Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O objetivo primordial em radiologia veterinária é a produção de radiografias com qualidade diagnóstica, em uma primeira tentativa. Esse objetivo deve atender a três propósitos: (1) diminuir a exposição à radiação do paciente e trabalhadores; (2) diminuir o custo do estudo para o cliente e (3) produzir dados diagnósticos para rápida interpretação e tratamento do paciente. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação das doses em cães submetidos a radiografias de tórax e abdômen utilizando a técnica da dosimetria termoluminescente (TL). As doses de radiação foram avaliadas com a utilização de dosímetros termoluminescentes de sulfato de cálcio dopado com disprósio (CaSO4:Dy) e fluoreto de lítio dopado com magnésio e titânio (LiF:Mg,Ti). Os resultados obtidos indicam que é extremamente importante a avaliação das doses de radiação envolvidas em procedimentos diagnósticos de radiologia veterinária, para a avaliação das doses nos animais e para ser usado como um parâmetro para a monitoração individual dos proprietários de animais, que auxiliam no posicionamento, e para a proteção dos trabalhadores ocupacionalmente expostos nas Clínicas de Radiologia Veterinária. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08987.pdf: 12180011 bytes, checksum: 91e5a5fc739797e94e5d3cb3f305612c (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11345.PDF: 3947420 bytes, checksum: a67742a2939ab92c6ea3c83950452caf (MD5) / Este estudo tem por objetivo formular um composto cerâmico para revestimento de paredes visando contribuir para a otimização da blindagem de salas de diagnóstico. O trabalho foi baseado em medidas experimentais de atenuação da radiação X (80 e 100 kV) empregando materiais cerâmicos de revestimento contendo diferentes suportes cerâmicos (vermelho, branco, grês, porcelanatos, etc). Dentre os suportes cerâmicos avaliados, o grês branco apresentou melhores propriedades atenuadoras, e foi considerado o mais adequado para a proposta deste trabalho. Diferentes formulações de grês branco foram estudadas e alteradas a fim de obter melhores propriedades atenuadoras. Foram efetuadas simulações de composições cerâmicas de revestimento grês dentro das porcentagens de matérias-primas necessárias na composição que são 12-20% argila; 6-18% caulim; 12-25% filito; 8-14% quartzo; 10-18% feldspato; 32- 40% pegmatito; 6-8% talco. As composições químicas quantitativas e qualitativas destes materiais foram também avaliadas, e os elementos constituintes mais comuns são SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO e Ti2O3. Considerando que o CaO pode ser substituído pelo PbO ou BaO, foram estudadas formulações com maiores teores de óxidos de Pb e Ba. O comportamento destes materiais como atenuadores para a radiação X foi investigado por meio de simulações computacionais que levaram em consideração os espectros de raios X incidentes e transmitidos através das diferentes composições estudadas e comparado com os materiais de referência Pb, Ba e BaSO4 (barita). Os resultados obtidos nas simulações indicaram as formulações do composto de suporte cerâmico grês que demonstram melhores propriedades de atenuação levando-se em conta as energias usadas em raios X diagnóstico (80, 100 e 150 kV). Placas cerâmicas baseadas na composição formulada que apresentou menor diferença percentual em relação ao Pb foram produzidas em laboratório e testadas fisicamente como revestimento de parede e barreira protetora. Propriedades como módulo de resistência à flexão, densidade, carga de ruptura, absorção de água e atenuação da radiação X foram avaliadas para todas as placas produzidas. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

M.Sc. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Dans ce travail de thèse, les radicaux hydroxyles et sulfates, générés par les procédés électro-Fenton et électro-persulfate utilisant une anode en fer, respectivement, ont été utilisés pour la dégradation des édulcorants synthétiques et un colorant azoïque. Les études réalisées sont essentiellement concentrées sur : efficacité de dégradation, mécanismes d'oxydation, schémas de minéralisation et évolution de la toxicité lors de traitement des polluants cibles.1. Le procédé électro-Fenton a montré une grande efficacité dans la dégradation oxydative de l'Aspartame (ASP). La dégradation et la minéralisation sont essentiellement affectées par la concentration du catalyseur (Fe2+) et l'intensité du courant. La constante de vitesse absolue de la réaction d'hydroxylation de l'ASP a été déterminée comme (5,23±0,02) x 109 M-1 s-1. Les acides oxalique, oxamique et maléique ont été identifiés comme sous-produits aliphatiques. La toxicité de la solution (méthode Microtox) augment dans un premier temps et ensuite diminue progressivement lors du traitement.