Bakgrund Psykisk ohälsa ökar bland ungdomar över hela världen och risken för suicidala handlingar till följd av detta. Fysiologiska och psykologiska förändringar under tonåren bidrar till en omtumlande period i livet som kan leda till ökad skörhet för utvecklandet av psykisk ohälsa. Sjuksköterskors bemötande har stor betydelse för vården av dessa patienter och ofta upplever patienterna att de möts av fördomar och okunskap kopplat till stigma. Dessa patienter måste fångas upp i ett tidigt skede för att reducera risken för utveckling av långvarigt lidande och suicidalt beteende. Syfte Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med ungdomar med suicidalt beteende. Metod För studien genomfördes en litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats och som grund för resultatet ligger elva artiklar som redovisar kvalitativa data. Materialet sammanställdes och analyserades med stöd av Thomas och Hardens metod för tematisk syntes. Resultat Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna upplevde olika utmaningar i arbetet med ungdomar med suicidalt beteende. Sjuksköterskorna blev ofta frustrerade och känslomässigt berörda och egna föreställningar och attityder visade sig ha betydelse för omvårdnaden. Utmaningarna varierade till viss del beroende på sjuksköterskornas bakgrund och brist på tilltro till den egna kompetensen. Efterfrågan om utbildning inom området var vanligt förekommande, oavsett tidigare kunskap eller erfarenheter. Slutsats Det fanns en efterfrågan och ett behov av kompetensutveckling hos sjuksköterskor som arbetar med ungdomar med psykisk ohälsa och suicidalt beteende. Genom ökad kompetensutveckling, ökad förståelse för patienterna och större fokus på att etablera goda relationer kan vården bli mer säker, effektiv och personcentrerad för denna växande patientgrupp. / Background Mental illness is increasing amongst adolescents and the risk of suicidal acts can be seen as a result. Physiological and psychological changes during adolescence make this a turbulent period in life which can contribute to increased fragility and pose a risk of developing mental illness. Nurses' attitudes are important for the care of these patients, as the patients are often met with prejudice and ignorance linked to stigma. Patients with mental illness must be taken care of in an early stage to minimize the risk of developing suicidal behavior. Aim To describe nurses' experiences of working with adolescents with suicidal behavior. Methods A literature review with a systematic approach. Eleven primary studies of qualitative research were found and analyzed using Thomas and Harden´s thematic synthesis. Results The results of the study showed that the nurses experienced different challenges in working with adolescents with suicidal behavior. The nurses often became emotionally affected and frustrated, based on their own beliefs and attitudes towards this behavior. This also affected the care of the patients. What was most challenging in working with adolescents with suicidal behavior varied due to the nurses´ background and to their level of competence. They also requested additional education, regardless of previous experience. Conclusions Professional development was requested and needed by all nurses. By increasing the level of education and professional development, this will lead to a greater understanding of the unique experience of the patient. As a result of this, nurses are capable of delivering safer, more efficient and person-centered care for these patients.

