This Ph.D thesis is made up of six chapters: together with Introduction and Concluding Remarks, there are one extensive literature review and three main essays. The theme of this thesis is "The Political Economy of Public Sector Governance" and I explore it by analysing the two main actors in the interaction between citizens and politicians: Mass Media and Bureaucracy. The World Bank in several publications since early 2000 has brought to the attention of politicians, public servants, social scientists and, as far as an institution like the World Bank can do, the general public that what really is important and does make a difference in the economic growth and social development of nations are not policies but (political and social) institutional quality. In order to make institutions work well, so they are able to promote the greatest welfare for all the citizens, it is necessary to have good governance. One of the ingredients of an optimal governance arrangement is the possibility for the citizens to make their government accountable for what it does (not) and responsive to their needs. Therefore, in order to have good political institutions citizens have, on one hand, to control their government and, on the other hand, to voice their needs, preferences and ideas, also when the ballot box is not ready at hand. Mass Media has at least these two functions in the relationship between the citizens and the (incumbent) politicians. In the first essay I analyse citizens' voting decisions and collusion between media and politicians and how this phenomenon affects the behaviour of citizens towards disciplining and selecting the incumbent politician, when citizens have at their hands two sources of information about the quality of the incumbents and their performance: the quantity of a good publicly supplied by the government and a signal coming from the mass media on politician honesty. The setting comprises a two period game, where voters, in the first period, have to decide, observing the information available through media and good publicly produced, whether to vote off or reelect the incumbent politician to the second period electorate mandate. By employing both two signals, citizens manage to sort out honest politicians from dishonest ones more often than if they were relying on media information only. Moreover the existence of both signals makes collusion harder to achieve than in the case of one signal only. Furthermore, the welfare analysis reveals that, contrary to previous findings, the presence of media is not always welfare improving. The usefulness of media for citizens depends critically on the time discount factor between the two periods: when the time discount factor is larger than a certain threshold, it is optimal for the citizens to receive information from media; when the time discount factor is lower than the threshold, their optimal decision is not to get any information. Finally, I argue that when rules at the constitutional level are not possible and citizens cannot commit to have less information, then collusion between media and politician can be welfare improving for citizens, contrary to previous results in the literature. In the second essay I investigate the role of Mass Media as a bottom-up way of communicating dispersed information from citizens to incumbent. Citizens transmit useful information thanks to the newspapers they buy and read. However, these newspapers are produced by a third party (a Media Tycoon) that has his own incentives. In particular the Media Tycoon has to decide whether to produce a newspaper that allows the citizens to participate in the public debate (Broadsheet) or does not (Tabloid). Given the fact that this instrument can be bought but not directly produced by the citizens, there exists a tension between the benefit of using a newspaper to express citizens'views and the possibility that this newspaper can be actually produced. Results show that producing a Broadsheet always improves the quality of policy decision making on part of the incumbent. A notable result is that in order to enhance the quality of the public decision making it is better to have any Broadsheet than not having one, whatever is the public stance the newspaper takes about the issue at stake. In this essay I first assume that there is only one group of citizens which is interested in having the optimal policy adopted, i.e. the Middle Class and I assume the Middle Class citizens are the only one who read newspapers. Subsequently I analyse how the results change when citizens from the other classes read newspapers as well. I show how the "partisan readers", committed to buy the Broadsheet supporting the policy they prefer, can ease the production of the Broadsheet. In this case the existence of partisanship and of ideological readers make the implementation of optimal policy easier, not harder, contrary to conventional wisdom. In the work of the World Bank, and in all the scientific production about how to establish and foster the development of good governance, corruption is one of the main diseases that can affect the correct relationship between citizens and public officials. So it is important to study how good institutional quality can fight corruption in several different fields of the political and economic environment. The third essay evaluates the effect of corruption on the regulation of business entry. A theoretical agency model of bribes is introduced, with strategic interaction between the firm, the corruptible public sector employee and the government. This model allows the evaluation of reforms targeting business startup procedures with regards to the incentives of the various actors involved in this process. Findings show that corruption in equilibrium between entrant firms and public servants could be self-sustained in the absence of government intervention. When deriving the equilibrium outcomes of some reforms like performance wages, privatisation and full liberalisation of entry, results show that transaction costs related to bribes are central in determining the optimal reform strategy. Although liberalisation is the preferred reform option for firms, government fiscal revenues and overall social welfare, firms surprisingly would prefer performance wages implemented in public registry service rather than the privatisation of this service. This holds despite the additional tax burden on firms necessary to finance higher civil servants'wages.