(2) L'édulcorant artificiel Saccarine (SAC) a été efficacement dégradée par procédé électro-Fenton avec anodes DSA, Pt et BDD. Cependant, l'utilisation de l'anode BDD a accéléré significativement la minéralisation de la SAC. Les conditions optimales pour la minéralisation efficace de la SAC étaient: [SAC]: 0,2 mM, [Fe2+] (catalyseur): 0,2 mM, [Na2SO4] (électrolyte): 0,05 M, I (courant): 200 mA et pH: 3. Les acides oxalique, formique et maléique ont été identifiés comme sous-produits aliphatiques. La mesure de la toxicité indique une augmentation en début d'électrolyse (formation des intermédiaires toxiques) et puis une diminution progressive le long du traitement.(3) L'édulcorant artificiel Sucralose (SUC) a été complètement minéralisée en 360 min de traitement par procédé électro-Fenton avec l'anode Pt ou BDD. Le taux de minéralisation est affecté par la concentration de Fe2+ et le courant appliqué. L'efficacité du courant de minéralisation diminue avec l'augmentation du courant de 100 à 500 mA avec les deux anodes. Les acides oxalique, pyruvique, formique et glycolique ont été détectés au cours du processus de minéralisation.(4) Les solutions du colorant azoïque Orange II ont été effectivement décolorées par les radicaux sulfates générés par l'activation électrochimique du peroxydisulfate (PDS) utilisant un catalyseur solide, FeOOH (procédé CE/α-FeOOH/PDS). Le pH initial a peu d'effet sur la décoloration. La méthodologie RSM (Response Surface Methodology) basée sur le modèle Box-Behnken a été appliquée pour analyser les variables expérimentales. Les résultats indiquent que le courant a un effet positif sur la vitesse de décoloration. L'interaction du dosage de l'α-FeOOH et la concentration de PDS ont des effets significatifs. Les résultats d'analyse de variance (ANOVA) ont confirmé que les modèles proposés étaient exactes et fiables pour l'analyse des variables du procédé CE/α-FeOOH/PDS. Le catalyseur solide α-FeOOH a montré une bonne stabilité structurelle et pourrait être réutilisé.(5) Les solutions d'Orange II ont été dégradés par les radicaux sulfates obtenus par le même procédé mais avec catalyseur Fe3O4 : EC/Fe3O4/PDS. La vitesse de décoloration est affecté principalement par : pH initial de la solution, densité du courant, concentration de PDS et dosage de Fe3O4. La solution a été totalement décolorée en 60 min dans les conditions suivantes: [Orange II]0: 25 mg/L, [PDS]: 10 mM, [Fe3O4]: 0,8 g/L, densité du courant (j): 8,4 mA/cm2 et pH initial: 6,0. Les expériences de recyclage ont montré que les particules de Fe3O4 étaient stables et pourraient être réutilisées. Les spectres XPS ont montré la formation de Fe(II) sur la surface des particules de Fe3O4 lors de traitement. Les principaux intermédiaires ont été séparés et identifiés par la technique GC-MS et un schéma plausible de dégradation d'Orange II a été proposé / In this paper, electro-Fenton and sulfate radical-based electro-Fenton-like processes were used to degrade artificial sweeteners and azo dye. The results obtained during the research concern the removal efficiency, the oxidation mechanism, degradation pathway and toxicity evolution of target pollutants.(1) Electro-Fenton process was a effective method for the degradation of ASP in water. The removal and mineralization rate was affected by the Fe2+ concentration and applied current. The absolute rate constant of hydroxylation reaction of ASP was (5.23 ± 0.02) × 109 M–1 S–1. Short-chain aliphatic acids such as oxalic, oxamic and maleic acid were identified as aliphatic intermediates in the electro-Fenton process. The bacteria luminescence inhibition showed the toxicity of ASP solution decreased after it reached a maximum during the first period of the oxidation reaction.(2) Artificial sweetener SAC could be degraded effectively by electro-Fenton process with a DSA, Pt or BDD anode. However, the using of BDD anode could accelerate the mineralization of SAC. The optimal conditions for SAC removal were SAC concentration 0.2 mM, Fe2+ concentration 0.2 mM, Na2SO4 concentration 50 mM, applied current 200 mA and initial pH 3.0. Oxalic, formic, and maleic acid were observed as aliphatic byproducts of SAC during electro-Fenton process. The bacteria luminescence inhibition showed the toxicity of SAC solution increased at the beginning of electrolysis, and then it declined until the end of the reaction.(3) Artificial sweetener Sucralose could be completely mineralized in a 360 min reaction by electro-Fenton process with a Pt or BDD anode. The mineralization rate was affected by the Fe2+ concentration and applied current. The mineralization current efficiency (MCE) decreased with rising applied current from 100 to 500 mA with both Pt and BDD anode. Oxalic, pyruvic, formic and glycolic acids were detected during the oxidation of sucralose.(4) Orange II was effectively decolorized by EC/α-FeOOH/PDS process. The initial pH of Orange II solution had little effect on the decolorization of Orange II. RSM based on Box-Behnken statistical experiment design was applied to analyze the experimental variables. The response surface methodology models were derived based on the results of the pseudo-first-order decolorization rate constant and the response surface plots were developed accordingly. The results indicated the applied current showed a positive effect on the decolorization rate constant of Orange II. The interaction of α-FeOOH dosage and PDS concentration was significant. The ANOVA results confirmed that the proposed models were accurate and reiable for the analysis of the varibles of EC/α-FeOOH/PDS process. The catalystα-FeOOH showed good structural stability and could be reused.