The present study compared the suicidal behaviour and related measures of adolescents in high school in Germany (N=318) and South Africa (N=299). Participants completed a series of self-report measures of the SPS (Suicide Probability Scale), PSS-Fa (Perceived Social Support From Family Scale), PSS-Fr (Perceived Social Support From Friends Scale), SIB (Scale Of Interpersonal Behaviour) and a number of demographic questions. Analyses were conducted using content analysis, correlation coefficients and logistic regression to determine variables related to previous suicide attempts, stepwise multiple regression to account for variables predicting currents suicidal risk; and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine differences among the groups and among suicide attempters and non-attempters. 36 German (11.3%) and 48 South African (16.1%) adolescents reported that they had made previous suicide attempts. German adolescents reported 45 (14.2%) suicide attempts in the family and 82 (25.8%) suicide attempts by friends. South African adolescents reported 43 (14.4%) suicide attempts in the family and 92 (30.7%) suicide attempts by friends. The following variables were associated with previous suicide attempts in the German sample: attempted suicide by friends, a life-threatening event, previous psychiatric contact, the death of a friend, low perceived family support, female gender, attempted suicide in the family, suicide of a friend, and low perceived friend support. The following variables were associated with previous suicide attempts in the South African sample: low perceived family support, death of a friend, attempted suicide by friends, female gender, a life-threatening event, previous psychiatric contact, suicide of friends, and attempted suicide in the family. The following variables for the German sample were found to be significant predictors of current suicidal risk: low perceived family and friend support, previous suicide attempts, suicide attempts in the family, a life-threatening event, suicide attempts of friends, suicide of friends, female gender, and previous psychiatric contact. The following variables for the South African sample were found to be significant predictors of current suicidal risk: previous suicide attempts, low perceived family and friend support, death of a friend, a life-threatening event, previous psychiatric contact, suicide attempts in the family, suicide of friends, and suicide attempts of friends. These findings show that suicidal behaviour is frequent in both countries. Suicidal deaths of friends and family is more prevalent in Germany, whereas religion or belief in god does not protect against suicide attempts in both countries. Results indicate that perceived support from family is a strong protective factor against suicide attempts. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The present study compared the suicidal behaviour and related measures of adolescents in high school in Germany (N=318) and South Africa (N=299). Participants completed a series of self-report measures of the SPS (Suicide Probability Scale), PSS-Fa (Perceived Social Support From Family Scale), PSS-Fr (Perceived Social Support From Friends Scale), SIB (Scale Of Interpersonal Behaviour) and a number of demographic questions. Analyses were conducted using content analysis, correlation coefficients and logistic regression to determine variables related to previous suicide attempts, stepwise multiple regression to account for variables predicting currents suicidal risk; and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine differences among the groups and among suicide attempters and non-attempters. 36 German (11.3%) and 48 South African (16.1%) adolescents reported that they had made previous suicide attempts. German adolescents reported 45 (14.2%) suicide attempts in the family and 82 (25.8%) suicide attempts by friends. South African adolescents reported 43 (14.4%) suicide attempts in the family and 92 (30.7%) suicide attempts by friends. The following variables were associated with previous suicide attempts in the German sample: attempted suicide by friends, a life-threatening event, previous psychiatric contact, the death of a friend, low perceived family support, female gender, attempted suicide in the family, suicide of a friend, and low perceived friend support. The following variables were associated with previous suicide attempts in the South African sample: low perceived family support, death of a friend, attempted suicide by friends, female gender, a life-threatening event, previous psychiatric contact, suicide of friends, and attempted suicide in the family. The following variables for the German sample were found to be significant predictors of current suicidal risk: low perceived family and friend support, previous suicide attempts, suicide attempts in the family, a life-threatening event, suicide attempts of friends, suicide of friends, female gender, and previous psychiatric contact. The following variables for the South African sample were found to be significant predictors of current suicidal risk: previous suicide attempts, low perceived family and friend support, death of a friend, a life-threatening event, previous psychiatric contact, suicide attempts in the family, suicide of friends, and suicide attempts of friends. These findings show that suicidal behaviour is frequent in both countries. Suicidal deaths of friends and family is more prevalent in Germany, whereas religion or belief in god does not protect against suicide attempts in both countries. Results indicate that perceived support from family is a strong protective factor against suicide attempts. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Wu Chi Hang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-49). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Figures --- p.i / List of Tables --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction to the Study --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / The Role of Family Problems --- p.3 / The Mediating Effect of Self-Perception --- p.5 / The Mediating Effect of Beliefs about the World --- p.7 / Combining Self-Perceptions and Social Beliefs as Mediators --- p.11 / Gender Difference in the Mediation Model Interactions --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.13 / Sample and Procedures --- p.13 / Instruments --- p.13 / McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) --- p.13 / Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) --- p.14 / Depression-Cognition: Cognition Checklist ´ؤ Depression (CCL-D) --- p.14 / Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale --- p.14 / The Social Axioms Survey --- p.14 / Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ) --- p.15 / Analysis --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.17 / Correlation among Variables --- p.17 / Exploratory Factor Analysis of FAD and Self-Perceptions --- p.18 / Mediation Analysis for Suicidal Ideation --- p.20 / Model Containing both Mediators --- p.24 / Testing Gender Differences in the Model --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.31 / Family and Suicidal Ideation --- p.31 / Family as a System --- p.32 / The Role of Social Beliefs --- p.34 / A Gender-General Model for Suicidal Ideation --- p.37 / Implications and Further Research --- p.38 / References --- p.40 / Appendix --- p.49

The purpose of this project was to explore perceptions of effective components in adolescent suicide prevention programs among San Bernardino school counselors. The stress model and the mental health model are the two models implemented in suicide prevention programs.

