Este experimento foi realizado com objetivo de se avaliar os efeitos da suplentação com os energéticos propileno glicol, propionato de cálcio e "Dairy Power Drench ?" no período pré e pós-parto de vacas leiteiras sobre: a) variação do escore de condição corporal (ECC); b) variação de peso; c) produção de leite, d) parâmetros de eficiência reprodutiva e e) concentração plasmática dos ácidos graxos livres (AGL). Para este estudo, foram utilizadas 165 fêmeas da raça Holandesa (132 vacas e 33 novilhas) de dois rebanhos comerciais. As parições destes animais ocorreram entre 15 de março a 15 de junho de 1999. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: grupo C-Controle com 41 animais; grupo DR- com 42 animais que receberam 3 aplicações de "Dairy Power Drench ?" no pós-parto; grupo PC- com 39 animais que receberam 500g diários de propionato de cálcio, iniciando em média 11 dias antes da data do parto até 49 dias pós-parto; grupo PG com 43 animais que receberam 500mL diários de propileno glicol, iniciando em média 13 dias antes da data do parto e continuando até o 51 o dia pós-parto. A avaliação da condição corporal foi feita semanalmente, usando-se a escala de 1 a 5 e o peso foi aferido com auxílio da fita barimétrica, ambos no mesmo dia e pela mesma pessoa. A mensuração individual da produção de leite e a colheita de sangue para avaliação da concentração de ácidos graxos livres foram realizados semanalmente. O parâmetro reprodutivo, dias para primeiro cio pós–parto, foi realizado por observação visual, realizada duas vezes ao dia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância que separou como causas de variação efeito de tratamento e efeito dos blocos formados em função da fazenda (Fazenda 1 e 2) e do números de partos (primíparas ou multíparas). As análises referentes aos valores de produção de leite, escore de condição corporal, peso vivo, variação diária do peso corporal e concentração de ácidos graxos livres foram acrescidos do fator medidas repetidas no tempo (semanas). A comparação entre as médias dos tratamentos foi realizada através do teste de Tukey. Não foi observado efeito de interação de tempo x tratamento sobre a variável escore de condição corporal. Entretanto, houve uma tendência (P<0,08) de efeito de tratamento e efeito quadrático de tempo (P<0,01). As vacas que receberam "Drench" tenderam a apresentar uma condição corporal 6% superior ao grupo que recebeu propileno glicol. Já a variação da condição corporal (ECC6 – ECC1) não sofreu efeito de tratamento. Para o peso corporal e variação diária de peso não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos, nem interação entre tempo x tratamento. Entretanto, sofreram efeito de tempo de comportamento quadrático (P<0,01 e P<0,05, respectivamente). As vacas produziram em média 27,3 kg de leite/dia, sendo observado efeito de interação tempo x tratamento (P<0,01) sobre esta variável. Porém, dentro de cada semana, as possíveis diferenças não foram detectadas. Os tratamentos não afetaram os parâmetros de eficiência reprodutiva. Encontrou-se em média 69,5 dias para o aparecimento do primeiro cio, 2,23 serviços/concepção e 172,6 dias para o período de serviço. As concentrações médias dos ácidos graxos livres encontradas durante o período experimental foram de 376,6 µeq/L, não se observando efeitos de interação tempo x tratamento ou de tratamento. Porém, sofreram efeito de tempo (P<0,01) com comportamento linear (P<0,01), decrescendo 48,2 µeq/L por semana. / The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of propylene glycol, calcium propionate and "Dairy Power Drench ?" supplementation on pre and postpartum period of Holstein cows. Parameters studied were: a) body condition score variation (BCS); b) body weight variation; c) milk production, d) reproduction efficiency and e) nonesterified fatty acids concentration (NEFA). One hundred and sixty and five animals were used (132 cows and 33 heifers) from two commercial herds. Parturitions started on March 15 th and ended on June 15 th of 1999. Animals were allocated in four groups: group C-Control (41 animals); group DR- (42 animals) with administration of "Dairy Power Drench ?" (once a day for 3 days) during postpartum period; group PC-(39 animals) with daily administration of calcium propionate (500g), starting 11 days (in average) prior to parturition and ending 49 days postpartum; group PG (43 animals) with daily administration of propylene glycol (500mL), starting 13 days (in average) prior to parturition and ending 51 days postpartum. The evaluation of BCS was done weekly, using a five-point scale over values from 1 to 5 and body weight was also measured, on the same day, by the same person. Milk production was measured individually and