<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji razmatra se procena i odabir direktnih dobavljača u automobilskoj industriji, proces i razvoj kriterijuma u cilju optimalne selekcije najboljih izvora nabavke. Prikazane su različite metode koje se koriste za ove namene i razvijena je hibridna metoda kako bi se obezbedili najrealniji mogući rezultati procene dobavljača. Istraživanje je vršeno u jednoj kompaniji i korišćeni su podaci iz realnih poslovnih procesa.</p> / <p>In this thesis direct supplier assessment and selection systems development in automotive industry is considered, as well as criteria development in order to provide optimal supply sources. Different methods that are used for those purposes are presented and hybrid method was developed for providing the most realistic results of supplier assessment. The research was held in a real company using real business records.</p>

ABSTRACTNowadays the importance of environmental logistics is increasing while organizations are trying to pay more attention to their transport activities. Since PNL is a famous logistics company in Nordic countries and transport activates are done by sub contractors they intend to make sound environmental choices by assessing their suppliers from environmental performance in order to identify the best suppliers which is comply with the PNL environmental policy.In this project the survey study and questionnaire has been made in order to evaluate the supplier performance from environmental perspective. At first the investigation has been made for improving the previous questionnaire which was made by PNL. Some parts were revised according to researchers‟ knowledge, reliable references and suggestion of environmental consultant. Lots of study has been made in order to find the most importing effects that can affect environmentalism. Obtained results from questionnaire were analyzed and appropriate suggestions were given in order to enlighten the significant importance of environmental issues.Due to complexity of decision making environment, the applicable and reliable method should be applied to cope with complexity and the factors that can affect the objective while simplifying the process. Analytical Hierarchy process has been applied for this project in order to change the qualitative situation into quantitative manner to rate the suppliers based on their performance.The first step in AHP process is constructing hierarchy in two or more level for evaluating the alternatives. The goal of the project is environmental performance .Second level is criteria which has been made according to literature and the importance of them while the suggestions of consultant has been applied as well. Third level is sub criteria which are questions of questionnaire and finally the forth level include alternative which is suppliers.Next step in AHP process is weighting criteria and sub criteria and making pair wise comparison between them. Procedure of weighting is done by researchers and managers from PNL in order to decrease the subjectivity of decision making process. The result from suppliers has been investigated and points were given to them according to their performance and ability regarding environmental logistics.Sensitivity analysis was made for analyzing the result from AHP in order to investigate the responsiveness of the result.Key words: Logistics, Environmentalism, AHP Method, Supplier Assessment, Survey Study.

<p>ABSTRACTNowadays the importance of environmental logistics is increasing while organizations are trying to pay more attention to their transport activities. Since PNL is a famous logistics company in Nordic countries and transport activates are done by sub contractors they intend to make sound environmental choices by assessing their suppliers from environmental performance in order to identify the best suppliers which is comply with the PNL environmental policy.In this project the survey study and questionnaire has been made in order to evaluate the supplier performance from environmental perspective. At first the investigation has been made for improving the previous questionnaire which was made by PNL. Some parts were revised according to researchers‟ knowledge, reliable references and suggestion of environmental consultant. Lots of study has been made in order to find the most importing effects that can affect environmentalism. Obtained results from questionnaire were analyzed and appropriate suggestions were given in order to enlighten the significant importance of environmental issues.Due to complexity of decision making environment, the applicable and reliable method should be applied to cope with complexity and the factors that can affect the objective while simplifying the process. Analytical Hierarchy process has been applied for this project in order to change the qualitative situation into quantitative manner to rate the suppliers based on their performance.The first step in AHP process is constructing hierarchy in two or more level for evaluating the alternatives. The goal of the