Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1996. / "April 1996." Computer-produced typeface. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

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Yes / Considerable effort has been made in recent years to gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of different interventions for supporting breastfeeding. However, research has tended to focus primarily on measuring outcomes and has paid comparatively little attention to the relational, organisational and wider contextual processes that may impact delivery of an intervention. Supporting a woman with breastfeeding is an interpersonal encounter that may play out differently in different contexts, despite the apparently consistent aims and structure of an intervention. We consider the limitations of randomised controlled trials for building understanding of the ways in which different components of an intervention may impact breastfeeding women and how the messages conveyed through interactions with breastfeeding supporters might be received. We argue that qualitative methods are ideally suited to understanding psychosocial processes within breastfeeding interventions and have been under-used. After briefly reviewing qualitative research to date into experiences of receiving and delivering breastfeeding support, we discuss the potential of theoretically-informed qualitative methodologies to provide fuller understanding of intervention processes by focusing on three examples: phenomenology, ethnography and discourse analysis. The paper concludes by noting some of the epistemological differences between qualitative methodologies and the broadly positivist approach of trials, and we suggest there is a need for further dialogue as to how researchers might bridge these differences in order to develop a fuller and more holistic understanding of how best to support breastfeeding women.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how working practices associated with routines and communication in a manufacturing company’s support processes can be quality assured, to ensure the ability of operational processes to maintain competitiveness. Based on the purpose, three questions have been formed:   What challenges associated with routines can be identified in the working practice of manufacturing companies support processes? What challenges associated with communication can be identified in the working practice of manufacturing companies support processes? How can challenges associated with routines and communication be managed to increase manufacturing company’s quality of support processes?   Method – To answer the study’s questions and fulfill the purpose, a case study has been conducted at DS Smith in Värnamo. The case study has consisted of a single case study design for the first two questions, while question three was answered with the help of a multiple case design due to an internal benchmarking conducted at DS Smith in Mariestad. The empirical data consisted of interviews, observations and documentary studies. An analysis of the empirical data from DS Smith in Värnamo has been compared with the theoretical framework, as well as the collected empirical data from the internal benchmarking at DS Smith in Mariestad.   Findings – An improvement in working practices in the supporting processes is necessary to improve the operational process of a manufacturing company. Routines and communication are two factors that affect the working practices in a support process, but also other parts of the company. Regarding routines, it is important for the management to take responsibility and ensure compliance with the routines. It is also important to ensure that they fulfill the purpose for which they are intended. Otherwise management should consider opportunities to update or clarify existing routines. Communication must work in all directions within the company, this applies both between employees within departments and between different departments. The management should appoint a person responsible for the transmission of information given to the right staff within the company. Poor communication and information sharing at the beginning of a process can lead to major consequences and impacts further down in the process.   Implications – The results highlighted by the study are reinforced from existing theory of how routines and communication should work within an organization. The study’s results also show that these factors have an impact on a support process, which results in an impact on the operational processes. Some practical implications that the authors have formulated are: To create clear communication channels as well as defining responsibilities and appoint responsible ones.   Limitations – Support processes in manufacturing companies have been perceived as a limited area theoretically. The theory found has mostly been very summarized and fundamental, which has limited the study from providing empirical data to previous theory or research on the subject.   Keywords – Routines, communication, quality, support process, operational process, manufacturing company / Syfte – Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur arbetssätt kopplade till rutiner och kommunikation i ett tillverkande företags stödprocesser kan kvalitetssäkras, för att säkerställa de operativa processernas möjligheter att upprätthålla konkurrenskraft. Utifrån syftet har tre frågeställningar formulerats:   Vilka utmaningar kopplade till rutiner kan identifieras i arbetssättet kring tillverkande företags stödprocesser? Vilka utmaningar kopplade till kommunikation kan identifieras i arbetssättet kring tillverkande företags stödprocesser? Hur kan utmaningar kring rutiner och kommunikation hanteras för att öka tillverkande företags kvalitet inom stödprocesser? Metod – För att besvara studiens frågeställningar och uppfylla syftet har en fallstudie genomförts på DS Smith i Värnamo. Fallstudien har för de första två frågeställningarna bestått av en enfallsdesign, medan frågeställning tre besvarades med hjälp av en flerfallsdesign på grund av en intern benchmarking som genomfördes på DS Smith i Mariestad. Den empiriska data utgjordes av intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudier. En analys av empirin på fallföretaget DS Smith i Värnamo har gjorts gentemot det teoretiska ramverket, samt den insamlade empirin från den interna benchmarkingen på DS Smith i Mariestad.   Resultat – En förbättring av arbetssätt i stödprocesser är nödvändig för att förbättra de operativa processerna inom tillverkande företag. Rutiner och kommunikation är två faktorer som påverkar arbetssättet inom stödprocesser men även övriga delar av företaget. När det gäller rutiner är det viktigt för ledningen att ta ansvar och säkerställa efterlevnad av rutinerna samt att de uppfyller syftet de är avsedda till. I annat fall bör ledningen se över möjligheter att uppdatera eller förtydliga befintliga rutiner. Kommunikation måste fungera åt alla håll inom ett företag, detta gäller både mellan medarbetare inom avdelningar och avdelningarna emellan. Ledningen bör utse en ansvarig för att information förmedlas till rätt personal. Dålig kommunikation och informationsdelning i början av en process kan ge stora konsekvenser och påverkan senare i processen.   Implikationer – Resultaten som studien lyfter fram styrks av den befintliga teorin för hur rutiner och kommunikation bör fungera inom en organisation. Studiens resultat visar även på att dessa faktorer har en påverkan på en stödprocess vilket resulterar i en påverkan på de operativa processerna. Några praktiska implikationer som formulerats av författarna är bland annat att skapa tydliga kommunikationsvägar, definiera ansvarsområden samt utse ansvariga.   Begränsningar – Stödprocesser inom tillverkande företag har upplevts som ett begränsat område teoretiskt. Den teori som hittats har för det mesta varit väldigt sammanfattad och grundläggande vilket har begränsat studien från att ställa den empiriska data mot tidigare teori eller forskning kring ämnet.   Nyckelord – Rutiner, kommunikation, kvalitet, stödprocess, operativa processer, tillverkande företag

