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The objective of the research was to establish a scientifically-based decision making procedure for determining the amount of cash to be held at a cash point at any time without compromising the customer service level or incurring undue cost. To reach the objective, the problem was divided into the following subproblems: <ul> <li> To determine the cost parameters describing the nature of the problem of cash provision in South Africa.</li> <li> To investigate the characteristics unique to South African retail banking.</li> <li> To determine the nature of the demand distribution for a cash point.</li> <li> To develop a forecasting method appropriate for retail banking, although it was clearly stated that the methods used were specific to the branch studied.</li> <li> To investigate the existing order policies used by retail banks, as well as alternative order policies, with the aim of improving the cash replenishment process.</li> </ul> As a result of the investigation a generic decision model was developed which may be used to improve the process at branch level for retail banks in South Africa. Some suggestions were also made regarding the implementation and maintenance of the model. To investigate the cash replenishment problem, the cooperation of one of the leading retail banks in South Africa was obtained. A typical branch was selected. The total withdrawal, deposit patterns and the withdrawal patterns at the automated teller machines (ATM's) for a three month period during 1998 were investigated. The cost parameters relevant to the cash replenishment process were quantified. The approach followed was based on the classical inventory theory where the total cost of carrying inventory comprised three cost categories, i.e. storage cost, supply cost and shortage cost. Since the banks do not quantify the shortage cost, assumptions regarding the scope of the shortage cost had to be made. The next step was to determine the cost of the existing order policy followed by the branch. This figure was used as a benchmark once alternate policies were investigated. The investigation resulted in alternate policies which significantly reduced the daily cost involved in carrying inventory as well as reduced the average amount of cash carried at the branch. It was also shown, that the branch should consider using an appropriate forecasting method, since once forecasting was combined with an appropriate order policy, it was possible to reduce the cost of carrying cash inventories even further. In conclusion, the research report suggested an implementation plan to be followed at branch level pointing out that certain changes to information systems were required. In addition, training needs were identified to enable the branch operations manager to successfully use the decision support model. A comparison was drawn between the existing approach followed at the branch (which is mainly experience-based and largely of a random nature) to the proposed method. It was shown that the daily cost of carrying cash inventory could be reduced by 13 per cent per day. This represented a daily bottom line cost reduction ofR358. At the time that the research was carried out, this retail bank had 75 similar branches. Should the saving at this representative branch be extrapolated, it shows a potential saving of R8 000 000 per year at this category of branch. It was further shown that the average cash inventory at this branch could be reduced by 52 per cent using the proposed method. The study was limited to an investigation at one particular branch of a leading South African retail bank. The figures used to describe cash movements at the branch were of an extremely sensitive nature and were fairly difficult to obtain due to the way in which transactions are reported. The accuracy of the data provided by the branch could not be verified, but had to be accepted at face value. Although a particular case was investigated, a concerted effort was made to point out how the methodology may be used in the generic situation. During the period under review, the branch relocated to a complex across the street from its previous location in a busy shopping mall. This had a direct impact on the ATM withdrawal patterns at the two ATM's located at the branch. In addition, soon after the research was carried out, a number of other branches of the same retail bank were consolidated into this one particular branch. This would impact on the validity of the branch specific factors determined as part of the research. The study proved the applicability of industrial engineering principles in a service environment, where the added value of having the optimum cash amount available when required would impact directly on the bottom line of the bank and thereby enhance share-holder value. In the changing environment confronting retail banks, enhanced share-holder value is of the utmost importance to increase competitiveness and long-term survival. / Thesis (PhD (Industrial Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / unrestricted

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis advisor: Laura M. O'Dwyer / Education researchers are frequently interested in examining the causal impact of academic services and interventions; however, it is often not feasible to randomly assign study elements to treatment conditions in the field of education (Adelson, 2013). When assignment to treatment conditions is non-random, the omission of any variables relevant to treatment selection creates a correlation between the treatment variable and the error in regression models. This is termed endogeneity (Ebbes, 2004). In the presence of endogeneity, treatment effect estimates from traditionally used regression approaches may be biased. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal impact of an integrated student support model, namely City Connects, on student academic achievement. Given that students are not randomly assigned to the City Connects intervention, endogeneity bias may be present. To address this issue, two novel and underused statistical approaches were used with school admissions lottery data, namely Gaussian copula regression developed by Park and Gupta (2012), and Latent Instrumental Variable (LIV) regression developed by Peter Ebbes (2004). The use of real-world school admissions lottery data allowed the first-ever comparison of the two proposed methods with Instrumental Variable (IV) regression under a large-scale randomized control (RCT) trial. Additionally, the researcher used simulation data to investigate both the performance and boundaries of the two proposed methods compared with that of OLS and IV regression. Simulation study findings suggest that both Gaussian copula and LIV regression are useful approaches for addressing endogeneity bias across a range of research conditions. Furthermore, simulation findings suggest that the two proposed methods have important differences in their set of identifying assumptions, and that some assumptions are more crucial than others. Results from the application of the Gaussian copula and LIV regression in the City Connects school lottery admissions study demonstrated that receiving the City Connects model of integrated student support during elementary school has a positive impact on mathematics achievement. Such findings underscore the importance of addressing out-of-school barriers to learning. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement and Evaluation.

