This thesis investigates conditions under which the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) impact upon innovation performance in host-country firms. Three specific sub-questions are addressed: 1) Do MNE subsidiary characteristics influence FDI spillovers on host-country firms? 2) Does the external technological environment in individual industries influence spillover effects? 3) Do such technology spillovers follow a linear relation with the scale of FDI? Individual empirical analyses, using firm-level data extracted from two waves (2002 and 2005) of the Korean Innovation Survey (KIS) in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), are used to examine these questions. The first finding is that FDI spillovers vary depending on the subsidiary’s heterogeneous role. In this regard, we build on recent theoretical contributions made by the network-based view of MNEs, distinguishing heterogeneous subsidiary roles into either competence-creating (CC) or competence-exploiting (CE). Our results show that CC subsidiaries generate negative horizontal and positive backward spillovers, but no forward spillovers. Against this, CE subsidiaries generate positive horizontal and forward spillovers and negative backward spillovers. The second finding concerns the moderating role assumed by the type of business environment in the host country during foreign entry, especially in terms of environment velocity. We build on strategic management literature that the behaviour and performance of a firm is influenced by environment velocity, finding that environment velocity affects backward (negatively) and forward spillovers (positively), but not horizontal spillovers. The third finding concerns non-linear (linear) impacts of FDI spillover across different scales of FDI in a sector, building on existing studies predicting a changing marginal effect of horizontal spillovers. We took this a step further by comparing horizontal spillovers on local rivals and vertical spillovers on local partners, either suppliers or clients. The key contributions are two-fold: firstly, this thesis proposes revising implicit assumptions in the extant literature by identifying conditions of FDI spillovers concerning subsidiary heterogeneity and business environment type, and also by confirming the non-linear effect of horizontal and backward FDI spillovers. Secondly, it provides a glimpse of FDI spillovers in a technologically capable host country in East Asia. The findings stress various implications, including the usefulness of international business theories for assessing the role of MNE activities in host economies.

The aim of this master's thesis is to design methodics for measuring contribution of subsidiaries on economic value added EVA. The next objective is a design of reporting of subsidiaries. The report is in the form of a dashboard to the Chief Financial Officer. The dashboard consists of Financial Performance Indicators FPIs and Key Performance Indicators KPIs. The design is created on the base of financial analysis, analysis of the Economic Value Added EVA and according to recommendations of Business Performance Management, which describes what is best way to obtain KPIs.

Culture is a social phenomenon that affects the daily lives of individuals. How we view the world is often reflected by our national culture forming our values, beliefs, and assumptions about what reality looks like. Since the globalization trend has paved the way for organizations to broaden their horizons, and because markets are no longer bound to geographical locations, culture plays a bigger role than ever before. For organizations being introduced to an increased number of cultures, the requirements of flexibility and adaptability drastically increase for both management and individuals working within these organizations. The organization further creates its own organizational culture, which is present alongside the different national cultures, and guides employees in their daily operations. Further, culture, to a great extent, determines the behaviors of individuals, and thus how one chooses to communicate and collaborate. In previous research, the emphasis on culture is extensive. The influences culture has had on large, international organizations have been widely debated in the academic world, and many practices in global organizations make use of the findings of such research. In addition to cultural research, communication and collaboration have been debated as correlated with culture in separate ways. Since the emphasis on culture has been great, additions have been made of how culture determines how one communicates or collaborates but not enough focus has been on the two and their relationship, and the combination of the three topics. There have also been calls within the academic world for more research on the phenomenon of culture. The authors of this thesis aimed to contribute to research with an attempt to fill this gap, increasing the existing knowledge on culture, communication and collaboration, which individuals and organizations can find useful. This thesis contributes with interesting results that confirmed, added to, and contradicted existing theory. The findings suggest culture as significantly impacting the multinational enterprise through its paradoxical influences, simultaneously affecting the organization in both positive and negative ways. Within the topics affected, communication and collaboration, four central themes were identified. These themes were decision-making, hierarchical and power structures, managing emotions, and managing change. In combination with the theoretical framework of this thesis, a conceptual model of the influences of culture on the topics of communication and collaboration, and on the four themes, was created. In the model, whether the paradoxical influences of culture are primarily positive or negative, is determined by the management of such influencess. This thesis further hints at directions for future research, as interesting findings can benefit from being further researched in detail. The findings of this thesis can be utilized in several ways, applying to an individual as well as an organizational level. By bringing cultural differences to light, one can overcome barriers and benefit from insights and different perspectives in operations, resulting in an increase of effectiveness and reproduction of positive emotions in the workplace. As understandings of culture could diminish barriers and increase humbleness towards individuals' dissimilarities, one seeking development could be greatly enlightened through such understandings.