This research had three main purposes. The first was to determine some of the major characteristics of elementary teachers. Second was to see how student teachers and supervising teachers perceive the importance of certain characteristics of elementary teachers. The third was to discover what changes result in the perceptions of student teachers as to the importance of these characteristics after completing student teaching.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T20:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a ação da supervisão escolar, enquanto mediadora do processo de ruptura de posturas tradicionais e de construção de novos saberes, no cotidiano da escola, tendo como campo empírico a Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Senador Salgado Filho – SL/RS, a qual implementou, sob a coordenação da supervisão, o Projeto de Isonomia de Carga-Horária e Salas Temáticas – uma reorganização do tempo e do espaço escolar! A investigação teve caráter qualitativo e o estudo foi organizado sob duas categorias centrais (a ação supervisora e os saberes dos professores), possibilitando o diálogo com pesquisadores que deram sustentação teórica para a compreensão dos achados. Chistov, Cunha, Pimenta e Placco, fundamentalmente sustentaram a primeira categoria; e Charlot, Gómez, Libâneo, Pimenta, Tardif, a segunda. Outros pesquisadores iluminaram as descobertas desta pesquisa, trazendo referencias para as duas categorias, tais como Azevedo, Brandão, Freire, Rios e Sousa Santos. Na busca pelo

The ACA Code of Ethics is clear in that sexual/romantic relationships with current clients, clients’ partners, and/or family member are prohibited (A.5.a). However, the most recent liability claims against counselors involve inappropriate sexual/romantic relationships with clients or partners/family members of clients. Join us to discuss clinical and supervision implications.

The central question in this thesis is How do participants in the practicum interact in order to evaluate teaching practice? This question has been posed for several reasons: 1. The practicum is a crucial part of teacher education and teacher socialisation; 2. Little is known about the nature of student teacher learning during the practicum; 3. Much of what happens during practicum interactions is taken for granted, and needs to be made explicit in order to fully understand how student teachers learn and what it is important for them to know. In order to investigate this question this study examines the interactions between student teachers and their supervising teachers in post lesson conferences. These conferences are a site in which practicum participants evaluate teaching practice and in which values, beliefs and knowledge about teaching in the context of the classroom and the practicum are produced and reproduced. To obtain data on the ways in which participants interact in post lesson conferences tape recordings of conferences and interviews with participants have been collected and analysed. Three quite different cases are presented to show a spectrum of evaluative styles and interactions. In each case the language of the post lesson conferences is explored. A particular concern in the thesis has been to consider the ways in which the linguistic choices of the participants express their subjectivities as well as reflect the cultural and institutional context in which the post lesson conferences were located. In order to achieve this the study draws upon theoretical perspectives concerned with social practice, language and meaning. Fundamental to any evaluative interaction is its purpose, the relationship between the participants and the construction of the evaluative criteria. This study has sought to identify those routines that are a common part of and that underpin the purpose of evaluative interactions in post lesson conferences. By considering the differences between the interactions in each case, this research concludes that the degree of symmetry in the participants' evaluative relationship and the extent to which the evaluative criteria are made explicit are critical to the authority that student teachers have to negotiate their understandings, reflect on their practice and take responsibility for their own learning. The three cases provide a dynamic account of the evaluative process, and a more comprehensive account than has hitherto been provided in much of the literature. They also generate suggestions for future research in this important area of teacher education.

