Tagen im Assay war der Anteil der proliferierenden T-Zellen bei den Sub1-DCs um 10 % höher als bei den Sub2-DCs. Es fanden sich ca. 10 % mehr CD25+ T-Zellen im Sub1-DC-Ansatz als in den anderen beiden Ansätzen. Der Sekretionsassay erbrachte für alle Sub-DCs eine Th1-Induktion der T-Zellen. Dabei ließen sich keine Abweichungen im Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen zwischen den einzelnen Sub-DC-Kulturen nachweisen. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen auf der einen Seite das proinflammatorische Potential (z.B. TNF-α-Sekretion, erhöhte Proliferation), auf der anderen Seite die antiinflammatorische Komponente (IL-10-Sekretion) der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten. Eine Rolle in der Regulation von entzündlichen und infektiologischen Erkrankungen erscheint für diese Subpopulation denkbar. Die Subpopulation 2 kann dabei als eigenständige Monozytenfraktion betrachtet werden. Die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen den analysierten Monozytensubpopulationen zeigten sich auch nach deren Differenzierung zu unreifen dendritischen Zellen. In Anbetracht des erhöhten Anteils der CD16+ Monozyten im Rahmen diverser autoimmuner Krankheiten und der immer klarer werdenden Unterteilung in eine CD14++/CD16+ und eine CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation, sollten weitere Untersuchungen zur klinischen Relevanz dieser Monozytengruppen durchgeführt werden. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse könnten bei der Zuordnung und Interpretation in diese zukünftigen klinischen Befunde behilflich sein. / For more than 20 years monocytes were subdivided in the classical CD14++/CD16- population and the proinflammatory CD16+ populations. The latter one includes about 10-20 % of the peripheral blood monocytes and is dramatically expanded under different pathological circumstances. Recently, the CD16+ fraction was further subdivided into two subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16+ and CD14+/CD16+ monocytes. In the present paper, the subpopulation of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was characterized in order to answer the question if this subset can be distinguished as an independent cell population. T cells, B cells and NK cells were depleted from peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors using immunomagnetic cell separation. Subsequently, the pre-separated cells were stained with anti-CD14-FITC and anti-CD16-PE and separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) in three subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), the CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) and the CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3). The achieved purity was sufficient for the subsequent experiments. The obtained subpopulations were co-cultured together with heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. The reaction of these T cells to the different subpopulations was studied in the proliferation and secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). Furthermore, the cytokine secretion of the monocyte subsets after defined stimulation (LPS, Zymosan, activated T cells) was analysed. In a second set of experiments, immature dendritic cells were differentiated from the monocyte subpopulations (Sub-DCs) and phenotypically and functionally characterized according to the expression of cell surface markers and the response to heterologous CD4+ T cells in the proliferation/secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). After 7 days of incubation, the Sub2 and Sub3 of the monocytes induced approximately 10 % higher proliferation rates of T cells than the Sub1. The resulting frequency of CD25+ T cells in these two co-culture settings was also 10 % higher. The proliferation analysis after 14 days again showed for the Sub3 ca. 10-15 % more proliferating T cells than for the other populations. At this, the frequency of CD25 expression was equal in all co-cultures. In the secretion assay all three subpopulations induced a Th1 response, but the range of IFN-γ-positive T cells was somewhat higher for the CD16+ monocytes. Under LPS stimulation the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes produced the highest amounts of TNF-α followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The CD14++/CD16- showed the lowest amounts of TNF-α. In co-culture with activated T cells the CD14++/CD16+ monocytes demonstrated the strongest TNF-α secretion from all subpopulations. After LPS stimulation, a higher level of IL-1β was measured for both CD16+ populations than for the classical monocytes. In the LPS and the Zymosan stimulated cultures, the IL-6 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- subpopulation was higher than in the two other fractions. Under all three stimuli the highest levels of IL-8 were detected for the CD14++/CD16- monocytes followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The lowest IL-8 production was found by the CD14+/CD16+. The IL-10 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- and CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was increased compared to the CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation after LPS and Zymosan stimulation. The in vitro generated immature dendritic cells from the different monocyte subsets showed a differentiated morphology. The DCs of the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes had the strongest HLA-DR expression compared to the other two Sub-DC populations. No differences in the HLA-DR intensity were found between the Sub1- and Sub2-DCs. The rate of CD11c-positive cells was significantly higher in the Sub1-DCs than in the Sub2-DCs. However, the Sub3-DCs expressed no CD11c altogether. The proliferation assay over 7 days showed no significant differences between the subpopulations. Nevertheless, a tendency for lower levels of proliferating or CD25-positive T lymphocytes was seen in T cells co-cultured with the Sub2-DC. After 14 days, the ratio of proliferating T cells was 10 % higher with the Sub1-DCs than with the Sub2-DCs. The Sub1-DC co-culture yielded ca. 10 % more CD25+ T cells than the other two. The secretion assay revealed for all Sub-DCs a Th1 response of the T cells, with no differences in the amount of IFN-γ-positive T cells between the Sub-DC cultures. The results illustrate on one hand the proinflammatory potential (e.g. TNF-α secretion, higher proliferation), on the other hand the antiinflammatory effect (IL-10 secretion) of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes. A role in the regulation of inflammatory and infectious diseases seems to be possible for this subpopulation. The subpopulation 2 can be regarded as an independent fraction of monocytes. The functional differences between the analyzed monocyte subpopulations are further underscored following differentiation into immature dendritic cells. Considering the increased proportion of CD16+ monocytes in various autoimmune diseases and their clear subdivision in a CD14++/CD16+ and a CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation, new investigations about the clinical relevance are warranted. The findings obtained in the work presented could be in the basis for these future clinical studies.

Page generated in 0.1146 seconds