project is environmental performance .Second level is criteria which has been made according to literature and the importance of them while the suggestions of consultant has been applied as well. Third level is sub criteria which are questions of questionnaire and finally the forth level include alternative which is suppliers.Next step in AHP process is weighting criteria and sub criteria and making pair wise comparison between them. Procedure of weighting is done by researchers and managers from PNL in order to decrease the subjectivity of decision making process. The result from suppliers has been investigated and points were given to them according to their performance and ability regarding environmental logistics.Sensitivity analysis was made for analyzing the result from AHP in order to investigate the responsiveness of the result.Key words: Logistics, Environmentalism, AHP Method, Supplier Assessment, Survey Study.</p>

A gestão de fornecedores é uma atividade crítica para a gestão do desempenho de empresas inseridas em redes produtivas. O modelo de segmentação ou portfólio de compras é definido como um processo de separação de fornecedores em grupos em função de diferentes necessidades e características, requerendo diferentes tipos de relacionamentos. Esta técnica tem recebido uma atenção cada vez maior no meio acadêmico e empresarial devido a sua estrutura simples e eficaz na organização de diferentes estratégias de suprimentos. Diferentes propostas de modelos têm sido apresentadas, mas todas com grande presença de variáveis qualitativas. Embora a teoria da lógica fuzzy tenha se demosnstrada adequada no tratamento deste tipo de variável, que tem forte presença de incerteza e imprecisão na coleta e tratamento dos dados, não há na literatura uma investigação de como um sistema de inferência fuzzy poderia ser utilizado em um modelo de portfólio de compras. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo a proposição de um sistema de inferência fuzzy para auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão na avaliação e desenvolvimento de fornecedores baseado em modelos de portfolio. Busca-se contribuir com o conhecimento das pesquisas cujo tema envolve a segmentação, avaliação e desenvolvimento de fornecedores. Os procedimentos de pesquisa utilizados no trabalho podem ser agrupados em três partes: pesquisa bibliográfica, desenvolvimento do modelo quantitativo axiomático descritivo e ilustração por meio de duas aplicações práticas. A construção do modelo proposto evidenciou a grande flexibilidade do sistema de inferência, que possibilita modificações nas variáveis e nas bases de regras de acordo com os objetivos estratégicos de suprimentos. As duas aplicações práticas mostraram que os resultados das avaliações e as diretrizes para melhoria foram coerentes com as percepções dos especialistas em gestão de fornecedores das duas empresas. Os sistemas de inferência fuzzy demostraram ser uma alternativa adequada no tratamento das variáveis, em grande parte qualitativas, que compõem as dimensões das matrizes de item comprado e de relacionamento com os fornecedores. / Purchasing and buyer-supplier relationship management have become very critical activities to the performance management of organizations and supply chains. The segmentation or purchase portfolio model is defined as a process of suppliers separation in groups as a function of different needs and characteristics, requiring different kinds of relationships to create value in their exchanges. This approach has received increasing attention in the academic and business due to its simple structure and effective in organizing different suppliers approaches. Different proposals have been presented and all have great use of qualitative variables. Although the theory of fuzzy logic has been developed to the treatment of this type of variable, which has a strong presence of uncertainty and imprecision in the data collection and processing, it couldn´t be found any research exploring how a fuzzy inference system could be used in purchase portfolio models. Thus, this thesis aims to propose a fuzzy inference system to aid the decision making process in the supplier assessment and development based on portfolio models. This research intends to contribute to the segmentation, evaluation and supplier development knowledge. The research procedures used in this study can be grouped into three parts: literature review, development of axiomatic descriptive quantitative model and illustration through two practical applications. The construction of the proposed model showed the great inference system flexibility allows changes in the variables and the rule bases in accordance with the supply strategic objectives. The evaluations results and improvement guidelines in two pratical applicatins were consistent with the supply manager perceptions from both companies. The fuzzy inference systems have shown to be a suitable alternative in the treatment of the variables that make up the dimensions of the purchased itens and supplier relationships matrices.

