Background: The increasing consumption of dietary supplements (DS) has drawn the attention of regulatory agencies, researchers and healthcare professionals. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require premarketing assessment of DS considering them safe unless proven otherwise. However, the reporting rate of DS adverse events (DS-AE) is low. Objective: To describe pharmacists’ attitudes and knowledge of DS and DS information resources, and to determine the importance of selected attributes in pharmacists’ decisions to report a DS-AE. Methods: A convenience sample of practicing pharmacists in Virginia was surveyed using a web-based self-administered questionnaire. A conjoint analysis exercise was developed using several scenarios based on a set of five attributes: patient’s age, initiation of DS, last modification in drug therapy, evidence supporting the AE, and outcome of the AE. Participants were asked to indicate their decision to report the AE in each scenario to prescriber, drug manufacturer, DS manufacturer and FDA on a 6-point ordered scale. Participants’ attitude, knowledge of DS, demographic information, and DS information resources were also requested. Linear regression models were used to determine the relative importance of the profile attributes on a pharmacist’s decision to report the AE. The effects of other characteristics on the importance of the attributes were assessed. Results: Participants’ overall attitudes were relatively positive for the clinical use of DS but negative for safe of DS. Formal training on DS was associated with better knowledge of DS regulation. The average knowledge score of DS identification was relatively good but was low for DS regulation. Lexi-Comp® was the most widely used and available information resource and the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database was the most useful once. The most important attribute that a pharmacist considered in the decision to report a DS-AE to DS manufacturer, drug manufacturer and FDA was the outcome of the AE followed by the evidence supporting the AE. Ranking of these two factors was the reversed in reporting to prescriber. Conclusions: Outcome and evidence of the AE are the most important factors participants considered when reporting. Other characteristics do not have an impact on the relative importance of the attributes.

Diploma thesis "Comparison analyses of national newspaper supplements Salon, Kavarna and Orientace" analyses supplements of national, daily released newspapers: Pravo (Salon), Mlada fronta DNES (Kavarna) and Lidove noviny (Orientace). Essential methods used in this work are quantitative analysis, applied to specified moths during years 2006-2008, and chronological analysis of chosen issues during years 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2005. Based on them, various evaluations of supplement main characteristics, specific features and differences were observed. Most important characteristics investigated in the work are: supplement content and graphic conception, placement within the carrying newspaper, structure of published literature forms, themes and sub-themes. There can be also found summary of each supplement history, list of its typical authors and internet version description. Author of this thesis also introduced related overview of Czech literary and cultural magazines (Literarni noviny, Host, Divoke vino, Revolver Revue, Tvar nebo A2) and briefly stated profiles of main national newspapers. To gain supplement readers characteristics, approximate sociological questionnaire was processed among university students.

Les athlètes utilisent les suppléments nutritionnels avec pour objectif d'améliorer leur performance sportive. La performance sportive dépend de facteurs physiques, mais également de facteurs cognitifs. Les suppléments nutritionnels riches en flavanols issu du cacao (CF) peuvent stimuler la fonction vasculaire, réduire le stress oxydant et améliorer la fonction cognitive. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc d’analyser les effets d'une consommation aigue, ou pendant une semaine, de CF, sur la performance physique et cognitive chez des athlètes, chez des sujets actifs et chez des personnes ayant un diabète de type 1 (DT1). De plus, l’objectif est d’investiguer les effets des CF en altitude simulé, où l’hypoxie limite la performance cognitive et physique.La consommation aigue de 900 mg CF (dont 196 mg d'épicatéchine) suscite une augmentation de l’oxygénation cérébrale, mais pas de la concentration de BDNF sérique et n'a pas d’effet sur la fonction cognitive chez des sportifs sains. L’effet bénéfique des CF sur l’oxygénation cérébrale au repos est dépassé par l’ampleur de l’augmentation de la perfusion et de l’oxygénation cérébrale à l’exercice physique et n'est donc plus visible en post-exercice.En hypoxie (altitude simulée de 4000 m), la consommation aigue de 530 mg CF (dont 100 mg d'épicatéchine) augmente la réponse hémodynamique du cortex préfrontal durant une tâche cognitive, mais n’affecte pas l’activité neuronale. Les CF améliorent la pensée abstraite en normoxie, mais n’améliorent aucun autre domaine des fonctions cognitives. Seule la précision lors du test de Stroop est diminuée par l’hypoxie. De plus, la réponse hémodynamique du cortex préfrontale et l’activité neuronale ne diffèrent pas en hypoxie vs. en normoxie.Le diabète de type 1 (DT1) est associé avec une dysfonction endothéliale, qui constitue un des facteurs de déclin cognitif lié au diabète. Dans une 3ième étude, la fonction cognitive n’est pas altérée chez les patients DT1, en comparaison des sujets sains, alors que l'activation cérébrale diffère entre ces 2 groupes. Cette différence d'activation cérébrale pourrait alors jouer un rôle compensatoire chez les patients DT1. La consommation aigue de CF peut améliorer les fonctions exécutives chez des patients DT1 et des sujets sains, et peut augmenter le signal BOLD dans les régions du cerveau activées par les tâches cognitives.Ainsi, la consommation aigue de CF augmente la vasoréactivité cérébrale. Ces changements sont associés avec une meilleure fonction cognitive chez des patients DT1, alors que ce n’est pas le cas chez des sujets entraînés, ni au niveau de la mer, ni en hypoxie. Malgré ces effets bénéfiques des CF, l’exercice physique semble rester un moyen beaucoup plus efficace pour stimuler la vasoreactivité cérébrale et les fonctions cognitives.Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés aux effets de CF sur la capacité antioxydante, le stress oxydant et la production de NO pendant l’exercice, ainsi que sur les implications pour la performance physique et la récupération, chez des athlètes. La consommation aigue de 903 mg CF augmente la capacité antioxydante au repos et pendant l’exercice, mais sans réduire le stress oxydant et la production de NO. La consommation pendant une semaine de 530 mg CF (dont 100 mg d'épicatéchine) atténue la peroxydation lipidique induite par l’exercice, mais n’influence pas la capacité antioxydante. Les CF ne modifient pas la production et la biodisponibilité du NO pendant un exercice en normoxie et en hypoxie (altitude simulée de 3000 m). La consommation de CF pendant une semaine peut augmenter la fonction endothéliale de repos, et peut réduire les effets nuisibles de l'hypoxie sur l’oxygénation préfrontale au repos et pendant l’exercice modéré. Par contre, cet effet disparait pendant l’exercice intense. La consommation aigue, et pendant une semaine, de CF n’augmente pas la performance physique, ni en normoxie, ni en hypoxie. / Sports performance depends on physical factors, but also on cognitive functioning. Nutritional supplements as potential ergogenic aids can impact muscle, but also the brain. Cocoa flavanols (CF) have antioxidant capacities, can stimulate vascular function, and potentially enhance cognitive function. CF intake might thus improve exercise performance and recovery by reducing oxidative stress, increasing NO availability and/or boosting cognitive function. It is the purpose of this PhD to identify the effects of CF on physical and cognitive performance in healthy athletes at sea level and altitude, as well as in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our systematic review showed that CF can reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, but without improving exercise performance. Combining CF intake and exercise training improves cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function in healthy and overweight participants, but evidence on the synergistic effects of CF and exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation and fat and glucose metabolism is lacking.In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind cross-over study, we showed that 900 mg CF intake increased prefrontal oxygenation in athletes, but without affecting executive function. BDNF was not affected by CF intake. The effects of high-intensity exercise largely overruled the effects of CF intake: large beneficial effects of exercise on prefrontal oxygenation and cognitive function were observed and CF supplementation did not enlarge these effects. In a 2nd study, the effect of acute CF intake (530 mg CF) on performance on a demanding cognitive test was assessed in normoxia and hypoxia (simulated altitude 4000 m). Electroencephalogram and fNIRS were used to analyse neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes. Acute CF intake improved the neurovascular response, but did not affect neuronal activity and cognitive performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Most cognitive functions, the cerebrovascular response and neuronal activity, were not altered in hypoxia in healthy subjects. In a 3rd study, we found that acute intake of 900 mg CF enhanced cognitive performance on the Flanker test in patients with type 1 diabetes, and their healthy matched controls. CF intake increased the BOLD response in brain areas activated during this specific task. While cognitive performance was not deteriorated in patients with type 1 diabetes, a different brain activation pattern during the cognitive task was observed, compared to healthy controls and this brain activation pattern was altered by CF intake. To conclude, acute CF intake improves prefrontal oxygenation and cerebrovascular responsiveness. This can be associated with better cognitive function in patients with type 1 diabetes, but does not result in improved executive function in healthy persons. Compared to exercise, the magnitude of the CF-induced neurovascular changes is small.Two studies were conducted examining the effects of CF on exercise-induced oxidative stress, NO availability and its implications for exercise performance, in well-trained cyclists. We found that acute CF (900 mg) improved the exercise-induced increase in total antioxidant capacity, but did not reduce the exercise-induced increase in lipid peroxidation. One week CF intake (530 mg CF) improved vascular function at rest, and prefrontal oxygenation at rest and during low-intensity exercise, but did not influence muscular oxygenation. One week CF intake partially restored the hypoxia-induced decline in prefrontal oxygenation during rest and low-intensity exercise, but not during high-intensity exercise. One week CF intake reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but did not alter total antioxidant capacity. Both acute and 1-week CF intake did not improve exercise performance and recovery and do not change NO production during exercise (in normoxia and hypoxia) in well-trained athletes.