This thesis examines the implementation of Community Corporate Responsibility (CCR) practices among ten subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Sri Lanka and the different factors which influence such implementation. Within this context, it specifically focuses on examining the internal factors residing within the MNC as an organisation and those factors which exist outside in the institutional environment of the host country. The study combines three broad theoretical domains: Corporate Responsibility implementation literature, International Business Strategy literature and Neo-Institutional theory. It uses a qualitative research methodology based upon the interview method. Qualitative interview data collected through sixty-two in-depth interviews with managers of the ten subsidiaries and key institutional actors in the host country were analysed using descriptive coding, interpretive coding and conceptualisation to arrive at the findings. The findings showed that non-specialist functional departments were mainly responsible for implementing CCR practices, indicating a lack of strategic and structural integration of CCR practices. The findings reinforces the dominant role of the MNC headquarters in implementing CCR practices within subsidiaries operating in a developing country, indicating that ¿power¿ relationships between subsidiary and parent is an important denominator in internal organisational practices implementation. Furthermore, dynamic and complex relationships were found between the subsidiaries and the Sri Lankan government and other institutional actors indicating the existence of a strategic approach towards legitimisation by iii subsidiaries, using CCR practices. Based upon these findings, this research proposes the need to conduct future studies across different MNCs and their subsidiaries located in multiple developing countries to further examine the implementation of CCR practices as it would enable public policy makers and business managers to better influence the global CSR of MNCs. / Bradford University School of Management

No / This study examines whether German multinationals operating in an Anglo-Saxon setting design their employee relations primarily on the German or the Anglo-Saxon model. The authors¿ cross-sectional comparison with UK-owned firms provides no evidence of a transfer of the current German approach but does point to a distinctive Germanic version of the `high-road¿ variant of the Anglo-Saxon approach. Intra-German analysis shows that this is most pronounced among the types of subsidiaries that are particularly significant for disseminating employment relations innovations across the multinational, but that these also have the highest incidence of collective arrangements and the lowest incidence of the `low-road¿ variant of the Anglo-Saxon approach. In the light of recent reforms in the German industrial relations system, the findings point to an emerging new flexible collective approach with a comprehensive direct employee involvement dimension.

No / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore how the proportion of skilled jobs in subsidiaries is influenced by resource gaps created by subsidiary development. Design/methodology/approach: This paper develops a range of propositions that connect the constructs of effective autonomy and organisational relationships with subsidiary employment. Propositions are built on an extensive literature review based on such approaches as the resource-based view, transaction cost economics, network approach, and institutional theory. Findings: The framework developed in the paper suggests that a higher proportion of employment in skilled jobs in subsidiaries is most likely in cases where subsidiary entrepreneurship, role specialization, and absorptive capacity are higher. Conversely, the proportion is likely to be lower in cases of increased institutional distance from the parent company. Practical implications: The conceptual model can help parent company managers assess the likely effects of developments in effective autonomy and organisational relationships in their subsidiaries. Subsidiary managers can assess the possible impact of such factors as development of entrepreneurial activities, specialization within the multinational corporation supply chain and enhancement of absorptive capacity on the proportion of skilled jobs. Originality/value: This paper is the first to describe subsidiary development from a skilled job perspective. It further develops the concept of autonomy and introduces the term "effective autonomy".