blood was sampled weekly. The parameter days to postpartum first detected estrus was done visually, twice a day. Variance analysis separated as variation sources the effect of treatments and blocks in function of farms (Farm 1 and 2) and parity (primiparous or multiparous). Analyses referred to milk production, body condition score, body weight, daily variation of body weight and nonesterified fatty acids concentration were added with repeated measures factor (weeks). Treatments were compared using Tukey's test. Interaction between time (weeks) and treatment was not found for BCS, however, there was a tendency (P<0.08) of treatment effect and quadratic effect of time (P<0.01). Supplementation of "Drench" tended to cause a body condition score 6% higher compared to supplementation of propylene glycol. But the variation of BSC (BSC6 –BSC1) was not affected by treatments. Body weight and its variation were not affected by treatment or interaction time x treatment. However, there was a quadratic effect of time (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Milk production average was 27.3 kg/day and an interaction time x treatment was found (P<0.01) on this parameter. But inside of each week, the possible differences were not detected. Treatments also did not affect reproductive efficiency parameters. On average, days to postpartum first detected estrus were 69.5, service/conception was 2.23 and service period was 172.6 days. Nonesterified fatty acids concentration average was 376.6 µeq/L and there was no effect of interaction time x treatment or treatment. But there was a linear effect (P<0.01), decreasing 48.2 µeq/L per week.

Os antimicrobianos modificadores da fermentação ruminal são capazes de melhorar a eficiência econômica dos sistemas de produção de bovinos em pastejo e reduzir a possibilidade de impacto da atividade pecuária no meio ambiente. Conduziu-se seqüência de experimentos com o objetivo de estudar o fornecimento de antimicrobianos em misturas minerais para animais em pastejo. No experimento 1, em Piracicaba-SP, utilizaram-se 121 garrotes nelore inteiros, divididos em quatro blocos. O experimento durou 108 dias, de janeiro a maio de 2009. Cada bloco continha quatro tratamentos: CON - controle, mistura mineral sem aditivo; SLN - 1950 mg salinomicina/kg de mistura mineral; SLNALTO - 780 mg salinomicina/kg de mistura mineral de alto consumo e VGN - 1950 mg virginiamicina/kg de mistura mineral. Os animais foram pesados a cada 30 dias. Registrou-se semanalmente as quantidades de suplementos fornecidos e sobras. Foram realizadas coletas de fezes para determinação laboratorial de oocistos de Eimeria sp (OoPG). Em duas datas amostrais nãoconsecutivas, forneceu-se mistura mineral contendo sulfato de lítio como marcador sanguíneo para estimativa do consumo individual de suplemento pelos animais. No final do experimento o conteúdo ruminal dos animais foi coletado via sonda esofágica. O experimento 2 foi conduzido com protocolo similar ao experimento 1, com 196 novilhos de cruzamento industrial em Caarapó-MS por 137 dias de maio a agosto de 2009. Os ganhos de peso foram de: 0,580; 0,620; 0,614 e 0,675 no experimento 1 e 0,487; 0,478; 0,466 e 0,518 kg/cab/dia no experimento 2, para os tratamentos CON, SLN, SLNALTO e VGN, respectivamente. Houve diferença (p<0,05) entre VGN E CON no experimento 1. No experimento 2, VGN diferiu de SLN E SLNALTO (p<0,05) e, na comparação de VGN com CON, o valor de p foi de 0,088. A salinomicina não reduziu a contagem de OoPG nos experimentos. As análises de fluido ruminal não permitiram detectar alterações na fermentação ruminal normalmente causadas por antimicrobianos. Os níveis de lítio no sangue indicaram alta variabilidade no consumo de suplemento e alto número de animais que não ingerem suplemento nas datas amostrais, o que pode ser apontado como causa da ausência de efeito da salinomicina. Em experimento de avaliação da confiabilidade da metodologia, demonstrou-se que o teor de lítio no sangue foi satisfatório para predizer o consumo de suplemento pelo animal no dia anterior (r20,94) e muito acurado para identificar o número de indivíduos que não ingeriu mistura mineral. Em estudo in vitro, não se comprovou a hipótese de que a atividade da salinomicina teria sido reduzida após mistura ao suplemento mineral. A virginiamicina foi testada também em mistura mineral fornecida em cochos descobertos para 309 garrotes divididos em quatro blocos. Animais tratados ganharam 0,063 kg/cab/dia (10%) a mais do que os que não receberam virginiamicina (p=0,019). A virginiamicina é antimicrobiano com potencial para aplicação para animais em pastejo via misturas minerais. O consumo de mistura mineral parece ser reduzido em pequena intensidade com a inclusão de virginiamicina. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para aumentar o conhecimento sobre o emprego do aditivo para ruminantes em pastejo. / Antimicrobials which modifies rumen fermentation can improve economical efficiency of beef cattle grazing systems and reduce its possible impacts on the environment. It was conducted a series of experiments with the objective of evaluating free-choice mineral mixtures as an antimicrobial delivery system for grazing animals. On experiment 1, at Piracicaba-SP, 121 Nelore non-castrated male cattle were used, divided in four blocks. The experiment was conducted during 108 days from January through May, 2009. The blocks were subdivided in four treatments: CON control, mineral mixture without additive; SLN 1950 mg of salinomycin/kg of mineral mixture; SLNALTO 780 mg salinomycin/kg of high intake mineral mixture and VGN 1950 mg virginiamycin/kg of mineral mixture. Animals were weighted every 30 days. Amount of supplement offered and refusals were recorded weekly. Feces were collected to count Eimeria sp. eggs (OoPG). At two non-consecutive sampling dates, lithium enriched mineral mixtures were offered to estimate individual supplement intake using lithium as a blood marker. At the end of the experiment, ruminal contents were collected from animals using a stomach tube. Experiment 2 was conducted with a similar protocol to experiment 1, using 196 crossbred non-castrated male cattle at Caarapó-MS, during 137 days from May through August. Average daily gains were: 0.580; 0.620; 0.614 and 0.675 kg/head/day on experiment 1 and 0.487; 0478; 0.466 e 0.518 kg/head/day on experiment 2 for CON, SLN, SLNALTO and VGN groups, respectively. Differences between VGN and CON were significant (p<0.05) on experiment 1. On experiment 2, VGN was different from SLN and SLNALTO (p<0.05), but when compared to CON, p value was equal to 0,088. Mineral intake tended to be reduced with the inclusion of virginiamycin at experiment 1. Salinomycin did not reduced OoPG on both experiments. Ruminal fluid analysis did not showed alteration patterns on ruminal fermentation as normally would be expected with the antimicrobials. Blood lithium levels indicated high variability on intake between individuals and large number of animals that does not lick supplement during the sampling dates, which may explain the absence of effect of salinomycin. Individual intake patterns were not different between treatments. It was also conducted an experiment to evaluate the adequacy of the lithium methodology. Blood lithium levels were adequate to predict individual supplement intake for the day before sampling (r20.94), and very accurate to identify the number of animals that do not eat mineral mixture. On an in vitro study, it was rejected the hipotesis that salinomycin activity should have been reduced after supplement mixing. Virginiamycin was also tested on mineral mixtures provided in uncovered troughs. Treated animals gained 0.063 kg/head/day (10%) more weight than controls (p=0.019), and consumed 10% less supplement (p=0,062). Virginiamycin is an antimicrobial with potential for growth promotion on grazing animals using mineral mixtures as delivery system. More researches are needed to improve knowledge on using the additive for grazing animals.

The purpose of this project is to review literature on creatine monohydrate (simply known as creatine/Cr) supplementation and its effects on exercise, human performance, and health. Included in this project is basic information relating to the biochemical and physiological effects of Cr, including possible side effects.

This work deals with the determination of L-carnitine in food supplements. L-carnitine is a substance naturally occurring in organism, essential for metabolism of fatty acids. In food supplements is used especially for reducing body weight as a "fat burner". L-carnitine is popular with athletes for improve athletic performance. While data are not available to support these positive effects of carnitine, the positive results of carnitine supplementation in the medicine were found, mainly on cardiovascular system. The literary part of this study describes the properties and the use of carnitine in the diet of human. Furthermore, a review of methods used for determination of L-carnitine in variety of samples is mentioned. In the experimental section the efficiency of SPE method for preparation matrix of real samples was investigated. A cation exchange solid phase extraction seems to be the most effective. The optimal conditions for isolation of L-carnitine by SPE extraction were not developed. L-carnitine was determined in six various food supplements by reverse phase chromatography with UV/VIS detection.