Since businesses are constantly changing, making right decisions is a critical factor in order to achieve good results. In the thesis, two different decision support models are tested and the outcome is compared. This is done in cooperation with a company, Åmotfors Energi, who is facing a decision on how they can make use of their 30 GWh heat which they today do not have a paying customer for. Nine alternatives are used in the models and evaluated with seventeen different criteria. The purpose of this study is to compare and interpret the outcomes of two decision support models: the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Pugh Matrix Analysis. The purpose is also to investigate the main factors that influence the outcome of the models. The main research strategy was to use experimental design where three experts with various technical skills have scored the alternatives in both models. The alternatives have been carefully developed through an idea generation and idea selection phase. The results show that the models give different result when it comes to ranking the alternatives, both between the models and between the different experts. The empirical findings establish that the outcome from the models should be interpreted that the lowest scored alternatives can be eliminated for further research. The alternatives with the highest score should be further investigated before a decision could be made. Furthermore, what mainly affects the result is based on human factors. / Företag står inför ständiga förändringar och att fatta rätt beslut ses som en kritisk faktor för att uppnå goda resultat. I denna uppsats testas två beslutsstödjande modeller där utfallet av dem jämförs. Detta görs med hjälp av företaget Åmotfors Energi som står inför ett beslut om hur de kan använda deras 30 GWh värme som de i dagsläget inte har någon betalande kund för. Nio alternativ används i modellerna och utvärderas med sjutton uppsatta kriterier. Syftet med denna studie är att testa, jämföra och tolka resultatet från två beslutsstödjande modeller, den Analytiska Hierarkiska Processen och Pughs Matris Analys. Syftet är också att utreda vilka huvudfaktorer som påverkar utfallet av modellerna. Den huvudsakliga forskningsstrategin var ett experiment tre experter med olika tekniska färdigheter har poängsatt de olika alternativen i modellerna. Alternativen är omsorgsfullt framtagna genom en idégenereringsfas och en idéurvalsfas. Resultaten visar att modellerna ger olika resultat när det kommer till att rangordna alternativen, både vid jämförelsen mellan modellerna men även mellan experterna. Den empiriska studien visar att resultatet från modellerna bör tolkas som att de lägst rankade alternativen kan uteslutas, och de högst rankade alternativen bör utvärderas vidare innan ett besluta kan tas. Det som huvudsakligen påverkar resultatet baseras på mänskliga faktorer.

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur folksagor praktiskt kan användas som stödmodeller för elevers skrivande av sagor i årskurs 3, samt hur elevers motivation påverkas av detta. Den tidigare forskningen belyser att stödmodeller är viktiga för elevers eget skrivande av sagor, samt att elevers motivation för att skriva påverkas av en rad olika faktorer. I studien används kvalitativa metoder i form av semistrukturerade lärarintervjuer och observationer för att samla in empiriskt material i syfte att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Den analysmetod som används för att bearbeta materialet är en tematisk analys och de teorier som ligger till grund för denna studie är motivationsteori, sociokulturella perspektiv och modellering. Genom studien framkommer det hur lärare väljer att arbeta med folksagor som stödmodeller för elevers eget skrivande, samt hur de anser att elevernas motivation påverkas av detta. Genom observationer analyseras och diskuteras de tecken på motivation som eleverna uppvisar vid undervisning. Resultatet visar att lärarna använder folksagor som stödmodeller för elevers eget skrivande på olika sätt, där lärarna anser att eleverna är motiverade av denna typ av uppgift och de kan urskilja tecken på motivation. Under observationerna kan också tydliga tecken på motivation urskiljas hos eleverna. / This study aims to contribute knowledge about how folk tales can be practically used as support models for students' writing of fairy tales in grade 3, as well as how students' motivation is affected by this. The previous research highlights that support models are important for students' writing of fairy tales, and that students' motivation to write is influenced by a number of different factors. In this study, qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured teacher interviews and observations are used to collect empirical material to answer the study's questions. The analysis method used to process the material is a thematic analysis and the theories underlying this study are motivation theory, socio-cultural perspective and modeling. The study reveals how teachers choose to work with folk tales as support models for students' own writing, as well as how they believe that students' motivation is affected by this. Through observations, the signs of motivation that the students show during teaching are analyzed and discussed. The result shows that the teachers use folk tales as support models for students' own writing in different ways, where the teachers believe that the students are motivated by this type of task, and they can distinguish different signs of motivation. During the observations, clear signs of motivation can also be discerned in the students.