As energias renováveis têm lugar de destaque entre as soluções de combate ao aquecimento global, mas seu potencial ainda é subaproveitado no Brasil. Este trabalho visa apresentar argumentos político-estratégicos, socioambientais e econômico-financeiros necessários para viabilizar o desenvolvimento da comercialização de novas fontes de energias renováveis e, consequentemente, o estabelecimento de um mercado nacional maduro para estas fontes. São apresentadas justificativas socioambientais e técnicas para ampliar a produção de energia elétrica a partir de novas fontes renováveis como eólica, biomassa, solar e pequenas centrais hidroelétricas. Foi abordado o importante papel da política tarifária e o atual modelo do setor elétrico, assim como o forte impacto dos encargos e tributos sobre o preço final da energia e as questões relacionadas à revisão tarifária e seu impacto em áreas rurais e urbanizadas. Foi apresentado um cenário de participação das novas fontes de energias renováveis na matriz elétrica brasileira indicando o forte potencial de expansão destas fontes, valorizando a descentralização e diversificação da matriz para promoção da equidade e justiça e desvinculação entre o crescimento econômico e a ampliação da geração de energia. Foram apresentados vários modelos de mercado e concluiu-se que o modelo da competição no varejo é a melhor opção para a viabilização de uma comercializadora de novas fontes de energias renováveis. Foram apresentados estudos de casos em diversos países da Europa, Ásia e Américas e a análise de seus pontos mais interessantes visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um marco regulatório específico para fomentar um mercado nacional de energias renováveis. Entre as políticas referidas estão o sistema de cotas; sistema de licitação; subsídios e principalmente a tarifa feed-in, que atende em melhores condições diretrizes relevantes como a redução dos impactos ambientais, o desenvolvimento tecnológico nacional, a estabilidade de mercado e a ampliação de fontes limpas na matriz elétrica. Por fim, foi feita uma análise econômica de distintas fontes renováveis em condições variadas de mercado como taxa de retorno, custo de transmissão, crédito de carbono e outros. Desta forma foi possível avaliar as melhores e piores condições de formação de preço final por tecnologia (eólica, biomassa e PCHs) para implementação de uma comercializadora de energia. Neste estudo, foi possível avaliar o impacto da tarifa de transmissão assim como a sensibilidade do preço final da energia em relação à eventual flutuação do câmbio, para energias com maior parte de componentes precificados em moeda estrangeira. O trabalho conclui que a viabilização de uma comercializadora de energia renovável no país depende fundamentalmente de um marco regulatório estável, uma política financeira e fiscal de longo prazo e um modelo de mercado aberto. / Renewable energy plays a key role as part of the solutions to the climate change crisis. However, the potential for new renewable energy is underdeveloped in Brazil. This dissertation presents the necessary arguments to promote the development of the commercialization of new renewable energy sources within the political-strategic, socio-environmental and Economic-financial aspects for the implementation of a mature national market. Environmental, social and technical justification is used to enhance the expansion of electric energy generation from renewable sources such as wind, biomass, solar and small hydropower. The important role of tariff policy, the current model of the energy sector and the impact of taxes and fees in both rural and urban areas was also addressed in the text. A scenario is presented indicating the potential share of renewable energies in the electric matrix of the country and its expansion potential. The scenario emphasizes the decentralization and diversification of the energy matrix as well as promotes equitable justice and decouples the economic growth from new energy generation. A wide number of electricity trading markets were discussed and the competitive retail one was identified as the most suitable for the commercialization of new renewable energy sources. The most interesting elements of a number of case studies in Europe, Asia and US were analyzed to contribute to the discussion of a regulatory framework to develop a renewable energy market in Brazil. Among them the quota system; the auction system; the subsidies and finally the feed-in system that better addresses the reduction of environmental impact, national technology development, market stability and the expansion of renewable sources in the electricity matrix. Finally, an economic analysis of different renewable technologies (wind, biomass, small hydro) was deployed varying the return of investment rate, the grid cost, the carbon credits and others. The economic simulation set a price range with the best and worst conditions per technology for consideration in the commercialization of renewable Energy. In this study it was possible to evaluate the impact of the grid fee or the exchange rate for technologies with many imported components. The work concludes that the feasibility of the commercialization of renewable energy in the country relies mainly on stable regulatory framework, a financial and fiscal long term policy and an open energy market model.

海峽兩岸長期對立的關係有著急遽的變化，不但民間各項交流日益頻繁， 經貿關係更是熱絡，臺灣與大陸的貿易關係也日形擴大，國內學者對大陸 的研究亦成顯學，但大部分著重在政治、經濟、產業及稅務方面，較少探 討中共的財政管理體制及財政收支結構問題。但中共財政管理機構的體制 為何？其財政管理的基本理念為何？中央與地方預算體系如何分配經濟資 源，各項財政收入的來源及其演變情況為何？財政支出的結構及其成長為 何？以及未來將面臨那些問題？斯為本研究之動機。 本文之撰寫，擬 達成下列目的：一、藉由中共經濟改革理念的演變，了解中共財政職能的 調整。二、隨著經濟改革理念的變革，政府財政職能的調整，中共國家與 國營企業的利潤分配制度、中央與地方的財政分配制度作了何種調整？現 行制度又有那些問題？未來應如何改革。三、在瞭解中共國營企業利潤分 配、中央與地方財政分配制度後，再以統計資料分析、研究中共財政收入 的結構健全與否？是否如現代國家般以租稅做為財政收入主要來源？租稅 結構的發展是否與經濟發展相配合？中共利用這些財政收入又提供了那些 財貨？未來財政收支將面臨那些問題？經過研究、分析，發現目前中共的 財政管理體制及財政收支結構有幾點現象及問題，其內容詳見本文。