The thesis deals with a theme of probiotic mikroorganisms which are aplicated as a dietary supplement. Health benefit on the host have been known for a long time, however, there might be some negative effects affecting a consumer. In connection with this observation defining requirements and evaluating of safety of probiotics in food was necessary. The new probiotic dietary supplement can not be expanded on the market without these processes. Every strain must be tested separately on each property. The ability of rezistance against conditions inside human gastrointestinal tract belongs to the most basic tests. The aim of the practical part is testing this ability of rezistance in vitro by simulated conditions. The model of gastrointestinal juices was designed according to the Czechoslovak codex. The form contributes to the higher rezistance of probiotics within implementing to the host. Also a dosage form of probiotics was involved to a in vitro testing.

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria of genus Lactobacillus play an important role in the digestive tract of human. They are used in food processing and they are the part of food supplements. Lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus can be identificated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bacterial DNA was isolated from cell lysates of 4 synbiotic food suplements by magnetic particles P(HEMA-co-GMA). Isolated DNA was amplified by genus-specific and species-specific primers. Magnetic particles with immobilized antibodies against Lactobacillus bacteria were used in the next part of thesis. These particles were used for isolation target cells from products with their identification by genus specific PCR.

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are very often used in food procesing industry, such as milk products, cheese and fermentsd salami production in nova days. In diploma thesis were tested symbiotic food supplements from different producers. Bacterial DNA was isolated from crude cell lysates of six food suplements by magnetic particles P(HEMA-co-GMA). PCR-ready DNAs were isolated. from all products The detection of Bifidobacterium bacteria identified by PCR was in agreement with those declared by the manufacturers. Magnetic particles with immobilized antibodies against Bifidobacterium were used in the next part of thesis. These particles were used for the isolation of target cells from two products with cell identification by genus specific PCR.

Existe una alta prevalencia en cuanto al uso de suplementos alimenticios (SA) en deportistas a nivel mundial. Se ha visto que usualmente a mayor número de horas de práctica del deporte el atleta es más propenso a utilizar mayor cantidad de suplementos alimenticios. En cuanto al Perú, al igual que en la región de América del Sur, existen pocas investigaciones acerca del tema. Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo transversal analítico para evaluar la asociación entre la frecuencia de práctica del deporte y los tipos de suplementos alimenticios que utilizan los judocas de la Federación Deportiva Peruana de Judo y los judocas pertenecientes a la selección de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). Se utilizó una encuesta para el recojo de datos y se hizo de manera personal. Se encontró una relación significativa entre el número de horas de entrenamiento a la semana y el consumo de suplementos alimenticios en ambas categorías de suplementos alimenticios estudiadas; existe una asociación al factor de protección. Asimismo, se vio que aquellos que practicaban el deporte en un número de horas mayor a 19 por semana tenían 1,58 más probabilidades de consumir SA para la construcción muscular que quienes entrenaban igual o menos de 19 horas por semana. De igual modo, se encontró mediante un análisis multivariado ajustado que los judocas que practicaban el deporte más de 19 horas por semana tenían 1,21 más probabilidades de consumir SA para la mejora del rendimiento. Los hallazgos de este estudio pueden ser utilizados por los nutricionistas de ambas instituciones para (a) identificar los SA utilizados por los atletas, frecuencia y razón de uso y (b) implementar programas educativos sobre el correcto uso de SA. / There is a high prevalence of the use of dietary supplements in athletes from different parts of the world. It has been noted that usually more hours of training are prone to more dietary supplement use. In regard to Peru there are very few references; no important studies regarding the topic were found. Studying about the knowledge, consuming habits, and sources of information regarding the use in general and the type of food supplements used could help to create better policies and protocols of attention for coaches and athletes, and thereby improve the performance of the athletes. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the frequency of the practice of the sport and the consumption of nutritional supplements in qualified judocas of the Peruvian Judo Sports Federation and members of de judo team of the Peruvian University of Applied Science. Likewise, those were related with the different variables that could influence them. A survey instrument was used to collect data and were done in a personal survey. A significant relationship was found between the use of dietary supplements and training hours on both studied dietary supplement groups. It was found that those participants who trained more than 19 hours per week had 1,58 more possibilities of using dietary supplements for muscle building than those who trained 19 or less hours per week. In the same way, it was found that based on an adjusted multivariate analysis by statistically significant variables, the participants who trained more than 19 hours per week had 1,21 times more probability of using dietary supplements for performance enhancement. The findings on this study could be used by the nutritionist of both institutions to identify the used dietary supplements, frequency and main reason of use, as well as implement educational programs about the correct usage of dietary supplements. / Tesis