O zinco é um elemento-traço essencial que está envolvido em diferentes processos metabólicos. Possui função antioxidante, uma vez que faz parte da estrutura da enzima superóxido dismutase (CuZn-SOD), atua na restrição da produção endógena de radicais livres e, na estabilização da estrutura de membranas. Diabéticos geralmente apresentam deficiência de zinco, além de possuírem um grau aumentado de estresse oxidativo, que é gerado pela própria doença. Portanto o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a suplementação com zinco em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 poderia melhorar as características indicativas de dano oxidativo. O estudo realizado foi duplo cego, sendo administrado zinco aminoquelado (20mg/dia) e placebo, durante 6 meses, sendo os parâmetros do estudo avaliados antes e depois da suplementação, para que fosse possível se observar as mudanças nos parâmetros indicativos do estresse oxidativo. Na avaliação antropométrica, se verificou peso, estatura, medidas da cintura e bioimpedância elétrica. Foi feita a avaliação dos parâmetros glicêmicos e lipídicos, do mineral zinco, bem como dos indicadores de estresse oxidativo, incluindo os óxidos de colesterol e os autoanticorpos anti-LDL eletronegativa. A avaliação alimentar foi realizada por meio do registro de consumo alimentar. Como resultados, podemos ressaltar alta prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade. Após a suplementação, as concentrações do zinco no plasma e eritrócito tiveram um leve aumento, passando de 68±10 para 72,9±13µg/dL, e de 40,7±6,2 para 43±6,8µgZn/gHb, respectivamente, entretanto, este aumento não foi estatisticamente significativo. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações dos autoanticorpos anti-LDL eletronegativa e do total dos óxidos de colesterol, apesar de existir tendência de melhora destes parâmetros. / Zinc is an essential trace element that is involved with a variety of metabolic processes. It has an antioxidant function as it is part of the superoxidedismutase (CuZn-SOD) enzyme. It works in the restriction of the free-radicals endogenous production and in the membrane structure stabilization. Diabetic people often present zinc deficiency, besides of having an augmented degree of oxidative stress, which is generated by the own disease. Therefore, the present study had as objective to verify if the zinc supplementation would better the indicating characteristics of oxidative damage to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The study done was double-blind, with the administration of zinc chelate (20mg/day) and placebo, during 6 months. The study parameters were assessed both before and after the supplementation, in order to be possible for one to observe changes in the indicating oxidative stress parameters. In the antropometric evaluation, it was verified the weight, height, the measure of the waistline and the electric bioimpedance. It was evaluated the glicemic and fat parameters, zinc, as well as the oxidative stress indicators, which included the oxysterols and the electronegative anti-LDL autoantibody. The alimentary evaluation was done by means of the feed consumption registration. As a result, it could be highlighted the predomination of overweigh/obesity. After supplementation, the zinc concentrations in the plasma and erythrocyte showed a slight increase, from 68±10 to 72,9±13mg/dL, and from 40,7±6,2 to 43±6,8mgZn/gHb, respectively. However, this increase was not statically significative. Besides that, it was not found significative differences in the concentration of the electronegative anti-LDL autoantibody and of the oxysterols totals, despite of a trend in improvement of those parameters.

O exercício físico e a alimentação adequada apresentam estreita relação. O triatlon é uma modalidade que apresenta elevada demanda energética por associar três diferentes tipos de exercício. Objetivos -Verificar a adequação do valor energético total em relação ao dispêndio energético diário, a adequação de macronutrientes da alimentação em relação à recomendação e a contribuição de complemento nutricional. Métodos - Foi mensurado peso corporal de triatletas adultos, de ambos os sexos, a fim de predizer o dispêndio energético diário. Para análise da alimentação foi utilizado diário alimentar de três dias e, para obtenção do dispêndio energético diário, optou-se pelo diário de atividade física de três dias, proposto por Bouchard et al. (1983). Análise estatística - Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva com medidas de tendência central (média e mediana) e dispersão (desvio-padrão, valores mínimos e máximos), teste de Wilcoxon e t-Student. Os resultados foram analisados ao nível de 5% de significância. Resultados - Os 22 triatletas avaliados apresentam idade entre 20 e 45 anos (33±6 anos). O complemento nutricional foi utilizado por 95,4% dos atletas. Dentre os complementos, 76,2% eram compostos à base de carboidrato, 71,4% bebida esportiva, 33,3% compostos protéicos, 9,5% vitamínico-minerais e lipídicos. A alimentação forneceu, em média, 2.800 kcal/dia e, a alimentação associada ao complemento nutricional, representou 3.000 kcal/dia. A maioria dos atletas (90,9%) consumiu proteína em quantidades elevadas, 72,7% ingeriram carboidratos em quantidades inferiores ao recomendado e, 57,7% ingeriram lipídios adequadamente, considerando-se somente a alimentação. Com complemento nutricional, observa-se o mesmo desequilíbrio de macronutrientes. O dispêndio energético diário médio foi de 3.490 kcal, sendo que 83,4% dos atletas apresentam dispêndio maior do que a ingestão alimentar, na ausência de complemento. Conclusões - A alimentação destes triatletas é insuficiente para atender o dispêndio energético diário; o consumo de proteína é superior ao recomendado; o consumo de carboidratos é inferior ao recomendado; o consumo de lipídios é adequado; o uso de complemento nutricional é pratica habitual por triatletas e não contribui de forma estatisticamente significativa para atingir às necessidades energéticas e recomendações de carboidratos (p>0,05), embora contribua para o aumento das proteínas e, alteração do percentual de lipídios de forma significativa (p≤0,05). / Physical exercise and proper diet are closely related, since what is eaten influences physical performance. Triathlon has a high energy demand as it is associated to three types of exercise. Objectives - To find the suitability of the energy intake in relation to the daily energy expenditure, suitability of macronutrients in food in relation to the recommendation of and the contribution of nutritional supplements. Methods - The body weight of adult triathletes of both sexes was measured in order to forecast the daily energy expenditure. A daily food intake of a three day period was used for diet analysis. The daily physical activity of a three day period was used to obtain the daily energy expenditure as proposed by Bouchard et al. (1983). Statistical Analysis - For the analysis of data, descriptive statistics was used with center tending measurements (average and median) and dispersion (standard deviation, minimum and maximum values), Wilcoxon and t-Student tests. The results were analyzed at the level of 5% significance. Results - The 22 triathletes were aged between 20 and 45 (age 33±6). Nutritional supplements were used by 95.4% of the athletes, of which: 76.2% of carbohydrates base compound, 71.4% sport drinks, 33.3% protein compound, 9,5% vitamin-minerals and lipids. The diet supplied on average 2.800 kcal/day and, with the nutritional supplements, 3.000 kcal/day. Of all the triathletes, 90,9% consumed high quantities of protein, 72,7% had intake of carbohydrates below the recommended level and 57,7% ingested lipids in adequate quantities, taking only food into account. With nutritional supplements, the same unbalance of macronutrients was observed. The average daily energy expenditure was 3.490 kcal, with 83,4% of the athletes showing a higher consumption than food intake in the absence of the supplements. Conclusions - The diet of these triathletes is insufficient to meet the daily energy expenditure; consumption of protein is higher than the recommended quantity; consumption of carbohydrates is lower than the recommended quantity; consumption of lipids is adequate; use of nutritional supplements is habitual to the triathletes and do not contribute in a statistically significant manner to achieve the energy requirements and carbohydrates recommendation (p>0,05), although they contribute to an increase of proteins and a change of the lipid percentage (p≤0,05).