[pt] Na supervisão em tempo-real de sistemas de potência é fundamental que as informações recebidas do sistema de aquisição de dados não contenham erros. As decisões tomadas durante a operação do sistema se baseiam em análise que utilizam uma base de dados supostamente confiável. A presença de erros nos dados compromete as análises realizadas conseqüentemente as decisões tomadas a partir delas, podendo ocasionar problemas para a operação do sistema. Este trabalho propõe um novo método para a identificação de erros nos dados na supervisão em tempo-real de sistemas de potência. Técnicas de projeção de dados baseadas no mapa de Kohonen são utilizadas para mostrar que as inovações normalizadas, obtidas no estimadores de estado com capacidade de previsão, apresentam excelente capacidade de discriminação de erros quando comparadas a outras variáveis tais como medidas cruas e resíduos normalizados. É proposto um método que trata o problema de identificação de erros de dados como um problema de reconhecimento de padrões, onde as inovações normalizadas são utilizadas como variáveis de entrada para uma rede neural plástica que é responsável por identificar o erro presente. O método é capaz de tratar de forma integrada erros grosseiros nas medidas de erros topológicos envolvendo ramos de transmissão ou barras. Método proposto é testado para várias condições de operação envolvendo os mais diversos tipos de erro, utilizando os sistemas IEEE 24-barras e IEEE 118-barras. O desempenho do método é avaliado e aspectos como eficiência computacional, capacidade de generalização e implementação em tempo-real, entre outros, são também discutidos. / [en] Bad data detection and identification is one of the most important problems to be solved in real-time power system monitoring. During system operation, the decision-making process is based on analyses that use a database which is assumed to be reliable. Bad data can affect the results of these analyses and as a consequence the decisions taken may not be valid anymore. This may cause serious problems to system operation. This work presents a new method for debugging data in real- time power system monitoring. Data projection tecniques based on Kohonen´s self-organizing maps are employed to show that normalized innovations, obtained from a forecasting-aided state estimator, present excellent discrimination capability when compared to other variables such as raw measurements and normalized residuals. In the proposed method the problem of bad data identification is viewed as a pattern recognition problem, in which normalized innovations are use as input variables to a constructive artificial neural network that is responsible for identifying bad data. The method is able to distinguish between gross measurement and topological errors. Which can include branch or bus misconfigurations. The proposed method is tested for many different operating conditions involving different types of error. Tests are performed using data from the IEEE 24-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. The performance of the method is evaluated and aspects such as computational efficiency, generalization capability and real-time implementation, among others, are also discussed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current dissertation is articulated to the research line Educação e Artes (LP4) from Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, from Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (PPGE/UFSM) and the study group Formação, Ação e Pesquisa em Educação Musical (FAPEM). As general aim, it sought to comprehend how the pre-service teachers from Pedagogy course/UFSM improve the music in the teaching construction process. Specifically, it sought to know the pre-service teachers conceptions on music in and for the supervising training; to discuss about the music in the pedagogic practice carried out by the pre-service teachers; and to reflect on the music into the set of knowledge that supports the teaching of the pre-service teachers. The research has a participant nature, and was developed through a workgroup composed by four pre-service teachers from Pedagogy course/UFSM. As methodological instruments for information collect, it was used semi-structured interviews; participant observation at schools; recording book of the group meetings and of the observations at schools; participants recording book; and collective conversation. The pieces of information gotten in the research were analyzed based on the subject analysis, and the results organized into categories which ran through the multiple methodological instruments. The first part of literature review deals with the pedagogy course as a place of academic-professional education of kindergarten and initial years teachers, pointing out and discussing the supervising training as a relevant moment of this education. The second part refers to the musical and pedagogic-musical education of kindergarten and initial years teachers, detaching the musical formation in the Pedagogy course/UFSM. As results, were enhanced the relevance of musical experiences lived throughout the participants life and of the workgroup with formative device that contributed to musical construction and accomplishment in the teaching of pre-service teachers from Pedagogy. / A presente dissertação está vinculada à Linha de Pesquisa Educação e Artes (LP4) do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (PPGE/UFSM) e ao grupo de estudos Formação, Ação e Pesquisa em Educação Musical (FAPEM). Como objetivo geral, buscou-se compreender como as estagiárias do curso de Pedagogia/UFSM potencializam a música no processo de construção da docência. Especificamente, procurou-se conhecer as concepções das estagiárias com relação à música no e para o estágio supervisionado; problematizar a música em suas práticas pedagógicas; e refletir acerca da música no conjunto de conhecimentos que sustentam a docência. A pesquisa possui caráter participante e foi desenvolvida por intermédio de um grupo de trabalho composto por quatro estagiárias do curso de Pedagogia diurno da UFSM. Como instrumentos metodológicos para a coleta de informações, foram utilizadas entrevista semi-estruturada; observação participante nas escolas; caderno de registros dos encontros do grupo e das observações nas escolas; caderno de registros das participantes; e conversa coletiva. As informações obtidas na pesquisa foram analisadas sob a ótica da análise de conteúdo, sendo os resultados organizados em categorias que transversalizam os múltiplos instrumentos metodológicos. A primeira parte da revisão de literatura versa sobre o curso de Pedagogia como locus da formação acadêmico-profissional de professores da educação infantil e anos iniciais, apontando e discutindo o estágio supervisionado como momento relevante dessa formação. A segunda parte trata da formação musical e pedagógico-musical de professores da educação infantil e anos iniciais, destacando a formação musical no curso de Pedagogia/UFSM. Como resultados, salientam-se a relevância das vivências musicais obtidas ao longo da vida das participantes e do grupo de trabalho com dispositivo formativo que contribuiu para a construção e para a realização da música na docência de estagiárias da Pedagogia.

