In Sweden today, there are 3.7 thousand registered Swedish churches with the oldest being just over 900 years old. During the last thousand years the church has existed side by side with the Swedish society which has formed alongside of it. During a long period, the national registration was managed by the church with the parish being the most important community for the individual. As modern Swedish society developed, its relationship to religion changed. The percentage of formal members in the Swedish church has dropped to 56%. Forecasts suggest that the number will drop to 30% by 2050. In the year 2000, the church and the state separated. Since then the churches are formally owned by the Swedish church. However, the possibility of freely disposing of them is severely limited by legal protection (cultural heritage law). In compensation for the increased responsibility and additional costs for the individual parishes, a cultural heritage compensation (KAE) was introduced. This is a compensation that currently amounts to SEK 460 million per year. Despite this number, it doesn’t fill the economic gap that the maintenance of these buildings creates. As a result of this 104 churches have been taken out of use since. The trinity of Sweden, the state and religion is a complex matter and the fate of Swedens churches is still to be decieded. But the fact that cultural heritage is being torn down due to lack of interest, money and ignorance is something worth pointing out. At the same time, the discussion of reuse has never been more relevant. So what if we could reprogram the function of these churches? Making the premises active once again. This thesis work will start in the context of rethinking a Swedish church - How could a church be reprogrammed? In this project, I wish to develop an understanding of how to manage a modern solution within a cultural and historic built environment. And by this creating a new experience of the church building in correlation to how our society functions today.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-12T13:11:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luís Augusto De Mola Guisard.pdf: 1274895 bytes, checksum: 97cdf8920a0e607f2f715c83c60d4c3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T13:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luís Augusto De Mola Guisard.pdf: 1274895 bytes, checksum: 97cdf8920a0e607f2f715c83c60d4c3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The thesis aimed at understanding how hurriedness originated as a symbol of contemporary city life, and seeking possibilities of resisting such hegemony. The research was driven by an individual feeling of uneasiness about hurriedness as a universal value: hurriedness deviated from its natural role in order to meet life-specific urgencies, such as the urgency of an escaping animal, a child going for a moment of fun, or a bodyguard to the rescue. Hurriedness is constant in city life, which does not seem consistent with man’s vital impulses. It is an outer element that arose at some point in history. Taking as hypothesis that the hurriedness we currently experience, disconnected from our nature, denies life values, this paper consisted in a genealogical study of hurriedness. Such genealogical analysis was permeated by the idea that an extemporary posture, of non-compliance to the current values is required, as a way of enabling criticism to the hurriedness value. In order to serve this purpose, two main authors were used as reference: Nietzsche and Foucault. The first provided the cornerstone to face the task of attempting to understand hurriedness in its actual dimensions, while the latter enabled outlining the elements of the historical construction of hurriedness, including in the most recent period: throughout the twentieth century. As a resource of analysis, the figure used was that of a motorcycle courier, which a hasty professional in the São Paulo metropolis, representing the metaphor of a superfluous life, a hostage of productive hurriedness that serves the urgency of capital, not of life. Indeed, the motorcycle courier is the metaphor of the hastiness that is often true to all of us. The analysis enabled reaching the idea that hurriedness was a historical construction. It meets the contemporary rationality, since its early origins when the intelligible world was valued over the sensitive world of the Socratic and Platonic traditions, making its way to the neoliberal order of the twentieth century, by formatting the self-made man-machine, wrapped in a spirit of gravity. The conclusion is all the more exciting: there has been a form of society when constant hurriedness was not prevalent, during the tragic period, and currently, there are signs of resistance to hurriedness, such as those represented by the movements asserting