Após a realização de uma sessão de treinamento (ST) é comum a ocorrência do fenômeno denominado dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE), que se caracteriza por prejuizos a estrutura da fibra muscular, com ruptura de alguns sarcômeros, desordem miofibrilar e alargamento das linhas Z. Ainda em consequência ao DMIE, surgem alguns sintomas que são utilizados como marcadores indiretos: dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), redução na produção de força, aumento de enzimas e proteínas na corrente sanguínea e inchaço. O presente estudo examinou os efeitos da suplementação nutricional a fim de minimizar os efeitos deletérios do DMIE em 3 experimentos. No 1° estudo, 36 indivíduos inexperientes em treinamento de força (TF) foram suplementados com: placebo (PLA, n=12, 50mg·kg-1 de carboidrato); leucina (LEU) baixa dose (LBD, n=12, 50mg·kg-1 de LEU + 50mg·kg-1 de carboidrato) e LEU alta dose (LAD, n=12, 250mg·kg-1 de LEU + 50mg·kg-1 de carboidrato) por 6 dias antecedentes a sessão de treinamento (ST), e nos 3 dias seguintes. Foi observada redução significante, p<0.05, na dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT) do peitoral por palpação, e alongamento nos momentos 48h, e 72h após a ST no grupo LBD comparado ao PLA. A redução no teste de 1 repetição máxima (1RM) apresentou significância no grupo PLA em todos momentos após ST. O aumento na atividade da creatina quinase (CK) foi significante no grupo PLA comparado ao LAD em 24h, 48h e 72h após a ST, enquanto o aumento da concentração de mioglobina (Mb) foi significante no grupo PLA comparado ao grupo LBD e LAD em 24h, 48h e 72h após a ST. O 2° estudo contou com a participação de 28 indivíduos com até 6 meses de experiência em TF. Os sujeitos foram suplementados com 3g de &beta;-hidroxi-&beta;-metilbutirato (HM) por 14 dias (H14, n=07); 7 dias (H07, n=07) e placebo por 14 dias (P14) ou 7 dias (P07, n=07) antecedentes a ST, e nos 3 dias seguintes. O aumento da DMIT por palpação e alongamento foi significante no grupo P14 comparado ao H14 em 24h (apenas alongamento), 48h e 72h após ST, ainda no momento 72h o grupo P07 era superior ao H07. A redução no teste de 1RM ocorreu nos 4 grupos imediatamente após, foi mantida em 24h após a ST nos grupos H14, H07 e P07, sem diferenças entre os grupos. O aumento na concentração de Mb foi significante no grupo P14 comparado ao grupo H14. No 3° estudo, 24 indivíduos experientes em TF foram suplementados com 7g de arginina (ARG, n=12) ou placebo (PLA, n=12, 7g carboidrato) 30 minutos pré-ST. O grupo PLA apresentou aumento significante na DMIT por palpação em 24h comparado ao grupo ARG. A redução no teste de 1RM alcançou significância apenas em 24h após a ST no grupo PLA, mas sem diferença entre os grupos. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que a suplementação nutricional implementada atenuou o comportamento de alguns marcadores indiretos DMIE, com maior efeito para a DMIT e parametros bioquímicos / After performing a training session (TS) is common the occurrence of the phenomenon called muscle damage induced by exercise (DMIE), which is characterized by damage to muscle fiber structure, breaking some sarcomeres, myofibrillar disorder and extension lines Z. As a consequence of DMIE, there are some symptoms that are measured as indirect markers: delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), reduction in strength production, increase of enzymes and proteins in the bloodstream, and swelling. The effect of nutritional interventions to minimize deleterious responses associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) were investigated in 3 experiments. In study 1, 36 inexperienced subjects in resistance training (RT) were supplemented for 6 days prior to the training session (TS), and in the following 3 days with: placebo (PLA, n=12, 50mg·kg-1 of carbohydrate); leucine (LEU) low dose (LLD, n=12, 250mg·kg-1 LEU + 50mg·kg-1 + carbohydrate) and LEU high dose (LHD, n=12, 250mg·kg-1 LEU + 50mg·kg-1 + carbohydrate). There was a significant reduction (p <0.05) in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), of the chest by palpation and stretching at 48h, after TS in the LLD group compared to PLA. A significant reduction in the one repetition maximum (1RM) test was observed in the PLA group at all times after TS. The increase in creatine kinase (CK) activity was significant in the PLA group compared to the LHD in 24h, 48h and 72h after TS, while the increase in myoglobin concentration (Mb) was significant in the PLA group compared to the LLD and LHD group in 24h, 48h, and 72h after TS. In study 2, 28 subjects with up to 6 months of RT experience were supplemented with 3g of &beta;-hydroxy-&beta;-methylbutyrate (HM&beta;) for 14 days (H14, n=7); for 7 days (H07, n=7), and placebo for 14 days (P14, n=7) or 7 days (P07, n=7) antecedent to ST, and in the next 3 days. The increase in DOMS by palpation and stretching was significant in the P14 group compared to H14 in 24h (stretching only), 48h and 72h after TS, yet at 72h the P07 group was higher than H07. The reduction in the 1RM test occurred in the 4 groups immediately