The purpose of this study was to identify if terrestrial arthropod predators on Baltic Sea shores vary in their use of marine versus terrestrial food items, and to construct a bottom-up food web for Baltic Sea shores. The inflow of marine nutrients in the area consists mainly of marine algal detritus and emerging aquatic insects (e.g. phantom midges, Chironomidae). Diets of coastal arthropods were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, and a two source mixing model was used to examine proportions of marine carbon to diets. The results suggest that spiders are the terrestrial predators mainly utilizing nutrients and energy of marine origin on Baltic Sea shores, while insect predators such as beetles and hemipterans mainly utilize nutrients and energy derived from terrestrial sources, possibly due to differences in hunting behaviour. That spiders are the predators that benefit the most from the marine inflow suggest that eventual effects of marine subsidies for the coastal ecosystem as a whole are likely mediated by spiders.

Unemployment and/or slow economic growth nationally and in poorer regions are two problems which political decision-makers often refer to when they argue for the need to grant different producer subsidies to firms. Moreover, it is often asserted that the problems are due to different market failures. However, it is not certain that market failures exist and political attempts to correct "market-failures" might easily turn into government failures. In the thesis various industrial and regional policy subsidies are examined. The subsidies, which are studied, have become increasingly important in many countries, not least in the EU, over time.The thesis consists of four essays, which examine different aspects of interventionistic policy and political decision making from the perspective of market failure vs. government failure. The purpose of Essay 1 is to study whether Swedish regional policy, which was introduced around 1970, has significantly affected the process of growth of per capita income in Swedish counties. In Essay 2 characteristics of recipient firms are analysed from an interest-group perspective. In Essay 3, the subsidies effect on total factor productivity growth is studied. In the final essay employment effects are examined. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Journalists and communication managers are becoming more professional and to reach out to its stakeholders in society today, organizations must work strategically with communication, to enter the news. Many make use of press releases to provide journalists with information, hoping to influence what is published on the news. With a background in the medial change that occurs is the purpose of this study to elucidate and problematize which role press releases has for newsrooms and for organizations today and in the future. A qualitative interview study has been used, and communication managers from three organizations and journalists from three newsrooms has been interviewed. The study has been combined with a quantitative pilot study of selected press releases and articles from the selected organizations. The interviews has been transcribed and analyzed to identify and question their thoughts about press releases as a part of the daily work for communication managers and journalists. The interviews were analyzed from selected theories and previous research work on press releases as a tool to set the media agenda. Three consistently concepts in the study is Goffmans (1974) theory of framing, Gandys (1982) theory of information subsidies and Zoch and Molledas (2009) theory of agenda building, and their model of how organizations build good media relations. It was seen in the pilot study, that a lot of the content is based on press releases, which indicates that the editors make it appear that they are the initiator of the news. Journalists claims that press releases are not the most influential source of information but significant for their work, especially as it fills a function for web editors. Personal relationships with the journalists and a dedicated work on the social media network is valued higher than press releases, which is seen as an obsolete tool. The communication managers argued otherwise, saying that press releases have a central role in their strategic work with the media, claiming that they are an important source of information. The study indicates therefore that the communication managers, in relation to journalists’ reasoning, have too much confidence to the tool. However, it is difficult to determine whether press releases as a strategic communication tools will be eliminated. But the results of the study to judge, it is still important for both journalists and communicators, although not as strongly as before.

Although the future socio-economic benefits of a new fibre-based ("next generation access", NGA) telecommunications infrastructure seem to be uncontroversial, most countries have to date only undertaken NGA investments on a small scale. Accordingly, a universal NGA coverage appears to be a rather unrealistic objective without government intervention. Indeed, many governments have already initiated diverse subsidy programs in order to stimulate NGA infrastructure deployment. We contend, however, that the current contract practice of fixing ex ante targets for network expansion is inefficient given the uncertainty about future returns on NGA infrastructure-based services and the public authorities' incomplete information about the capital costs of the network provider. This paper puts forward to delegate the choice of the network expansion to the NGA provider. Simple linear profit-sharing contracts can be designed to control the NGA provider's incentives and to put in balance the public objectives of network expansion and limitation of public expenditure. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics

M. Tech. Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

No description available.

The right to adequate housing is recognized internationally as a basic human right. South Africa is one of the countries that include this basic right as one of the cornerstones in its constitution. Quite a number of ways and means have been implemented and various kinds of mechanisms have been put into place to kickstart and spearhead the process of providing shelter mainly to the poor segments of the communities in South Africa at large. Towards this end the South African Housing Policy is formulated around the notion of the enabling approach whereby state assistance in the form of a lump sum subsidy is given to households to enhance and intensify the beneficiaries' own efforts towards improving their housing. In other words the smooth operation of the enabling approach is to a large extent dependent on the individuals' substantial contribution in many if not all aspects of housing process. The study demonstrates that since the implementation of this enabling approach too little has been achieved in terms of housing delivery. The study therefore identifies three key issues (among other issues) that are seen as major bottlenecks in the implementation of the enabling approach in housing delivery for all. The study argues that in order for the beneficiaries to consolidate their housing, they need to augment their low-income with a loan or any other form of a housing credit. It is the central argument of this study in this regard that proper housing credit mechanisms suited to the circumstances of the low-income groups have not been adequately addressed. The study further observes that the majority of low-income groups do not have proper labour and employment skills in that these groups also lack access to employment opportunities. This study therefore adopts the position that proper structures need to be put in place in-order to eradicate these above-mentioned major hurdles standing in the way of the enabling approach. The study argues that if these issues are not adequately addressed, housing consolidation among low-income groups will remain a major problem and the enabling approach will eventually be regarded as non-viable and incompetent. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.