(5) Aqueous solutions of Orange II have been degraded effectively in the EC/Fe3O4/PDS process. The decolorization rate was affected by the initial pH of Orange II solution, current density, PDS concentration and Fe3O4 dosage. Orange II can be totally decolorizated in a 60 min reaction when initial Orange II concentration was 25 mg/L, PDS concentration was 10 mM, Fe3O4 dosage was 0.8 g/L, current density was 8.4 mA/cm2 and initial pH was 6.0. Recycle experiments showed Fe3O4 particles were stable and can be reused. XPS spectrum indicated Fe(II) was generated on the surface of Fe3O4 particles after reaction. The main intermediates were separated and identified by GC-MS technique and a plausible degradation pathway of Orange II was proposed

La résistance mécanique des bétons exigée actuellement impose une diminution du rapport eau/ciment et l’utilisation de superplastifiant pour faciliter la mise en œuvre du matériau frais. Les produits de type polycarboxylate sont très efficaces à court terme, mais peuvent mener à une perte rapide de l’ouvrabilité en cas d’incompatibilité liant/superplastifiant. L’objet de ce travail est l’identification des phases cimentaires impliquées dans ces variations rhéologiques. Dans un premier temps, l’écoulement de pâtes superplastifiées est évalué par un rhéomètre muni d’un système de mesure à boule. Les combinaisons compatibles s’écoulent selon le modèle de Bingham. Une incompatibilité entraîne soit une augmentation du seuil d'écoulement et de la viscosité plastique, soit une évolution des propriétés rhéologiques en un fluide d’Herschel-Bulkley. Dans un deuxième temps, des combinaisons ciment/superplastifiant sont caractérisées par des essais rhéologiques. L’évaluation du raidissement de pâtes et la caractérisation chimique des ciments hydratés montrent que la consistance est liée à la quantité et à la microstructure de l’ettringite formée. Ces paramètres dépendent de la phase aluminate et des sulfates de calcium initialement présents. Enfin, l’étude de systèmes cimentaires de synthèse établit que la solubilité des sulfates de calcium en présence de superplastifiant est augmentée du fait, vraisemblablement, de la complexation des ions Ca2+ par les polycarboxylates. La variété orthorhombique de la phase aluminate plus réactive que la variété cubique, mène, quant à elle, à la formation d’une quantité importante d’ettringite en forme d’aiguilles / Currently required concrete strength imposes a lower water/cement ratio and use of superplasticizer to make easier the fresh material implementation. Polycarboxylate type products are very effective in the short term but can lead to a fast loss of workability in case of binder/superplasticizer incompatibility. The object of this work is the identification of cementitous phases involved in these rheological variations. Initially, flow of various superplasticized pastes is evaluated by a rheometer fitted with a ball measuring system. Compatible combinations flow like a Bingham’s fluid. An incompatibility results in an increase of yield stress and plastic viscosity or rheological properties evolution into Herschel-Bulkley’s fluid. Then, cement/superplasticizer combinations are characterized by rheological tests. Stiffening assessment of pastes and chemical characterisation of hydrated cements show that consistency is associated with amount and microstructure of formed ettringite. These parameters depend on initially present aluminate phase and calcium sulphates. Finally, study of synthetic cementitous systems states that calcium sulphates solubility, in presence of superplasticizer, is increased probably because Ca2+ ions complexation by polycarboxylates. As for the orthorhombic variety of aluminate phase, more reactive than cubic variety, it leads to a large amount of needle-shaped ettringite

Heparan sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPG) are ubiquitous molecules with indispensable functions in various biological processes. Glypicans are a family of HSPG’s, characterized by a Gpi-anchor which directs them to the cell surface and/or extracellular matrix where they regulate growth factor signaling during development and disease. We report the identification and expression pattern of glypican genes from zebrafish. The zebrafish genome contains 10 glypican homologs, as opposed to six in mammals, which are highly conserved and are phylogenetically related to the mammalian genes. Some of the fish glypicans like Gpc1a, Gpc3, Gpc4, Gpc6a and Gpc6b show conserved synteny with their mammalian cognate genes. Many glypicans are expressed during the gastrulation stage, but their expression becomes more tissue specific and defined during somitogenesis stages, particularly in the developing central nervous system. Existence of multiple glypican orthologs in fish with diverse expression pattern suggests highly specialized and/or redundant function of these genes during embryonic development.

