Den här uppsatsen är en djupdykning i det statliga investeringsstödet i två avseenden. Dels ifall en etablerad matematisk modell kan förklara förändringarna i bostadsbeståndet som skett efter införandet av stödet, dels hur det har fungerat och vilka problem man ser med det. I ett ständigt växande Sverige är bostadsbristen ett faktum, och som en i raden åtgärder införde man år 2016 “Det nya investeringsstödet”. Subventionen har mötts av såväl positiv respons som svidande kritik, och det finns anledning att titta närmare på det hela. Med en omfattande litteraturundersökning samt flertalet intervjuer försöker vi dra slutsatser om huruvida stödet varit ändamålsenligt eller ej. Våra resultat indikerar att den matematiska formeln har en begränsad men dock förmåga att förklara förändringarna i bostadsbeståndet, och att det finns goda möjligheter till en alternativ och mer lämplig framtida utformning av stödet. / This essay delves into the state investment aid from two perspectives. First, whether an established mathematical model can explain the changes in the housing stock that occurred after the introduction of the support, and second, what the subsidy has resulted in and what problems have been observed. In an ever-growing Sweden, the housing shortage is a fact, and as one of several measures, “the new state investment aid” was introduced in 2016. The subsidy has been met with both positive responses and harsh criticism, and there is reason to take a closer look at it. Through a comprehensive literature review and several interviews, we attempt to draw conclusions about whether the support has been effective or not. Our findings indicate that the mathematical formula has a limited but nonetheless existing ability to explain the changes in the housing stock, and that there are significant opportunities for alternative, more appropriate designs of such future support.

Cette thèse a pour thème central les liens entre les décisions de formation et de licenciement, ainsi que l'efficience économique de ces décisions. La formation est ici entendue comme formation spécifique à l'entreprise dont les salariés bénéficient au cours de leur vie professionnelle via leur employeur. Le premier chapitre évalue, à partir de données individuelles, les rendements de la formation en France, à la fois sur le plan de la mobilité (emploi-emploi et emploi-chômage) qu'en termes de gain salarial. Le deuxième chapitre examine comment une protection de l'emploi, différenciée selon l'âge des salariés, affecte la volonté des entrepreneurs de former leurs travailleurs. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence que les décisions de formation et de destruction d'emploi sont fortement complémentaires. Dès lors, des subventions à la formation ciblées par niveau de qualification et combinées à des taxes sur le licenciement (également ciblées par niveau de qualification) doivent être mises en place pour que ces décisions soient socialement optimales. Le quatrième chapitre analyse comment le risque de licenciement, différencié entre les travailleurs d'un même niveau de qualification selon leur niveau d'aptitude, peut être source d'inégalités salariales. Enfin, le dernier chapitre souligne que, face aux disparités salariales, de formation et de risque de licenciement entre les salariés d'un même niveau de qualification, les subventions à la formation et les taxes sur le licenciement, nécessaires à l'efficacité économique, devraient non seulement différer selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, mais également au sein de chacune.

A pesquisa analisa a atuação do Estado no fomento da produção e da indústria criativa de jogos digitais, bem como as divergências apresentadas diante do termo e enquadramento jurídico do instituto dos jogos digitais. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se divide em quatro etapas. A primeira, que analisa a utilização de diferentes termos (jogos eletrônicos, jogos digitais, jogos virtuais) pela Administração Pública e o enquadramento jurídico deste instituto como software, obra audiovisual, bens informáticos e instituto sui generis. A segunda, que verifica o dever de a Administração Pública fomentar esta atividade econômica, fundado na natureza cultural e de entretenimento (lazer) dos jogos digitais e a possibilidade dos chamados serious games promover a efetivação de direitos fundamentais, fundamentando o incentivo estatal no ordenamento constitucional que busca o desenvolvimento nacional (econômico, social, cultural e tecnológico). A terceira, que expõe os principais conceitos sobre a economia criativa e a indústrias criativa de jogos digitais, bem como a intervenção do Estado na economia para o desenvolvimento deste setor através da atividade administrativa de fomento, que utiliza de diferentes instrumentos para incentivar a produção nacional de games por pessoas físicas e jurídicas. E a quarta, que analisa as políticas públicas de fomento direcionadas para o setor, em específico, as subvenções econômicas e sociais, compreendidas no período entre 2016 a 2018, abordando desde a estrutura da relação jurídica subvencional (sujeito ativo, sujeito passivo, conteúdo e objeto) até os editais individualizados das chamadas públicas no âmbito federal de órgãos da Administração Pública direta (MinC) e indireta (ANCINE e CAPES). Para a construção do raciocínio, fora utilizado fonte bibliográfica (livros, dissertações, teses e artigos científicos) e documental (legislação, editais de chamadas públicas e dados secundários). Os resultados apresentam a insegurança jurídica existente para os agentes econômicos do setor e para a Administração Pública quanto às consequências jurídico-econômicas decorrente da incerteza sobre a natureza jurídica dos jogos digitais, desestimulando os particulares a desempenhar esta atividade econômica e diminuindo a efetividade das políticas públicas de fomento. Também, percebe-se o avanço da técnica utilizada nas chamadas públicas de fomento, prevendo disposições específicas para os elementos típicos dessas obras, distribuição de recursos financeiros, prazo para a produção, indutores regionais, ações afirmativas, entre outros aspectos. Por fim, constatou-se a necessidade da atividade de fomento para o sucesso da indústria de jogos digitais no mercado nacional e internacional, vez que se trata de setor emergente sem financiamento privado, o que faz o fomento público ser um meio viabilizador e necessário para o crescimento econômico do setor, e, consequentemente, do desenvolvimento nacional. / The research analyzes the State\'s role in the public support of the production and creative industry of digital games, as well as the divergences presented before the term and legal framework of the institute of digital games. The development of the work is divided into four stages. The first one, which analyzes the use of different terms (electronic games, digital games, virtual games) by the Public Administration and the legal framework of this institute as software, audiovisual work, computer goods and sui generis institute. The second, which verifies the duty of the Public Administration to promote this economic activity, based on the cultural and entertainment nature of digital games and the possibility of so-called serious games promoting the implementation of fundamental rights, grounding the state incentive in the constitutional order which seeks national development (economic, social, cultural and technological). The third one, which presents the main concepts about the creative economy and the creative industries of digital games, as well as the intervention of the State in the economy for the development of this sector through the administrative activity of support, which uses different instruments to encourage national production of games by individuals and companies. And the fourth, which analyzes the public promotion policies directed to the sector, in particular, the economic and social subventions, from 2016 to 2018, dealing with the legal structure of the subvention relationship (active subject, passive subject, content and object) and the public notices of public policies in the federal scope of direct (MinC) and indirect (ANCINE and CAPES) Public Administration bodies. For the construction of the reasoning, it was used bibliographical (books, dissertations, theses and scientific articles) and documentary (legislation, public notices and secondary data) sources. The results present the legal uncertainty existing for the economic agents of the sector and for the Public Administration regarding the juridical-economic consequences due to the uncertainty about the legal nature of the digital games, discouraging individuals to perform this economic activity and reducing the effectiveness of public policies to development support. In addition, it is possible to notice the advance of the technique used in the public policies for development, providing specific provisions for the typical elements of these works, distribution of financial resources, term for production, regional inducers, affirmative actions, among other aspects. Finally, it was highlighted the need of the development activity to promote the success of the digital gaming industry in the national and international market, since it is an emerging sector without private financing, which makes public finance a viable and necessary mean for the economic growth of the sector, and consequently of national development.