the logic of slow. After all, according to Nietzsche’s Zarathustra, “Not by wrath does one kill, but by with laughter. Come, let us kill the spirit of gravity!” / O objetivo da tese foi compreender como se originou a pressa como marca da vida urbana contemporânea e procurar por possibilidades de resistências a essa hegemonia. A motivação para a pesquisa foi um sentimento particular de incômodo com a pressa como valor universal: a pressa deslocada de sua função natural para atender urgências próprias da vida, como é a urgência de um animal em fuga, de uma criança para ir ao encontro da diversão ou a de um salva-vidas. A pressa na vida urbana é constante, o que não parece corresponder aos impulsos vitais do homem. É algo que vem de fora, surgido em algum momento da história. Tendo como hipótese que essa pressa que vivenciamos, alheia à nossa natureza, nega os valores da vida, o trabalho consistiu em um estudo genealógico da pressa. Para essa análise genealógica foi sempre presente a ideia de que é necessária uma postura extemporânea, de não adesão aos valores vigentes, como forma de tornar possível uma crítica ao valor pressa. Para atingir essa finalidade, dois principais autores foram consultados: Nietzsche e Foucault. O primeiro deu toda a base para enfrentar a tarefa de tentar compreender a pressa em sua devida dimensão e o segundo permitiu esquadrinhar os elementos da construção histórica da pressa, inclusive no período mais recente: ao longo do século XX. Como recurso de análise foi usada a figura do motoboy, profissional acelerado de nossa metrópole paulistana, como metáfora de uma vida supérflua, refém de uma pressa produtiva que atende a uma urgência que é do capital e não da vida. O motoboy é a metáfora da aceleração que, não obstante, atinge todos nós. Com a análise, foi possível chegar à ideia de que a pressa foi uma construção história. Ela atende à racionalidade contemporânea, a qual já se insinua na valorização do mundo inteligível em detrimento do mundo sensível da tradição socrático-platônica e chega à ordem neoliberal do século XX, com a formatação do homem-máquina, empresário de si, envolto em um espírito de gravidade. Mais animadora e menos sisuda é a conclusão de que já houve uma forma de sociedade em que a pressa constante não dominava, a do período trágico, e, no presente, há indícios de resistência à pressa, como a representada pelos movimentos que afirmam a lógica do devagar. O Zaratustra de Nietzsche já dizia: “Não é com a ira que se mata, mas com o riso. Eia, pois, vamos matar o espírito de gravidade!”

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma tradução do original em russo da novela Diário de um homem supérfluo, de Ivan Turguêniev, e analisar o modo como o escritor procurou retratar a primeira personagem da literatura russa a ser denominada homem supérfluo. Procurar-se-á demonstrar que o autor não se limitou a reproduzir no narrador as características clássicas desse tipo literário, mas inovou ao adicionar outras e retirar algumas tidas como essenciais, criando uma figura que viria a dar um novo significado ao termo homem supérfluo. / This research aims to carry out a direct translation from the Russian novella Diary of a superfluous man, by Ivan Turgenev, and examine how the writer sought to portray the first character of the Russian literature to be termed a \"superfluous man\". It is intended to demonstrate that the author not only was able to reproduce in the narrator the classic features of this literary subject, but also to innovate, by adding other characteristics and even removing those considered essential ones, creating thus a figure that would give a new meaning to the term \"superfluous man\".

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma tradução do original em russo da novela Diário de um homem supérfluo, de Ivan Turguêniev, e analisar o modo como o escritor procurou retratar a primeira personagem da literatura russa a ser denominada homem supérfluo. Procurar-se-á demonstrar que o autor não se limitou a reproduzir no narrador as características clássicas desse tipo literário, mas inovou ao adicionar outras e retirar algumas tidas como essenciais, criando uma figura que viria a dar um novo significado ao termo homem supérfluo. / This research aims to carry out a direct translation from the Russian novella Diary of a superfluous man, by Ivan Turgenev, and examine how the writer sought to portray the first character of the Russian literature to be termed a \"superfluous man\". It is intended to demonstrate that the author not only was able to reproduce in the narrator the classic features of this literary subject, but also to innovate, by adding other characteristics and even removing those considered essential ones, creating thus a figure that would give a new meaning to the term \"superfluous man\".