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Carlos Lima.pdf: 1832608 bytes, checksum: 23504f5f9b719bc301f59ddd29bb94f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-27 / The International competitiveness has made technological innovation one of the essential factors for the strengthening, development and projection of multinational organizations. In the international context, technological innovation gains unique contours on the exploration of competitive advantages, which means a significant impact on business management. The higher the innovative growth, the greater the capital have needs, specialized personnel of high level, diversification and accurate techniques, in addition risks and costs that need to be accepted. To survive and expand, the international transfer of knowledge gained prominence in the consolidation of the competitive advantage of multinational companies, since innovation is linked to the business ability to reinvent itself. The usual model of knowledge transfer focuses on mother-subsidiary process. However, the strategic importance of the subsidiary has grown significantly in recent years, not only in generating profit, but also mainly in its ability to actively contribute to the competitive advantage increment. This paper investigates the role of internationalization of companies in the incorporation of innovation through its subsidiaries abroad. For this, a qualitative research methodology, with single case study, whose study was applied, the EMBRAER company, where it seeks to understand the importance of venturing across borders for the acquisition and learning the innovation in consolidating its national position and internationally. / A competitividade internacional tornou a inovação tecnológica um dos fatores essenciais para o fortalecimento, desenvolvimento e projeção das organizações multinacionais. No contexto internacional, a inovação tecnológica ganha contornos únicos na exploração de diferenciais competitivos, o que representa significativo impacto na gestão empresarial. Quanto maior o incremento inovador, maiores são as necessidades em dispor de capital, pessoal especializado de alto nível, diversificação e técnicas apuradas, além dos riscos e custos que precisam ser aceitos. Para sobreviver e expandir, a transferência de conhecimento internacional ganhou destaque na consolidação da vantagem competitiva das empresas multinacionais, uma vez que a inovação está atrelada à capacidade empresarial de se auto-reiventar. O modelo usual de transferência de conhecimento está centrado no processo matriz-subsidiária. No entanto, a importância estratégica da subsidiária tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos, não apenas na geração de lucro, mas principalmente na sua capacidade de contribuir ativamente no incremento de vantagem competitiva. Este trabalho busca investigar qual o papel da internacionalização das empresas na incorporação de inovação, por intermédio das suas subsidiárias no exterior. Para isto, foi aplicado uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, com estudo de caso único, tendo como estudo, a empresa EMBRAER, onde se busca compreender a importância de se aventurar além-fronteiras para aquisição e ou aprendizado da inovação na consolidação de seu posicionamento nacional e internacional.