after and maintained within 24h after TS in groups H14, H07 and P07, and there was no difference between groups. The increase in Mb concentration was significant in the P14 group compared to the H14 group. In study 3, 24 resistance-trained subjects were supplemented with 7g of arginine (ARG, n=12) or placebo (PLA, n=12, 7g of carbohydrate) 30 minutes pre- TS. The PLA group presented a significant increase in DOMS by palpation in 24h compared to the ARG group, and a significant reduction in the 1RM test only in 24h after ST in the PLA group, but without a significant difference between groups. The results of the present study suggest that the responses of indirect markers associated with EIMD were attenuated by nutritional interventions, with greater effect for DOMS and biochemical parameters

Foram utilizados 120 leitões (60 em cada experimento) da genética Dalland, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e pesos médios iniciais de 5,43 kg &#177; 0,46 (Exp. 1) e 5,81 kg &#177; 0,54 (Exp. 2) com o objetivo de avaliar a presença de proteína láctea ou zinco suplementar (Znaminoácidos) sobre o desempenho, concentrações sanguíneas de IGF-I, GH, zinco, morfologia intestinal e peso relativo do fígado e intestino delgado dos leitões. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualisados, com 14 dias (Exp.1) e 28 dias (Exp.2) de duração em um fatorial 2 x 2 (proteína láctea e zinco suplementar): T1 = Dieta basal constituída de milho e farelo de soja (DB), com proteína láctea (PL) e com Zn suplementar (2000 ppm de zinco - ZnO + 250 ppm de zinco ? Znaminoácidos); T2 = DB com PL e sem zinco suplementar; T3 = DB sem PL e com zinco suplementar; T4 = DB sem PL e sem zinco suplementar. No Exp.1, o zinco suplementar, proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar (CA) para a fase de 1 a 7 dias (P<0,04) e para a fase de 1 a 14 dias, proporcionou maior peso aos 14 dias (P14) (P<0,06) e maior ganho de peso diário (GPD) (P<0,05). A PL, proporcionou aos animais, menor CA para as fases de 1 a 7 dias (P<0,001) e de 1 a 14 dias (P<0,02), respectivamente. Para os dados sanguíneos, ao 14º dia de experimento, o zinco proporcionou menor concentração de IGF-1 (P<0,007), enquanto que a PL proporcionou maior concentração desta variável (P<0,001). Para os dados de morfologia intestinal, a PL proporcionou menor profundidade de cripta (PC) no jejuno ao 7º dia de experimento (P<0,07) e maior altura de vilosidade (AV) no duodeno ao 14º dia de experimento (P<0,04). Houve interação dos fatores PL e zinco suplementar para relação AV:PC do jejuno ao 7&#186; dia de experimento (P<0,009) e que também foi maior nos animais recebendo PL (P<0,004) e zinco suplementar (P<0,02). O peso relativo do fígado ao 14&#186; dia de experimento, foi menor para os animais recebendo zinco suplementar (P<0,02). Com relação ao Exp. 2, para a fase de 1 a 14 dias, os animais recebendo PL tiveram menor CDR (P<0,01), enquanto que o zinco suplementar proporcionou maior P14 (P<0,07) e menor CDR (P<0,01). No período de 14 a 28 dias, houve interação entre PL e zinco suplementar para peso aos 28 dias (P28) e GDP (P<0,05). Também, o zinco suplementar proporcionou maior P28 e GDP nos animais. Para o período de 1 a 28 dias, houve interação entre PL e zinco suplementar (P<0,07) para P28, GPD e CA, e que o zinco suplementar proporcionou maior P28 (P<0,007) e maior GPD (P<0,007). A PL para esta fase proporcionou menor CA (P<0,01). / A hundred and twenty Dalland pigs (60 in each experiment), weaned at 21 days of age and with 5,43 kg &#177; 0,46 (Exp. 1) e 5,81 kg &#177; 0,54 (Exp. 2) of average live weight were used to evaluate the presence of milk protein or supplemental zinc on performance, IGF-I, GH and zinc plasma concentrations, intestinal morphology and relative weight of liver and small intestine. A 14-d (Exp.1) and 28-d (Exp.2) randomized complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (milk protein and supplemental zinc): T1 = basal diet with corn and soybean meal (BD) with milk protein (MP) + 2000 ppm of zinc (ZnO) + 250 ppm of zinc (Zn-amino acid); T2 = BD with MP with no supplemental zinc; T3 = BD with no MP + 2000 ppm of zinc (ZnO) + 250 ppm of zinc (Zn- amino acid); T4 = BD with no MP and no supplemental zinc. In Exp.1, pigs fed with supplemental zinc had lower feed conversion (FC) for 1-7d period (P<.04) and for 1-14d period showed higher body weight at 28 days (BW28) (P<.06) and average daily gain (ADG) (P<.05). The MP improved FC for 1-7d (P<.001) and 1-14d period (P<.02), respectively. For plasma concentrations, supplemental zinc decreased IGF-I concentrations (P<.007) while there was an increase IGF-I concentration for MP at 14-d. For morphology data, MP provided shorter crypts depth (CD) on jejune at 7-d (P<.07) and higher villus height (VH) on duodenum at 14-d (P<.04). There was interaction between zinc and MP for VH:CD relation on jejune at 7-d (P<.009) and also this relation was bigger for animals fed with MP (P<.004) and supplemental zinc (P<.02). The relative weight of liver at 14-d was smaller for animal fed with supplemental zinc (P<.02). In Exp.2, for 1-14d period, the animals fed with MP decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<.01), while the supplemental zinc increased BW14 (P<.07) e decreased ADFI (P<.01). For 14-28d period, there was interaction between MP and supplemental zinc for BW28 e ADG (P<.05). Also, the animals fed supplemental zinc had higher BW28 e ADG. For the whole period (1-28d), there was interaction between MP and supplemental zinc (P<.07) for BW28, ADG e FC and considering isolated factors, supplemental zinc provided higher BW28 (P<.007) e higher ADG (P<.007) and MP for this period provided better FC (P<.01).