A gestão de fornecedores é uma atividade crítica para a gestão do desempenho de empresas inseridas em redes produtivas. O modelo de segmentação ou portfólio de compras é definido como um processo de separação de fornecedores em grupos em função de diferentes necessidades e características, requerendo diferentes tipos de relacionamentos. Esta técnica tem recebido uma atenção cada vez maior no meio acadêmico e empresarial devido a sua estrutura simples e eficaz na organização de diferentes estratégias de suprimentos. Diferentes propostas de modelos têm sido apresentadas, mas todas com grande presença de variáveis qualitativas. Embora a teoria da lógica fuzzy tenha se demosnstrada adequada no tratamento deste tipo de variável, que tem forte presença de incerteza e imprecisão na coleta e tratamento dos dados, não há na literatura uma investigação de como um sistema de inferência fuzzy poderia ser utilizado em um modelo de portfólio de compras. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo a proposição de um sistema de inferência fuzzy para auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão na avaliação e desenvolvimento de fornecedores baseado em modelos de portfolio. Busca-se contribuir com o conhecimento das pesquisas cujo tema envolve a segmentação, avaliação e desenvolvimento de fornecedores. Os procedimentos de pesquisa utilizados no trabalho podem ser agrupados em três partes: pesquisa bibliográfica, desenvolvimento do modelo quantitativo axiomático descritivo e ilustração por meio de duas aplicações práticas. A construção do modelo proposto evidenciou a grande flexibilidade do sistema de inferência, que possibilita modificações nas variáveis e nas bases de regras de acordo com os objetivos estratégicos de suprimentos. As duas aplicações práticas mostraram que os resultados das avaliações e as diretrizes para melhoria foram coerentes com as percepções dos especialistas em gestão de fornecedores das duas empresas. Os sistemas de inferência fuzzy demostraram ser uma alternativa adequada no tratamento das variáveis, em grande parte qualitativas, que compõem as dimensões das matrizes de item comprado e de relacionamento com os fornecedores. / Purchasing and buyer-supplier relationship management have become very critical activities to the performance management of organizations and supply chains. The segmentation or purchase portfolio model is defined as a process of suppliers separation in groups as a function of different needs and characteristics, requiring different kinds of relationships to create value in their exchanges. This approach has received increasing attention in the academic and business due to its simple structure and effective in organizing different suppliers approaches. Different proposals have been presented and all have great use of qualitative variables. Although the theory of fuzzy logic has been developed to the treatment of this type of variable, which has a strong presence of uncertainty and imprecision in the data collection and processing, it couldn´t be found any research exploring how a fuzzy inference system could be used in purchase portfolio models. Thus, this thesis aims to propose a fuzzy inference system to aid the decision making process in the supplier assessment and development based on portfolio models. This research intends to contribute to the segmentation, evaluation and supplier development knowledge. The research procedures used in this study can be grouped into three parts: literature review, development of axiomatic descriptive quantitative model and illustration through two practical applications. The construction of the proposed model showed the great inference system flexibility allows changes in the variables and the rule bases in accordance with the supply strategic objectives. The evaluations results and improvement guidelines in two pratical applicatins were consistent with the supply manager perceptions from both companies. The fuzzy inference systems have shown to be a suitable alternative in the treatment of the variables that make up the dimensions of the purchased itens and supplier relationships matrices.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore green sourcing in supply chain management by the example of two large organisations. Design/methodology/approach – This study followed an iterative cycle of reviewing literature and empirics as well as conducting analysis and discussion. The literature gathered for this thesis was collected by reviewing ten academic journals as well as publications found through database search. Empirical data was collected from two case organisations, ABB Robotics and Vattenfall, through interviews, internal documents and public statements. The empirical data was analysed separately for each case organisation by use of an analytical model constructed from the literature findings. Thereafter, similarities and differences between the organisations were discussed as well as the thesis’ contributions to green sourcing literature. Findings – We found that although both ABB Robotics and Vattenfall incorporate environmental sustainability to some degree in their respective sourcing processes, their individual performance differed. The main difference between the organisations was found to be the visibility and managerial drive towards the realisation of environmental goals within the sourcing department. From our observations, it was found that Vattenfall to a large extent embraced their environmental goals and that these trickled down to the sourcing department. ABB Robotics on the other hand had numerous environmental goals on corporate level but these lacked visibility in the sourcing department. In comparison to our literature findings is was found that for environmental goals, Vattenfall was in more alignment with the suggestions by the scholars. For the other identified areas important for green sourcing, that being supplier assessment, supplier performance evaluation and supplier collaboration, both organisations were more aligned with our literature findings. Practical implications – In this thesis, four primary elements of green sourcing have been identified: environmental goals, supplier assessment, supplier performance evaluation, and supplier collaborations. Out of these, we found that the first element, environmental goals, is an enabler for the other elements of green sourcing to further evolve and is therefore essential for green sourcing. Originality/value – By looking beyond public statements and policies of environmental sustainability, this thesis has provided a unique insight in how two large organisations have implemented environmental sustainability in practice, from a sourcing perspective.

