Thesis (M.B.A.)-Business Studies Unit, Durban University of Technology, 2006 v, 96 leaves, Annexures A-F / The marginal and low-income groups face a number of obstacles in their quest to secure housing finance to improve their living conditions. South Africa has a sophisticated and effective finance system. However, it appears that the only beneficiaries from it are the middle and upper income groups of the housing market. The whole system of accessing housing finance has proven to be problematic for the marginal and lower income groups for various reasons, among others: it is not user friendly and is not easily understood by an illiterate or poorly educated person. The key challenge for the South African housing finance system is to find ways of bridging the gap between those who have a regular income and those who do not. The credit gap exists because of the relationship between risk and cost which is a standard lending issue across the globe. The study has unpacked the obstacles by looking at the literature and role players in the housing finance.

In 1994 the new government introduced a subsidy scheme where the beneficiaries are provided with houses through housing projects. The houses have been vastly criticised for being small and poorly built. The sites provided are perceived to be small. The recreational facilities are perceived to be non existent and educational facilities scarce. The places where the projects are, is perceived to be far away from job opportunities. A sample of 200 beneficiaries was drawn from 1024 beneficiaries residing in the housing project in the area of France, Edendale in Pietermaritzburg, Phases 1 and 11. In this study, the respondents were composed of 32.9% males and 67.1% females. The respondent’s age group who participated in this project was 3.9% between 0-21 years, 28.9% between 22-35 years, 34.2% between 36-45 years, 16.4% between 46-55 years, and 11.8% between 55- 65 years and 4.6% did not reveal their age status. 80.9%, indicated they were owners of the houses, 6.6% indicated that they were not and those that did not reply are 12.5%. The study is descriptive in nature and explored the extent to which the beneficiaries were happy with their houses. The study explored the perceptions on the size of the sites, the small starter houses, the sanitation provided and the location of the houses. The findings suggest that the provision of sustainable housing in South Africa is still a challenge. The houses are still located far from the places of work and they are so small and there is overcrowding. The sizes of the sites are small and the sanitation provided unacceptable. The recreational facilities are nonexistent. Beneficiaries expressed dissatisfaction with the educational facilities. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2012.

Thesis (Ph. D.) - University of Göttingen, 2004.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Regensburg. / Literaturverz.

Thesis (MSc (Consumer Science)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The South African government drafted a national housing policy in 1994. This policy is being implemented in terms of seven strategies. One of the housing strategies is to provide subsidy assistance to low-income groups to enable them to become home owners and improve their quality of life. The delivery of state-subsidised housing will help to reduce the housing backlog and to reach the goal of eradicating informal settlements by 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of housing satisfaction of residents in state-subsidised housing units.

Cette thèse étudie l’impact des aides publiques en faveur de l’innovation sur l’activité d’exportation des firmes. Jusqu’ici, les évaluations empiriques des aides à l’innovation se sont principalement intéressés à l’existence d’un effet sur l’investissement des firmes en R&D (effet additionnel). Si ce critère constitue logiquement le principal indicateur de l’efficacité des aides à l’innovation, il conduit à adopter une vision très partielle de la firme. Les impacts potentiels sur ses décisions stratégiques, en particulier l’exportation, sont largement ignorés. Ce travail de recherche combine deux littératures distinctes qui n’ont pas été mobilisées ensemble à ce jour. D’une part, la littérature visant à évaluer l’efficacité des aides montre que ces dispositifs peuvent induire les firmes à intensifier leurs investissements en R&D. D’autre part, les travaux de Constantini et Melitz, (2007) et Aw et al. (2008 ; 2011) mettent en évidence l’interdépendance entre les décisions d’innovation et d’exportation prises par les firmes. De plus, une attention particulière est portée sur les spécificités des aides fiscales en faveur de l’innovation. La méthodologie empirique mise en place combine deux méthodes économétriques, bi-variée récursive d’une part, et par appariement d’autre part. Trois résultats principaux sont mis en évidence.Tout d’abord, (1) les aides à l’innovation impactent la relation causale entre innovation de produit et exportation, sur le court terme. Ce résultat est également observé lorsque l’analyse se concentre sur l’effet des aides fiscales à l’innovation. Ensuite, (2) les aides à l’innovation impactent directement l’activité d’exportation des firmes, indépendamment de la réussite du projet d’innovation. Cet effet est observé pour les firmes ayant bénéficié uniquement d’incitations fiscales. En revanche, bénéficier à la fois d’aides directes et fiscales à l’innovation n’induit pas de décisions simultanées en innovation et en exportation. Enfin, (3) considérer le rôle central de la R&D permet de montrer que l’impact des aides à l’innovation sur l’exportation constitue une extension de l’efficacité des politiques d’innovation. Ces résultats conduisent à formuler des recommandations en matière de politiques publiques, afin d’améliorer le soutien public des activités d’innovation et d’exportation. / This thesis investigates the impact of public subsidies for innovation on firms’ export activity. Previous research has focused mainly on understanding the effects of innovation support on investment in R&D (additional effect). While R&D investment is logically the primary indicator of innovation aid effectiveness, this approach ignores potential impact on strategy, particularly on export. Our research framework draws on two distinct streams of literature that have not been mobilized so far. First, the literature which evaluates the impact of aid shows that these devices can induce strategic R&D decisions in firms. Secondly, the work of Constantini and Melitz (2007) and Aw, Roberts and Xu, (2008) emphasizes the interdependence between firms' innovation and export decisions. Particular attention is paid in this study on the effect of innovation tax credits. The empirical methodology utilizes two econometric methods, bi-varied recursive and propensity score matching, generating three main results:First, (1) innovation support impacts the causal relationship between product innovation and export in the short term. This result is also observed when the analysis focuses on the effect of tax incentives. Then, (2) innovation subsidies impact the export activity of firms directly and simultaneously This effect occurs for firms that have benefited only from tax incentives. However, benefiting from both direct and tax subsidies for innovation does not affect? joint decisions regarding innovation and export. Finally, (3) considering the central role of R&D investments reveals that the impact of innovation subsidies on exports is an extension of the effectiveness of innovation policies. These results lead to several policy recommendations that can be used to improve public support effectiveness for both innovation and export activities.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the economy of Předín municipality in years 2006 ? 2010. In the work there are described important changes in accounting and taxes systems, which were introduced by the public finances reform. The accounting of the municipality is also presented by practical examples. Information for treatment of the thesis are derived from accounting statements: balance sheet, profit and lost statement and Fin statement, which were provided by Municipal office Předín. The analyse is separated into several chapters. At first it deals with admitted and provided subsidies, which are the main part of the municipal financial management. The subsidies are granted from state budget as well as from European Union structural funds. Second part analyzes income and expenses in individual years. The influence of income and expenses is expressed by horizontal and vertical analysis. The last chapter focused on indicators of financial analysis, especially debt indicators, which are important for evaluation of minicipality financial health nad controled by Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