No description available.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 1999.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Zugl.: Düsseldorf, Univ., Diss., 2009

Bonn, Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Cette thèse a pour thème central les liens entre les décisions de formation et de licenciement, ainsi que l'efficience économique de ces décisions. La formation est ici entendue comme formation spécifique à l'entreprise dont les salariés bénéficient au cours de leur vie professionnelle via leur employeur. Le premier chapitre évalue, à partir de données individuelles, les rendements de la formation en France, à la fois sur le plan de la mobilité (emploi-emploi et emploi-chômage) qu'en termes de gain salarial. Le deuxième chapitre examine comment une protection de l'emploi, différenciée selon l'âge des salariés, affecte la volonté des entrepreneurs de former leurs travailleurs. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence que les décisions de formation et de destruction d'emploi sont fortement complémentaires. Dès lors, des subventions à la formation ciblées par niveau de qualification et combinées à des taxes sur le licenciement (également ciblées par niveau de qualification) doivent être mises en place pour que ces décisions soient socialement optimales. Le quatrième chapitre analyse comment le risque de licenciement, différencié entre les travailleurs d'un même niveau de qualification selon leur niveau d'aptitude, peut être source d'inégalités salariales. Enfin, le dernier chapitre souligne que, face aux disparités salariales, de formation et de risque de licenciement entre les salariés d'un même niveau de qualification, les subventions à la formation et les taxes sur le licenciement, nécessaires à l'efficacité économique, devraient non seulement différer selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, mais également au sein de chacune. / This thesis consists of five essays on firm-specific training investments, job destruction and inefficiencies issues. Both the positive aspects of firm-specific training and job destructions and the normative implications are considered. From French panel data, Essay 1 brings evidence on the empirical effect of formal training on workers’ mobility on the labor market, as well as on wages. Essay 2 identifies the effect of an exogenous change in employment protection among older workers on firms’ incentives to provide training. In light of theoretical considerations, this seems to be an important concern since employment protection may have an age-differentiated impact due to its anticipation. Essay 3 shows how complementary firms’ firing and training decisions are. Therefore, we suggest that skill-directed training subsidies and firing taxes (skill-directed as well) should be implemented to reach the optimal allocation in an imperfect labor market. Essay 4 highlights the role of firms’ decisions about reservation productivity in the wage dispersion analysis. Finally, the framework in Essay 5 generates a wage distribution, transition rates from employment to unemployment and average training amounts per worker by wage interval at the same time. In particular, we show that workers with the same skill level are paid and trained differently and have different employment to unemployment transitions rates. Therefore, we suggest that training subsidies and firing taxes should not only be skill-directed, but should also differ within a skill group of workers.

The goal of the thesis „Evaluation of possible benefits of Enterprise Europe Network for SME“ is to describe and analyze the services of the network in the real business environment. The theoretical part is aimed to characterize a small and middle enterprise, its importance for national economy, financial management, possibilities to obtain financial support and services of Enterprise Europe Network. The practical part is concentrated on decription of the companies which took use of the all-European network. The inquiry of processing shows us benefits and help of the network for Czech enterprisers.