Background: Nordicfeel is a leading e-commerce company in the beauty industry. The e-commerce market plays a central role in maintaining and developing strategies aligned with environmental sustainability, particularly in last mile delivery. Currently, Nordicfeel outsources its last mile delivery to external logistics companies, which consequently have the responsibility to implement innovative and environmentally friendly solutions to reduce environmental impact and attract an increasingly environmentally conscious customer base. Purpose: The purpose is to identify deficiency in Nordicfeel´s current process of selecting freight companies. Subsequently, improvement proposals for the identified deficiencies will be formulated, based on environmental sustainability.  Method: This study employs a qualitative case study approach. Pattern matching has been utilized as the method of analysis. Drawing on a theoretical framework and the sustainability reports of freight companies, a template for supplier assessment has been developed. Results: After the study, various deficiencies were unveiled within Nordicfeel's sustainability framework: multifarious freight partnerships, ambiguities in delineating the sustainability paradigm, a conspicuous absence of proactive initiatives, and the collaboration with Bring Three of these deficiencies underwent an analysis, culminating in proposed remedial strategies. The findings advocate for Nordicfeel to streamline its network of freight partners, proactively instigate sustainability initiatives and impose environmental sustainability requirements on Bring. / Bakgrund: Nordicfeel är ett ledande e-handelsföretag inom skönhetsbranschen. E-handelsmarknaden har en central roll i att upprätthålla och utveckla strategier i linje med miljömässig hållbarhet, särskilt inom last mile delivery. För närvarande outsourcar Nordicfeel sin last mile delivery till externa fraktbolag, som därmed har ett ansvar att arbeta med innovativa och miljövänliga fraktlösningar för att minska miljöpåverkan och attrahera en allt mer miljömedveten kundbas. Syfte: Syftet är att identifiera brister i Nordicfeels nuvarande process för val av fraktbolag. Därefter tas förbättringsförslag fram för de identifierade bristerna, utifrån miljömässig hållbarhet. Metod: Arbetet tillämpar en kvalitativ fallstudie. Mönsterjämförelse har applicerats som arbetetsanalysmetod. Utifrån en teoretisk referensram samt fraktbolagens hållbarhetsrapporter har en mall för leverantörsbedömning tagits fram. Resultat: Efter genomförd studie har ett flertal brister identifierats med Nordicfeels miljömässigt hållbara last mile delivery såsom: stort antal fraktbolag, svårigheter i att definiera begreppet hållbarhet, inga aktiva hållbarhetsinitiativ och samarbetet med fraktbolaget Bring. Tre av dessa brister har vidare analyserats och utifrån detta har förbättringsförslag tagits fram. Resultatet visar på att Nordicfeel borde reducera antalet fraktbolag, implementera hållbarhetsinitiativ och sätta krav på fraktbolaget Brings miljömässiga hållbarhet.

Currently supply chains are globally interlinked, involve many different stakeholders and have a significant impact on the socio-ecological system. They are associated with materials extraction, design, production methods and volume, which result in pollutants and waste as by-products. Procurement plays a critical role in this process by serving as a ‘gate-keeper’. It acts as a great leverage point to influence which products and services are selected by organisations from the assessment of suppliers’ performance. This thesis examines how supplier assessment and follow up tools and their use by the organisation itself can work towards full sustainability. At present, there is a gap in current practices, with the most notable being a lack of vision of success for sustainability, a definition of sustainability that is not communicated across the supply chain, and the adoption of a short-term perspective. We develop two applications - a Golden Standard model and Key Elements for the organisation to embody to maximise its use in order to bridge this gap. These applications can be used by organisations to tailor their supplier assessment and follow up tools to ultimately move towards a sustainable society.