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-18T14:57:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pricillaaparecidaramosdasilva.pdf: 1357730 bytes, checksum: bec628f23697a75937d6745913a2d216 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T14:16:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pricillaaparecidaramosdasilva.pdf: 1357730 bytes, checksum: bec628f23697a75937d6745913a2d216 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T14:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pricillaaparecidaramosdasilva.pdf: 1357730 bytes, checksum: bec628f23697a75937d6745913a2d216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / O objeto desse estudo são os moradores da periferia das cidades brasileiras que se organizam para criar alternativas para acessar os meios de vida, tais como renda e moradia, nesses tempos em que a crise estrutural do capital submete contingentes massivos ao desemprego, à desocupação. Nesse sentido, buscamos compreender o estágio atual da crise do capitalismo e os processos destrutivos do seu modo de produção movidos pela ideologia da modernidade. Observamos uma profunda transformação no mundo do trabalho como consequência do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas que expulsa o trabalho humano da produção. Assim, a crise do capital cria uma superpopulação de desempregados que, ao se exceder, já não exerce a função do exército industrial de reserva. Tornam-se desocupados, supérfluos, sujeitos ao descarte e destinados ao lixo nas periferias das cidades sem que o Estado lhes assegure proteção social. / The object of this study is the inhabitants of the periphery of Brazilian cities who organize themselves to create alternatives to access the means of life, such as income and housing, in those times when the structural crisis of capital submits massive contingents to unemployment. In this sense, we seek to understand the current stage of the crisis of capitalism and the destructive processes of its mode of production driven by the ideology of modernity. We see a profound transformation in the world of labor as a consequence of the development of the productive forces that drives out human labor from production. Thus, the crisis of capital creates a superpopulation of the unemployed who, when it exceeds, no longer exercises the function of the reserve industrial army. They become unoccupied, superfluous, subject to discarding as waste in the peripheries of cities without the state guaranteeing them social protection.

A primeira parte deste trabalho é uma tradução da novela "A senhoria", de Dostoiévski, direta do texto original em russo, seguida de um estudo sobre o tipo central da novela, um “sonhador" – um típico herói romântico –, e sua revelação como um “herói de seu tempo" – um “homem supérfluo". A senhoria é uma obra que difere muito de todos os outros trabalhos de Dostoiévski. Mal recebida pela crítica de sua época, ela constitui sua primeira tentativa de caracterização de um tipo e de um tema a que ele iria se dedicar praticamente durante toda a sua carreira. E, em se tratando da literatura russa do século XIX, não há dúvida de que o que mais se sobressai é o fenômeno do herói. Com essa novela Dostoiévski apresenta, na figura do “sonhador" romântico, não só um fenômeno ainda corrente na vida russa em fins dos anos 40, mas também um novo elo na evolução do “herói do tempo". / The first part of this work is a translation of Dostoevsky’s novel The Landlady, translated from the original Russian. This is followed by a study on the central figure of the novel, a “dreamer" -- a typical romantic hero -- and its revelation as a “hero of his time" -- a “superfluous man". The Landlady differs from all of Dostoevsky’s other works. Badly received by critics when it was published, it was his first attempt to create a literary figure to whose depiction he would devote practically his entire subsequent career. There is no doubt that the most salient feature of Russian literature of the nineteenth century is the phenomenon of the hero. With this novel, Dostoevsky presents in the romantic “dreamer", not only a phenomenon still current in Russian life at the end of 1840’s, but also a new link in the evolution of the "hero of the time."