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer como vem se realizando a supervisão de campo na visão dos supervisores que colaboram na formação profissional dos alunos do Departamento de Serviço Social da PUC-Rio. Para tal, procedeu-se a um estudo quanti-qualitativo que incluiu o mapeamento dos campos de estágio e respectivos supervisores, a aplicação de questionário por e-mail ou pessoalmente a todos os assistentes sociais que compunham o quadro de supervisores do Departamento no período de 2008.2, uma entrevista semiestruturada com 08 supervisores de campo e com a professora responsável pela Coordenação de Estágio do Departamento. As entrevistas foram gravadas com a permissão dos entrevistados, transcritas e analisadas à luz das categorias centrais do estudo: formação profissional, estágio e supervisão. Os achados apontam para a necessidade da preparação formativa para o exercício da supervisão de estágio, visto que ainda hoje, são muitas as inquietações e dificuldades que permeiam essa atividade, indicando assim, torná-la prioridade na formação profissional do assistente social, a partir da interlocução entre todos os sujeitos envolvidos nesse processo, bem como para a necessidade de maior aproximação entre a unidade de ensino, as instituições campo de estágio e os supervisores. / [en] The current study has the objective of understanding how the supervision of the field work is being carried out in the eyes of the supervisors that collaborate in the professional development of the students of the Social Work Department of PUC-Rio. As such, a quanti-qualitative study was undertaken which included a mapping of the field placements and their respective supervisors, the application of a questionnaire via e-mail or personally to all social workers whom made up the team of supervisors of the Department in the second semester of 2008, a semistructured interview with eight supervisors from the field and one interview with the professor responsible for the Coordination of Field Placement at the Department. The interviews were recorded with the permission of the interviewees, transcribed and analyzed in light of the central categories of the study: professional development, field work and supervision. The results indicates a necessity of formative preparation to exercise the supervision of the students, as even these days there are many obstacles and difficulties which permeate this activity, indicating that it will become the priority in the professional development of the social work, beginning with the communications between all involved in this process, as well as the necessity of a better approach among the educational institution, the field work institutions and the supervisors.

Diploma thesis addresses the issue of initial training of beginning teachers of primary school in Czech schools. Defines the requirements for successful integration of new employees, as well as suggesting possible standard procedures, methods and assesses the possibility of their use in the school environment. It describes the role of supervising teacher and the meaning of its existence. The task of the practical part is to find out with which kinds of educational activities beginning teachers have problems. In interviews with experienced teachers, we tried to clarify whether at the time of their beginnings had the same problems as current teachers and we wonder on what skills and knowledge should be students of faculties of education trained better. Key words beginning teacher, supervising teacher, class teacher, educate teachers, professional competence

This study develops guidelines and an in-service model for secondary teachers supervising student teachers. The study provides guidelines for developing in-service teacher supervision activities in secondary schools that serve as student teacher centers. The study seeks to determine selection criteria for supervising teachers; to ascertain in-service program activities considered valid by experienced supervising teachers, administrators and college coordinators; to measure professional reaction toward recent co-operative implementation of Senate Bill Eight; and to assess current in-service programs for supervising teachers in the North Texas area and test their conformity with criteria stated by known authorities. The study reviews literature in topical areas considered by known authorities to be those in which secondary-school supervising teachers must function. A questionnaire was developed, validated and mailed to an aggregate of 239 secondary supervising teachers, college co-ordinators, principals and central office administrators in selected public schools, and colleges and universities in the North Texas area. Collection of data resulted in a 73.6 per cent return in a ten-day period. Degrees of differences among the beliefs of participant groups were revealed by the chi-square measure of significance. It was found that the supervising teacher is the most influential feature of the entire student-teaching program and that in-service staff development programs concentrating on supervision of student teachers are both wanted and needed. It was further found that there is no central trend, in the North Texas area, to meet the desired need. Only ten per cent of the supervising teachers have had formal training in the supervision of student teachers. Those who were least familiar with Senate Bill Eight and the Texas Education Agency's guidelines supported one to three two-hour, inservice sessions per year. Central office administrators supported from four to six two-hour, in-service sessions per year.