Este trabalho analisa os fatores do ambiente de negócios que favorecem a formação de centros de excelências (Frost; Birkinshaw; Ensign, 2002). Centros de Excelência são importantes fontes para a criação e desenvolvimento de tecnologia. A presença desses centros no Brasil pode significar um papel importante para o país na economia global do conhecimento, sendo relevante a compreensão dos fatores ambientais que possam levar à decisão das multinacionais estrangeiras em criar tais centros. Em relação aos instrumentos de análise do ambiente de negócios, foram utilizados os modelos do diamante da vantagem competitiva nacional de Porter (1989) e o do diamante duplo generalizado de Moon, Rugman e Verbeke (1998). O diamante nacional já foi utilizado em pesquisa realizada por Frost, Birkinshaw e Ensign, (2002). Esta tese ampliou a análise do ambiente de negócios com a perspectiva do diamante internacional, possibilitada pelo modelo do duplo diamante generalizado, o qual considera relevante o papel das multinacionais. Foi realizado um survey com amostra de 172 questionários respondidos por CEOs de subsidiárias brasileiras pertencentes a multinacionais estrangeiras. Os resultados mostram que os determinantes do diamante nacional são relevantes para o desempenho de 154 das subsidiárias entrevistadas, 89,53% da amostra. E, os determinantes do diamante internacional são relevantes para o desempenho de 118 empresas, ou seja, 68,60% da amostra. Entretanto a análise de regressão apresenta limitações quanto à capacidade do diamante nacional de propiciar a formação de centros de excelência. / This thesis analyzes the factors of business environment that favors the formation of centers of excellence (Frost; Birkinshaw; Ensign, 2002). The centers of excellence have been seen as an important source for the creation and development of technology. The presence of these centers in Brazil could mean an important role for the country in the global knowledge economy, so it is relevant understanding the environmental factors that may lead to the decision of foreign multinationals to establish such centers. In order to analysis the business environment were used the models Porter\'s diamond (1989) of national competitive advantage and the approach by Moon, Rugman and Verbeke, (1998), the generalized double diamond model. The national diamond has been used in research by Frost, Birkinshaw and Ensign (2002). This thesis has extended the analysis of the business environment with the perspective of the international diamond, made possible by the generalized double diamond model, which considers the relevant role of multinational corporations. The research was a survey with a sample of 172 questionnaires sends to CEOs of foreign subsidiaries. The results show that the determinants of national diamond are relevant to performance subsidiaries of 154 respondents, 89.53% of the sample. And, the international diamond determinants are relevant to performance 118 companies, i.e., 68.60% of the sample. However, the regression analysis has limitations as to the capacity of the national diamond propitiate the formation of centers of excellence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Normando Rodrigues de Souza Filho.pdf: 1394056 bytes, checksum: 6ad37d2f5cd217814a58b5f971df543f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the relevance of business network theory in internationalization strategies of multinational firms. The starting point are the operations of the Brazilian subsidiary, which aims to lead the process of internationalization to South America and the Caribbean. The aim is to understand the relationships between the actors and how this influence and contribute to the internationalization of the company. Over the past 40 years studies in International Business have expanded as a result of the internationalization process of companies with different activities around the world. Initially, the scientific production came out from the University of Uppsala. Later the relationship between the environment and the organization has gained importance and has emerged the theory of business network. These relationships go beyond the boundaries of the firm, because they consider the foreign trade relations. Thus, in this context, we will highlight the business network of the Brazilian subsidiary and its relations with local actors. The survey was conducted through a single case study of a multinational Japanese company with more than a century of existence, from its Brazilian subsidiary which dates back to 50 years. We collected secondary and primary data, as well as in depth interviews with executives in the cities of Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires and Panama. This collection aimed to elucidate the research problem. For this purpose, a software for social network analysis was also used to assist in mapping the business network and identifying key actors. The results shows that the assumptions advocated by the theory of business network, as for the aspects related to internationalization through the network of relationships, trust, knowledge and relationship with the actors are real. It was possible to verify the company's business expansion into new markets through the relationship built with relevant actors of the network, and it was evident the importance of trust in this process / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a relevância da teoria da rede de negócios nas estratégias de internacionalização da empresa multinacional. O ponto de partida são as operações da subsidiária brasileira, que tem o objetivo de liderar o processo de internacionalização para a América do Sul e Caribe. Pretende-se compreender os relacionamentos entre os atores e como estes influenciam e contribuem para a internacionalização da empresa. Nos últimos 40 anos, os estudos na área de Negócios Internacionais têm se expandido como consequência dos processos de internacionalização de empresas com diferentes atividades ao redor do mundo. Inicialmente, as produções científicas saíam da Universidade de Uppsala. Posteriormente as relações entre o ambiente e a organização ganharam importância e surgiu a teoria da rede de negócios. Essas relações extrapolam as fronteiras da empresa, pois consideram as relações comerciais externas. Assim, neste contexto, será destacada a rede de negócios da subsidiária brasileira e suas relações com os atores locais. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso único de uma empresa multinacional japonesa com mais de um século de existência, a partir de sua subsidiária brasileira com mais de 50 anos de atividades. Foram coletados dados secundários e primários, bem como entrevistas em profundidade com executivos nas cidades de São Paulo, Buenos Aires e Panamá. Esta coleta teve o objetivo de elucidar a problemática da pesquisa. Para tanto, também foram utilizados softwares de análise de redes sociais para auxiliar no mapeamento das redes de negócios e na identificação dos principais atores. Os resultados demonstram que tanto os pressupostos defendidos pela teoria de rede de negócios quanto os aspectos ligados à internacionalização por meio da rede de relacionamentos, da confiança, do conhecimento e da relação com os atores são verdadeiros. Foi possível verificar a expansão dos negócios da empresa para novos mercados através do relacionamento construído com atores relevantes da rede, bem como foi evidenciada a importância da confiança neste processo

Resistance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations to global coordination efforts by their headquarters is an important contemporary research subject in the field of international business studies. This case study of sales and marketing organizations in five international subsidiaries of a highly divisionalized corporation illustrates how the capabilities and the willingness to adopt and pursue global strategies is strongly influenced by local situational and organizational factors. The defining business problem was different in each country organization, ranging from product related issues such as quick innovation cycles and price competition, to economic concerns like emerging market dynamics and economic crisis, and other problems related to cultural dissimilarity. A large degree of divisionalization seems to dilute central leadership, as central managers compete for the attention and the resources of the subsidiaries and local managers behave like independent distributors, picking and choosing the most favorable offerings. In order to establish successful leadership in the absence of hierarchical control, intermediate central sales and marketing managers need to first of all internally coordinate their activities towards their local counterparts. Top management needs to establish legitimate authority of intermediate managers by clear definitions of international matrix roles and management procedures. Central sales and marketing managers need to have enough international field experience to be able to correctly assess the different local situations, advance their initiatives in a diplomatic way on all local hierarchy levels and to become overall credible and accepted partners for the local teams. Directly engaging in field activities with local customers and sales teams seems to help achieving these objectives and thus to contribute to the successful enforcement of global strategies.