A primeira parte deste trabalho é uma tradução da novela "A senhoria", de Dostoiévski, direta do texto original em russo, seguida de um estudo sobre o tipo central da novela, um “sonhador” – um típico herói romântico –, e sua revelação como um “herói de seu tempo” – um “homem supérfluo”. A senhoria é uma obra que difere muito de todos os outros trabalhos de Dostoiévski. Mal recebida pela crítica de sua época, ela constitui sua primeira tentativa de caracterização de um tipo e de um tema a que ele iria se dedicar praticamente durante toda a sua carreira. E, em se tratando da literatura russa do século XIX, não há dúvida de que o que mais se sobressai é o fenômeno do herói. Com essa novela Dostoiévski apresenta, na figura do “sonhador” romântico, não só um fenômeno ainda corrente na vida russa em fins dos anos 40, mas também um novo elo na evolução do “herói do tempo”. / The first part of this work is a translation of Dostoevsky’s novel The Landlady, translated from the original Russian. This is followed by a study on the central figure of the novel, a “dreamer” -- a typical romantic hero -- and its revelation as a “hero of his time” -- a “superfluous man”. The Landlady differs from all of Dostoevsky’s other works. Badly received by critics when it was published, it was his first attempt to create a literary figure to whose depiction he would devote practically his entire subsequent career. There is no doubt that the most salient feature of Russian literature of the nineteenth century is the phenomenon of the hero. With this novel, Dostoevsky presents in the romantic “dreamer”, not only a phenomenon still current in Russian life at the end of 1840’s, but also a new link in the evolution of the "hero of the time."

In the performance of law enforcement tasks, military forces frequently use expanding bullets. Such bullets are prohibited in international armed conflicts (IAC:s) by treaty, but in non-international armed conflicts (NIAC:s), the matter is regulated by the principle prohibiting means and methods of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering (SIrUS), and possibly by an independent rule of customary international humanitarian law. This essay looks first to a proposed solution in which the law enforcement legal paradigm takes precedence, and finds such a solution incomplete and its application limited. It proceeds to look at the prohibition of expanding bullets in NIAC:s as an independent rule,exploring the formation of customary law, the evidence value of military manuals, expanding bullets as a war crime, and the ICTY Tadíc ruling. It finds the evidence of the existence of such a rule unconvincing. It then looks to principle of SIrUS and explores the best approaches for its interpretation and application. Ultimately, it argues that the military utility, in the form of stopping power and decreased risk of collateral injury, provided by expanding bullets is of such a scale and nature that the use of such bullets could reasonably be argued to pass the assessment as required by the principle. In light of this, the essay emphasises the need for treaty-based rules in order create effective weapons prohibitions, and that armed forces are still obliged to properly assess which set of rules govern the use of force.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T19:31:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laismarialimabarbosa.pdf: 1036202 bytes, checksum: 3f8a3b8c5352884873f153ffacd6612c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T16:05:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laismarialimabarbosa.pdf: 1036202 bytes, checksum: 3f8a3b8c5352884873f153ffacd6612c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T16:05:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laismarialimabarbosa.pdf: 1036202 bytes, checksum: 3f8a3b8c5352884873f153ffacd6612c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O capitalismo encontra-se em fase de crise estrutural, ou seja, esse sistema já não apresenta saídas para continuar reproduzindo os padrões de acumulação que o sustentam. Impulsionado pela concorrência, o capital tende a expulsar o trabalho vivo da esfera produtiva por meio do aumento do uso de tecnologias, ou seja, o aumento do capital constante. Nessas condições, o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas é um mecanismo incapaz de enfrentar a sua ruína, uma vez que apenas o trabalho vivo é capaz de produzir mais valia e lucro. O valor das mercadorias é medido pelo tempo de trabalho socialmente necessário para sua produção. As tecnologias elevam a produtividade, mas os lucros tendem a diminuir. Como a racionalidade deste sistema é voltada para a acumulação sem medidas de riqueza, o capital se tornou um autômato, na medida em que na busca pela sua valorização, que está ameaçada, ele apresenta tendências destrutivas não só