No description available.

[pt] A decomposição de sulfatos vem ganhando notoriedade pela sua capacidade de geração limpa de H2 através dos ciclos termoquímicos. O entendimento do mecanismo de decomposição é relevante para futuros planejamentos em aplicações industriais. Além disso, a modelagem desses processos permite obter informações acerca da energia requerida para que os mesmos ocorram. Dentre os diferentes sistemas de reações de decomposição, observa-se que alguns deles são mais complexos do que outros, envolvendo a presença de fases intermediárias e múltiplas reações consecutivas ou simultâneas. Portanto, o presente trabalho se propõe a desenvolver uma metodologia para a modelagem da decomposição térmica de sistemas reacionais com diferentes níveis de complexidade: sulfato de alumínio, alúmen de potássio, mistura de sulfatos de alumínio e potássio, sulfato de zinco e sulfato de ferro (II). Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando análise termogravimétrica (TG) para ter o entendimento dos diferentes estágios de decomposição, utilizando os dados obtidos na etapa de modelagem. O modelo envolveu o uso de um conjunto de equações diferenciais para representar cada uma das reações que ocorrem na decomposição. A estimação dos parâmetros cinéticos feita pelo método de otimização por enxame de partículas. Os resultados indicaram que sistemas envolvendo a decomposição do sulfato de alumínio são catalisados na presença de sulfato de potássio. No caso do zinco, a dessulfatação do sulfato anidro ocorre em duas etapas, com a presença de um oxissulfato como uma fase intermediária. O sulfato de ferro (II) também apresenta uma decomposição complexa ao passar pela fase de sulfato de ferro (III) antes de ser completamento convertido em hematita. Todas as modelagens mostraram excelente ajuste aos dados experimentais, com R2 acima de 0.98 em todos os casos. / [en] The interest over of the decomposition of sulfates has increased due to its capacity of generating clean H2 through the thermochemical cycles. Understanding the decomposition mechanism is relevant to future industrial design and applications. Moreover, the modeling of these processes gives the information needed to know how much energy is required for the occurrence of the reactions. Among the different reaction systems, it is observed a range of complexity, with the presence of intermediate phases, and multiple consecutive or simultaneous reactions. Therefore, the present work proposed to develop a modeling methodology for the thermal decomposition of sulfates systems with different complexity levels: aluminum sulfate, potassium alum, mixture of aluminum sulfate and potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and iron (II) sulfate. The experiments were performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to understand the decomposition stages and use the data in the modeling step. The developed model consisted of a system of differential equations to describe every reaction taking place in the decomposition. The kinetic parameters estimation was made by using particle swarm optimization. The results indicate that potassium sulfate catalyzes the decomposition of aluminum sulfate. In the case of zinc, the desulfation of anhydrous zinc sulfate occurs in two stages, with the presence zinc oxysulfate as an intermediate phase. Iron (II) sulfate also shows a complex decomposition system, as it first decomposes into iron (III) sulfate before it is completely converted into hematite. All the modeling results displayed an excellent agreement with the experimental data, with R2 values above 0.98 for all cases.

No description available.