Introdução - A anemia ferropriva constitui um problema de saúde pública da maior relevância dadas a elevada frequência com que ocorre e as consequências dela decorrentes. Programas de intervenção foram implantados para seu controle: a fortificação universal de farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e a suplementação profilática com sulfato ferroso (PNSF), especialmente para lactentes. Ao mesmo tempo, houve a aproximação dos serviços públicos de saúde da população com a transformação de Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Estratégia da Saúde da Família em todo o território nacional. Objetivos - Estimar as prevalências de anemia na criança no primeiro ano de vida e na mãe biológica e a relação entre elas; identificar a prática alimentar familiar e da criança. Metodologia - Estudo transversal desenvolvido em UBS no universo de crianças no primeiro ano de vida e suas mães (122 pares), que compareceram às oito UBSs que mantêm uma rotina de puericultura. Os dados antropométricos, socioeconômicos, de consumo alimentar foram obtidos através de entrevista e informações de prontuários. O sangue para diagnóstico de anemia foi colhido por punção digital e leitura em hemoglobinômetro portátil. Resultados - A prevalência de anemia entre as mulheres ([Hb]<12,0g/dL) foi de 61,5 por cento e entre as crianças encontrou-se 77,0 por cento delas com [Hb]<11,0g/dL, sendo que 30 das 34 crianças com até quatro meses de idade estavam nessa condição. Entre as mais velhas, a prevalência de [Hb]<11,0g/dL foi de 72,7 por cento . Foi verificado através do teste de Mc Nemar e do coeficiente de correlação de Yule que a prevalência de anemia em mães e seus filhos são significativamente diferentes e não existe correlação entre elas. Das oito unidades de serviços de saúde, seis são Estratégia de Saúde da Família; no entanto, apenas 10 por cento das mulheres referiram ter participado de alguma atividade de educação alimentar. Durante a gestação, 106 mulheres referiram a ingestão de sulfato ferroso e 44 delas referiram seu uso no puerpério. Entre as 54 crianças com 6 a 11 meses de idade, 21 estavam ingerindo o suplemento. A alimentação familiar tem por base o arroz/feijão e carnes diariamente nas refeições. Dentre os alimentos fortificados com ferro, o pão foi referido como alimento diário e o macarrão como alimento de consumo semanal. Frutas, verduras e legumes apareceram com frequência abaixo do recomendado. Dentre as 34 crianças menores de quatro meses, apenas 38 por cento mantinham-se em regime de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Entre as 88 mais velhas, 55 por cento ainda ingerem o produto junto com a alimentação complementar. Alimentos fontes de ferro não são frequentes na alimentação dos lactentes cuja restrição à diversidade alimentar é nítida. Legumes, frutas e verduras foram referidos com pouca frequência, estando ausentes na maioria dos questionários. Conclusões - Verificou-se alta prevalência de anemia na população estudada e que não existe correlação entre as prevalências de anemia nas mães e respectivas crianças. Constatou-se também que, embora alimentos fontes de ferro estejam presentes na alimentação habitual da família e suplementos profiláticos de ferro estejam disponíveis para a população atendida pelos serviços públicos de saúde de Santa Isabel, a deficiência marcial ocorre em grande proporção, sugerindo a necessidade de que os profissionais das UBSs sensibilizem a população através de orientação nutricional destinada à família como um todo / Introduction - Deficiency anemia is a public health problem of great importance given the high frequency with which it occurs and the consequences resulting there from. Intervention programs were implemented for its control: universal fortification of wheat flour and corn prophylactic supplementation with iron and ferrous sulfate (PNSF), especially for infants. At the same time, there was the approach of public health services of the population with the transformation of Basic Health Units in the Family Health Strategy across the country. Objectives - To estimate the prevalence of anemia in children in the first year of life and the biological mother and the relationship between them; identify feeding practices family and child. Methodology - Sectional study developed in UBS in the universe of children in the first year of life and their mothers (122 pairs), who attended 8 UBS maintains a routine childcare. Anthropometric, socioeconomic, dietary intakes were obtained through interviews and information from medical records. Blood