dos recursos naturais, mas também da humanidade por meio da destruição de postos de trabalho, que é o único meio de sobrevivência da maioria da população mundial. O aumento da pobreza, do desemprego, o crescimento de uma população supérflua aos interesses de valorização do capital, ganha visibilidade no fenômeno da favelização, do aumento das periferias em todo o mundo. Sem acesso ao trabalho formal, enormes contingentes humanos passam a viver em condições de pobreza, restando-lhes ocupar os piores lugares no território das cidades. Essa massa tende a vivenciar também o abandono do Estado, que neste contexto encontra-se também em crise, representando apenas os interesses do grande capital, destinando grandes fatias do fundo público para alimentar iniciativas das corporações e para o pagamento da dívida pública, ao invés de investir em políticas e direitos sociais para essa população. A população de desocupados e desempregados da Vila Olavo Costa, em Juiz de Fora, foi tomada como ponto de partida para refletir a situação limite dos contingentes urbanos que já não apresentam funcionalidade para o capital neste contexto de crise. / Capitalism is in a phase of structural crisis, that is, this system no longer has any way out to continue reproducing the patterns of accumulation that sustain it. Driven by competition, capital tends to expel living labor from the productive sphere by increasing the use of technologies, that is, the constant capital increase. Under these conditions, the development of the productive forces is a mechanism incapable of facing its ruin, since only living labor is capable of producing more value and profit. The value of goods is measured by the socially necessary labor time for their production. Technologies raise productivity but profits tend to decline. As the rationality of this system is focused on accumulation without measures of wealth, capital has become an automaton, since in the search for its valorization, which is threatened, it presents destructive tendencies not only of natural resources but also of humanity for Destruction of jobs, which is the only means of survival for the majority of the world's population. The increase in poverty, unemployment, the growth of a population that is superfluous to the interests of capital appreciation, gains visibility in the phenomenon of slum-dwelling, and the increase of peripheries around the world. Without access to formal work, large numbers of human beings live in poverty, leaving them with the worst places in the cities. This mass also tends to experience the abandonment of the state, which in this context is also in crisis, representing only the interests of big capital, allocating large slices of the public fund to feed corporate initiatives and to pay public debt, instead To invest in social policies and rights for this population. The unemployed and unemployed population of Vila Olavo Costa, in Juiz de Fora, was taken as a starting point to reflect the limit situation of the urban contingents that no longer present functionality for capital in this context of crisis.

This thesis is the first extensive study devoted to the generic originality of Iurii Tynianov’s representation of Pushkin in his two historical novels, Pushkin (1935-1943) and the abandoned The Gannibals (1932). Chapter 1 contextualises Tynianov’s contribution to the current debates on the novel’s demise, ‘large’ form and the worthy protagonist. The conditions giving rise to contemporary interest in the genres of biography and the historical novel are delineated and the critical issues surrounding these are examined; Tynianov’s concern to secularise the rigid monolith of an all but sanctified ‘state-sponsored Pushkin’ and the difficulties of the task are also reviewed. Chapter 2 shifts the examination of Pushkin as a historical novel to its study within the generic framework of the Bildungs, Erziehungs and Künstlerromane with their particular problematics which allowed Tynianov to grapple with a cluster of moral, philosophical and educational issues, and to explore the formative influences on the protagonist’s identity as a poet. Chapter 3 explores the concept of history underlying Tynianov’s interpretation of the characters and events and the historiographical practices he employed in his analyses of the factors that shaped Pushkin’s own historical thinking. Chapter 4 investigates Tynianov’s scepticism about Abram Gannibal’s and A. Pushkin’s mythopoeia which reveals itself in Tynianov’s subversively ironical and playful use of myth in both novels. The Conclusion assesses Tynianov’s contribution to the 20th century fictional Pushkiniana and reflects on his innovative transgeneric historical novel which broke the normative restrictions of the genre, elevated it to the level of ‘serious’ literature and made it conducive to stylistic experimentation.