The purpose of the study was to highlight the extent of teenage suicide/parasuicide in selected areas in the West Rand. An exploratory descriptive survey was used to determine the extent of teenage suicide/parasuicide, identify existing programmes for the prevention of suicide, determine the involvement of the community health nurses in such programmes and make recommendations for the development of suicide prevention programmes in areas where they do not exist. Structured interview schedules were used to collect data. The study was undertaken in various clinics in Gauteng Province. The study results suggest that suicide/parasuicide is a common occurrence amongst teenagers and young adults aged between 15 and 24 years, suicide/parasuicide do not seem to be accurately recorded in most clinics, that community health nurses are not adequately involved in suicide prevention programmes and finally that available suicide prevention programmes are not fully utilised. Recommendations based on the findings are given. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Les troubles des conduites alimentaires (TCA) et les troubles des conduites suicidaires (TCS) sont des pathologies mentales graves. Ces deux troubles représentent un problème de santé publique majeur. En effet, il s’agit de pathologies pour lesquelles les pronostics sont médiocres, ayant un impact lourd sur la vie des patients et de leur entourage et représentant un coût élevé pour la société. Il n’existe actuellement aucun biomarqueur validé dans l’une ou l’autre de ces pathologies. L’objectif de ce travail est de réussir à identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs dans ces deux troubles. L’identification de biomarqueurs potentiels pourrait être utile dans divers domaines : faciliter le diagnostic des patients, améliorer la prise en charge des patients et enfin servir de cibles thérapeutiques dans le but d’élaborer de nouveaux traitements plus efficaces. Nous présenterons dans ce travail l’intérêt et l’utilisation des biomarqueurs en psychiatrie puis deux axes d’exploration des TCA ainsi qu’un axe d’exploration des TCS: l’approche neuropsychologique ainsi que l’approche biologique pour les TCA et l’approche génétique pour les TCS. Concernant les TCA, nos résultats suggèrent un intérêt potentiel des oestro-progestatifs dans l’amélioration des fonctions cognitives des patientes. Au sujet des TCS, il semblerait que deux des polymorphismes génétiques que nous avons étudiés (l’un du gène MOR et l’autre du gène SKA2) soient associés avec le risque d’émergence d’idées suicidaires au cours de l’initiation d’un traitement antidépresseur. Si ces études étaient répliquées, ces divers éléments pourraient s’avérer être des outils diagnostics et thérapeutiques. / Eating Disorders (EDs) and Suicidal Behavior (SB) are severe mental illnesses. Those two disorders represent a major public health problem. Indeed, those pathologies present a poor prognosis, induce a heavy impact on patient and their families and represant an important cost for society. There is currently no validated biomarker in one or the other disorder. The goal of this work is to successfully identify potential biomarkers in both disorders. The identification of potential biomarkers could be useful in various areas: facilitating patient’s diagnosis, improving patient management, and serving as therapeutic targets for the development of new and more effective treatments. We will present in this work the interest and the use of biomarkers in psychiatry then two axes of exploration of EDs and finally an axis of exploration of SB: the neuropsychological approach as well as the biological approach for EDs and genetic approach for SB. Regarding TCA, our results suggest a potential interest of estrogen-progestins in improving the cognitive functions of patients. With regards to SB, it appears that two of the genetic polymorphisms we studied (one from the MOR gene and the other from the SKA2 gene) are associated with the risk of suicidal ideation during the initiation of suicide an antidepressant treatment. If those studies are replicated, those elements could peep out diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

Background: Individuals who experience negative life events may be at increased risk for suicidal behavior. Intrapersonal characteristics, such as basic psychological needs, however, may buffer this association. Aims: To assess the potential moderating role of overall basic psychological needs, and the separate components of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, on the association between negative life events and suicidal behavior. MethodOur sample of 439 college students (311 females, 71%) completed the following self-report surveys: Life Events Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scale, Beck Depression Inventory ; II, and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Results: In support of our hypotheses, negative life events were associated with greater levels of suicidal ideation and attempts, and satisfaction of basic psychological needs, including autonomy, relatedness, and competence, significantly moderated this relationship, over and above the effects of the covariates of age, sex, and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior associated with the experience of negative life events is not inevitable. Therapeutically bolstering competence, autonomy, and relatedness may be an important suicide prevention strategy for individuals experiencing life stressors.

Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior are prevalent in young adults, and often constitute a continuum of self-destructiveness. Not all those who self-injure, however, engage in suicidal behaviors with intent to die, perhaps due to protective intrapersonal characteristics. We examined the role of one such potential buffer, social problem-solving ability, as a moderator of the association between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and attempts, hypothesizing that individuals with greater social problem-solving ability would report fewer suicidal behaviors in relation to self-harm. An ethnically diverse sample was recruited from a large, Northeastern urban university, and completed self-report questionnaires assessing non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal behaviors, and social problem-solving ability. Multivariate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. For the entire sample, individuals with higher social problem-solving abilities reported fewer suicidal behaviors associated with non-suicidal self-injury. In ethnically stratified analyses, social problem-solving significantly moderated the relationship between self-injury and suicidal behaviors for Whites and Hispanics only. Promotion of problem-solving skills may weaken the linkage between self-injury and potential for future suicidal behaviors for some individuals; however, culture-specific differences in this effect may exist.

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