samples for diagnosis of anemia were collected by fingerstick reading and portable hemoglobin. Results - The prevalence of anemia among women ([Hb] <12.0 g / dL) was 61.5 per cent among children and found them to be 77.0 per cent ([Hb] <11.0 g/dL) with 30 of the 34 children up to four months of age were in this condition. Among older women, the prevalence of [Hb] <11.0 g / dL was 72.7 per cent . It was determined using the McNemar test and the correlation coefficient of Yule that the prevalence of anemia in mothers and their children are significantly different and there is no correlation between them. 8 units of health services are 6 Family Health Strategy however, only 10 per cent of women reported having participated in some educational activity feed. During pregnancy 106 women referred to the ingestion of ferrous sulfate and 44 of them reported their use postpartum. Among the 54 infants 6-11 months of age, 21 were ingesting the supplement. The family diet is based on rice/beans and meats, in daily meals. Among the iron-fortified foods such as bread was the daily food and noodles as food consumption weekly. Fruits and vegetables appeared frequently below recommended. Among the 34 children under 4 months only 38 per cent had remained regime of exclusive breastfeeding. Among the 88 older, 55 per cent still ingest the product along with complementary feeding. Food sources of iron are not frequent in the feeding of infants whose restriction on food diversity is clear. Vegetables, fruits and vegetables have been reported infrequently are absent in most questionnaires. Conclusions - There was a high prevalence of anemia in this population and that there is no correlation between the prevalence of anemia in mothers and their children. It was also found that although food sources of iron are present in normal feed the family, and prophylactic iron supplements are available to the population served by the public health services of Santa Isabel, martial deficiency occurs in large proportion suggesting the need for professionals of UBS sensitize the population through nutritional guidance designed the family as a whole

Sabe-se que a cada ano cerca de dois bilhões de pessoas consomem bebidas alcoólicas, e no Brasil há uma estimativa de que aproximadamente 11,2% da população é dependente de álcool, o que representa mais de cinco milhões de pessoas. Básicamente se pode dizer que todos os órgãos são afetados pela exposição crônica e aguda, mas as miopatias alcoólicas atingem de 1/3 a 2/3 dos alcoólatras e são as das doenças musculares mais frequentes. A literatura apresenta vários suplementos nutricionais que prometem melhora na performance de atividade físicas promovendo conservação ou hipertrofia das fibras musculares, mas estudos mais profundos tem demonstrado que apenas as suplementações de creatina e &#x3B2;- hidroxi-&#x3B2;-metilbutirato (HMB) demonstraram efeitos sobre a otimização dos ganhos de força e massa muscular, Os trabalhos com HMB afirmam que esta substância diminui a degradação proteica muscular e estimula a síntese proteica, entre outras atividades. Considerando os prejuízos causados pelo álcool no tecido muscular e os benefícios produzidos pelo HMB no mesmo tecido pensou-se na realização de um trabalho associando as duas substâncias para responder as seguintes perguntas: a-) o álcool e o HMB alteram do peso dos animais, atuando individualmente e em conjunto? b-) o álcool e o HMB alteram a área das fibras musculares do EDL e do sóleo, atuando individualmente e em conjunto? c-) se as alterações ocorrerem elas são semelhantes nos músculos EDL e sóleo? Para isso foram utilizados 25 ratos (Rattus novergicus), machos, adultos (com aproximadamente 90 dias de idade (407g) divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo Controle Placebo, Grupo Experimental Álcool (25%), Grupo &#x3B2;-Hidroxi &#x3B2;-Metilbutirato (0,3g/Kg) e Grupo Álcool + &#x3B2;-Hidroxi &#x3B2;- Metilbutirato. Foram retiradas amostras dos músculos sóleo e extensor longo dos dedos e submetidas a coloração de HE. Foi realizado a morfometria de duzentas fibras de cada músculo de cada animal. Estas fibras tiveram as suas áreas calculadas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao tratamento estatístico. Os dados encontrados nesta pesquisa permitiram concluir que: : a-) o álcool alterou, de maneira negativa o peso dos animais, mas o HMB não, mesmo quando atuou em conjunto com o álcool, ou seja, o HMB não conseguiu anular o efeito negativo do álcool; b-) o álcool alterou, de maneira negativa a área das fibras dos músculos EDL e sóleo, e o HMB não, mas quando ele atuou em conjunto, conseguiu anular o efeito negativo do álcool; c-) as alterações produzidas pela ação do álcool e HMB, individualmente ou em conjunto foram semelhantes nos músculos EDL e sóleo. / It is known that every year about two billion people consume alcoholic beverages, and in Brazil there is an estimate that approximately 11.2% of the population is dependent on alcohol, which is more than five million people. Basically you can say that all organs are affected by chronic and acute exposure, but alcoholic myopathy reach 