The diploma thesis compares economical effectiveness of selected crop cultivation (namely winter wheat and oats) in conventional and ecological economic systems during the years 2007 - 2014. Assessment of the economical balance was done through detected data about yield and redemption price. In addition to that, costs of both area and production unit within both mentioned types of farming were determined according to standard technological approaches. The study further deals with crop yields differences analysis within individual farming systems, the costs structure and price differentiations between ecological and conventional production. It also covers the question of the amount of subsidies and its influence on the final crop profitability.

Submitted by Synthia Santana (synthiak@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T02:11:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_synthiasantana_fgv_2016.pdf: 773575 bytes, checksum: da0b6a9c0a54bdbdaf151d619733b1b9 (MD5) / Rejected by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Synthia, Favor alterar a ficha catalográfica para o tamanho padrão, pois em seu trabalho ele se encontra diminuído. Atenciosamente, Letícia Monteiro 3799-3631 on 2016-08-25T12:43:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Synthia Santana (synthiak@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T13:53:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_synthiasantana_fgv_2016.pdf: 772567 bytes, checksum: f883200bc436b2dc33ab5879fb3dfaf0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br) on 2016-08-25T14:01:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_synthiasantana_fgv_2016.pdf: 772567 bytes, checksum: f883200bc436b2dc33ab5879fb3dfaf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T14:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_synthiasantana_fgv_2016.pdf: 772567 bytes, checksum: f883200bc436b2dc33ab5879fb3dfaf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / The wide availability of data at the firm level in the past twenty years has opened a new range of opportunities for testing important economic theories. In this thesis we aim to explore the complementarity between international trade and investments on innovation in the Brazilian manufacturing industry. In this framework we recognize that innovation is important for firms both because of the positive externalities that it exhibits as with regard to the social returns it provides. For this reason, governments often subsidize these investments, especially the riskiest ones. However, it is still poorly understood how subsidized firms perform over time as we make clear in the first chapter. Although the Economic Subvention Program (ESP) operated by FINEP has aimed at increase innovation activities and the competitiveness of Brazilian companies, the empirical exercise reveals that between 2006 and 2009 there was no significant impact on variables such as productivity, wages per employee, entry/survival in the international market and other relevant policy outcomes. In the second chapter we show that there are gains after entry into the international market for the exporters in the period 1998-2011. Such learning by exporting effects explore innovation as a relevant channel once newly exporting firms have access to inputs, machineries, processes and higher technological standards as those adopted domestically. In the empirical exercise we show that the starters spend significantly more on innovation after entry, compared with extremely similar but essentially domestic firms. The results are robust to several starters categories and are stronger for the period 2004-2008. / A ampla disponibilidade de dados ao nível da firma nos últimos vinte anos abriu um novo leque de oportunidades para o teste de teorias econômicas importantes. Nesta tese pretendemos explorar a complementaridade entre a inserção internacional das empresas e os investimentos em inovação na indústria de transformação brasileira. No arcabouço que exploramos a inovação é importante para as firmas tanto em virtude das externalidades positivas que exibem quanto em termos dos retornos sociais proporcionados. Por este motivo, os governos subsidiam parte desses investimentos, especialmente aqueles que envolvem maior risco. Entretanto, ainda se sabe pouco com relação a como as firmas subsidiadas se comportam ao longo do tempo conforme fica evidente no primeiro capítulo. Embora o Programa de Subvenção Econômica operado pela FINEP tenha por objetivo o aumento significativo das atividades de inovação e o incremento da competitividade das empresas, o exercício empírico revela que entre 2006 e 2009 não houve impacto expressivo em variáveis como produtividade, salário por trabalhador, entrada/permanência no mercado internacional e outros outcomes relevantes. No segundo capítulo mostramos que há ganhos subsequentes à entrada no mercado internacional para as firmas exportadoras com relação ao período 1998-2011. Tal efeito aprendizado do comércio internacional utiliza a inovação como um canal relevante uma vez que tais firmas passam a ter acesso a insumos, equipamentos, processos e padrões tecnológicos superiores àqueles praticados domesticamente. No exercício empírico realizado mostramos que as empresas estreantes no mercado internacional gastam significativamente mais em inovação posteriormente à estreia, comparado com empresas extremamente semelhantes mas essencialmente domésticas. Os resultados são robustos a diversas categorias de estreia e são mais fortes para o período 2004-2008.