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la elaboración y planificación correspondiente de las diferentes tareas y actividades base para iniciar la producción y comercialización de un complemento proteico en polvo especializado para cada deporte o carga física correspondiente, asimismo, será la de comprobar que la idea de negocio es rentable. Actualmente, se pueden encontrar diferentes complementos proteicos en polvo de diferentes marcas con beneficios relativamente similares. El objetivo de estos se basa en la mejoría del estado físico del individuo quien las consume. Sin embargo, se puede apreciar que estas proteínas contienen una composición regular. Por lo que, su composición no se adecua a diferentes cantidades de ejercicio o cargas físicas. Por este motivo, nuestro producto tiene como objetivo principal adecuarse a las diferentes cantidades de carga física de los diferentes tipos de consumidores, clasificándose en deportes o actividades de bajo consumo calórico como de alto consumo calórico de igual manera. Cabe mencionar, que nuestro producto está dirigido a hombres y mujeres cuyo rango de edad se encuentre entre los 18 a 45 años y que hagan deporte regularmente. Para demostrar que la idea de negocio será rentable, se realizaron diferentes análisis de factores internos y externos que pudieran beneficiar o perjudicar a nuestro proyecto. En adición a esto, se realizó el cálculo del valor actual neto proyectado del negocio para comprobar que este generará ganancias en el futuro. / The main objective of the present work is the elaboration and corresponding planning of the different tasks and activities that are the base to start the production and commercialization of a specialized protein powder supplement for each sport or corresponding physical load, as well as to demonstrate that the business idea is profitable. Nowadays, we can find different protein powder supplements from different brands with relatively similar benefits. This objective is based on the improvement of the physical state of the individual who consumes them. However, we can appreciate that these proteins contain a regular composition. Thus, their composition is not adapted to different amounts of exercise or physical loads. For this reason, our product has, as the main objective, to adapt to the different amounts of physical load of the different consumers, being classified in sports or activities of low caloric consumption as of high caloric consumption in the same way. It is worth mentioning that our product is aimed at those men and women whose age is between 18 and 45 years old and who do sports regularly. In order to demonstrate that our business idea will be profitable, different analyses of internal and external factors that could benefit or harm our project were carried out. In addition, we calculated the projected net present value of the business, to prove that it will generate profits in the future. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>In our first study, we explored the barriers to complying with iron supplement recommendations using focus groups. We recruited adults, ages 18-75 years, who have had bariatric surgery at least two months previously to participate in one of four 90-minute focus groups. Participants filled out a survey asking for information on demographics and supplement use, and a facilitator asked a set of pre-determined questions to each group. Responses were written, recorded, transcribed using TranscribeMe (San Francisco CA), and analyzed using NVivo (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Victoria). The focus groups contained nineteen participants, five of which had sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and fourteen had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The average age of the participants was 49.3 ± 9.4 years, and they had undergone surgery 3.9 ± 3.6 years previously. The key factors that influenced participants’ adherence to supplement guidelines were cost, tolerability, and palatability of the supplement, level of knowledge and support from healthcare providers, and convenience of the supplementation regime.</p> <p>The second study was a prospective observational study to determine the bioavailability of ASP compared to FS. Iron deficient RYGB patients ages 18-65 years, who had surgery at least 6 months previously, participated in 8-hour iron absorption tests. Participants received a low-iron breakfast with 65 mg ASP (N=7) or FS (N=3). We assessed serum iron every 30 minutes for 8 hours following the supplementation using a colorimetric assay (South Bend Medical Foundation, South Bend, IN). In participants administered FS, serum iron increased 96.0 ± 27.2 µg/dL compared to baseline, whereas with ASP, serum iron increased 5.8 ± 4.7 µg/dL compared to baseline (<i>P</i> = 0.02). These data indicate that ASP is not as bioavailable as FS in RYGB patients.</p>