1/3 to 2/3 of alcoholics, and are the most frequent muscular diseases. The literature contains several nutritional supplements that promise improvement in physical activity performance promoting conservation or hypertrophy of muscle fibers, but further study has shown that only creatine supplementation and &#x3B2;-hydroxy-&#x3B2;-methylbutyrate (HMB) have shown effects on optimization the strength gains and muscle mass, works with HMB claim that this substance decreases muscle protein degradation and stimulates protein synthesis, among other activities. Considering the damage caused by alcohol in muscle tissue and the benefits produced by the HMB in the same fabric was thought in achieving a work combining the two substances to answer the following questions: a-) alcohol and HMB alter the weight of the animals, acting individually and together? b-) alcohol and HMB alter the area of the muscle fibers of the soleus and EDL individually and jointly acting? c) if changes occur they are similar in EDL and soleus muscles? For this we used 25 rats (Rattus norvegicus), adult male (approximately 90 days old (407 g) divided in 4 groups: Control Group Placebo Experiment Group Alcohol (25%), Group &#x3B2;-hydroxy &#x3B2;-methylbutyrate (0.3g / kg), and Group Alcohol + &#x3B2;-hydroxy &#x3B2;-methylbutyrate. soleus and samples were taken long extensor muscles of the fingers and subjected to HE staining. morphometry was performed two hundred fibers of each muscle of each animal. These fibers had calculated their areas the data were subjected to statistical analysis the data found in this study showed that: a-) alcohol changed in a negative way the weight of the animals, but the HMB not even when he served in together with the alcohol, i.e., HMB could not nullify the negative effects of alcohol; b) alcohol changed in a negative way the area of the fibers of the EDL and soleus muscles, and HMB not, but when he acted together, could nullify the negative effect of alcohol; c) the changes produced by the action of alcohol and HMB, individually or together were similar in EDL and soleus muscles.

A reposição de glicogênio pós treino foi investigada usando uma mistura de ambos, glicose e glicose-frutose, como repositores, em atletas corredores de longa distância. Dez corredores competitivos (30±4,7 anos) foram avaliados para composição corporal e consumo alimentar antes do exercício de 90 minutos em esteira elétrica a 70% V02máx. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas antes e após o término do exercício, quando eles receberam 1g de carboidrato.kg-1 de uma mistura de ambos, glicose-frutose (CHO1) e glicose (CHO2), e outra com sucralose ou placebo (controle). Amostras de sangue foram retiradas 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos após o consumo dos suplementos e usadas para determinação de glicose e de ácidos graxos plasmáticos, por reações colorimétricas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na composição corporal e na hidratação durante o exercício. Os tratamentos CHO1 e CHO2 produziram elevação na glicemia, em 30 minutos, comparados ao grupo placebo. Entretanto, em 90 min, somente no tratamento CHO1, uma queda na glicemia foi observada (CHO2>CHO1). Os ácidos graxos livres aumentaram comparativamente após o exercício (CHO1=CHO2=placebo) e, diferente do placebo, em 90 minutos, reduziram nos tratamentos CHO1 e CHO2. Ambos os repositores atuaram similarmente nas concentrações de ácidos graxos livres, mas o declínio da glicose plasmática (remoção da glicose) ocorreu primeiramente com o tratamento glicose-frutose do que com o glicose. Assim, a mistura glicose-frutose parece promover uma reposição de glicogênio mais rápida após exercícios de longa duração. / The post training glycogen replacement was investigated using either glucose or glucose-fructose mixture as repositors in long-distance athletes. Ten males (30±4,7yrs) voluntary competitive long distance runners were assessed for body composition and dietary intake prior to a 90 min 70% vo2 max exercise in treadmill. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise when they received orally 1g of CHO.kg-1 either as maltodextrin-glucose-fructose (CHO1) or maltodextrin - glucose (CHO2) mixtures, having sucralose or placebo (control). Blood samples were drawn 30,60, 90 and 120 minutes after supplement intake and used for plasma glucose and free-fatty acids determinations by colorimetric reactions. There were no significant changes on body composition, mass or hydration, during the treadmill exercise. CHO1 and CHO2 loading increased the 30 min blood glucose both significatively above the placebo. However at 90 min only CHO1 decreased significantily (CHO2>CHO1). The FFA increased comparatively (CHO1=CHO2=placebo) after exercise and differently from placebo CHO1 and CHO2 decreased (similarly) up to 90 min. Both energetic repositors acted similarly on FFA levels but the plasma glucose decreasing (glucose removal) occurred earlier with glucose-fructose loading rather than glucose alone. Thus glucose-fructose mixtures seems to promote faster glycogen repletion after long lasting aerobic exercises.