This study develops an original theoretical model of critical managerially controllable factors that have high potential for achieving significant improvements in the (intermediate and ultimate) outcome(s) of product innovation efforts. To this end, the author draws on the relevant empirical literature and integrates four complementary theoretical perspectives, namely; the critical success factors (CSFs) approach, the resource-based view (RBV), the input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system(s) approach. The model (hereafter CFEMOs) aims to explicate the simultaneous direct and indirect/mediated interrelationships among the product innovation’s critical firm-based enablers (new-product fit-to-firm’s skills and resources, internal cross-functional integration, and top-management support), process execution proficiency, and performance outcomes (operation-level performance, product-level performance, and firm-level performance). Additionally, it aims to predict the variations of the process execution proficiency and the performance outcomes. The CFEMOs model was empirically tested using an online survey that was completed by 386 U.S. restaurants owners/senior executives on their recently innovated new menu-items. By utilising a partial least squares structural equation modelling, the statistical analysis substantiated that, compared to the models of the extant relevant empirical studies, the CFEMOs model has a broader scope and a superior predictive power. It simultaneously explains 72% of the process execution proficiency, 67% of the new menu-item superiority (quality, speed-to-market, and cost-efficiency), 76% of new menu-item performance (customer satisfaction, sales, and profits), and 75% of the new menu-item contribution to the overall restaurant performance (sales, profits, and market share). Furthermore, this study established that those restaurateurs who concurrently succeed in enhancing their internal cross-functional integration, top-management support, and new-product fit-to-firm’s skills and resources, descendingly ranked, would achieve high process execution proficiency, which subsequently would grant them superior operation-level performance, product-level performance, and firm-level performance. This thesis concludes by providing several key original contributions and crucial implications to product innovation research and practice, as well as offering several promising avenues for future research.

In this work, we introduce the evolution of thinking in the field of corporate governance. We are focusing on process management and current possibilities information support business processes. We'll show you an overview of performance measurement tools and process efficiency. An important part of this work is dedicated to design its own discount site that allows its customers to bulk purchases of various goods and services at a bargain price. For this site was created by an instrument to promote corporate portfolio. The tool is designed to automatically monitor and analyze sales success in competition and thus promote the award of contracts and specific form of a sale on your own server. The end of work is devote to practical use of the discount site in the real environment and evaluation of results.

Under senare år har allt fler organisationer och företag insett hur viktigt det är att identifiera och förstå sina processer, och för att kunna styra och utveckla dem, är det bra att veta vilka de är. Därför vill Reumatologi kliniken veta vad som händer med patienter som har psoriasis artrit, när dem är nyinsjuknade eller ska börja behandlas på deras klinik, samt hur hanteras smärtproblematiken, när de återkommer till kliniken, detta har vi gjort genom att kartlägga processer och sammanställa på vilka olika sätt dessa patienter hanteras på kliniken idag, vart remitteras de? Hur ofta förekommer detta? Vad gör att vissa remitteras och andra inte? Förslag på hur kliniken kan använda denna kartläggning i framtiden. Detta examensarbete genomfördes på uppdrag av:Centrum för Teknik i medicin och hälsa, CTMH, i samarbete med Karolinska Sjukhuset. Arbetet omfattar 15 högskolepoäng. Vid detta arbete har vi använt oss av djupgående intervjuer för att få en djupare insyn i den reumatologiska klinikens handläggningsprocesser. En konstruktionsmodell har utvecklats för att identifiera vilka intervjufrågor som är relevanta för detta projekt. En omfattande teoristudie rörande metoder för effektiv kartläggning av processer har genomförts. Resultat av arbetet består av sammanställda intervjuer, samt processkartor för var och en av de berörda aktörerna. Några slutsatser som vi har kunnat dra utifrån detta är att kliniken har vissa processer som är strukturerade på ett bra och generellt sätt, medan det finns andra som har potential för vidare förbättringsåtgärder. Det finns också en brist i kommunikationen mellan olika aktörer inom kliniken. / In recent years more and more organizations and companies have realized how important it is to identify and understand their processes, and to be able to control and develop them, it's mandatory to know who they are. Therefore the Rheumatology Clinic want to know and understand what happens to patients with psoriatic arthritis, when they are new patient or about to start treatment at their clinic, and how the pain problems are being controlled, when the patient returns to the clinic. We have solved these topics by mapping the processes and summarizing the different ways these patients are handled at the clinic today, where they are been sent? How often does this happen? What makes some remitted and others not? Suggestions on how the clinic can use this mapping in the future. This thesis was commissioned by theCenter for Technology in Medicine and Health, CTMH, in collaboration with the Karolinska Hospital. The thesis includes 15 credits. In this work we have used in-depth interviews to gain a deeper insight into the rheumatology clinic's management processes. A structural model has been developed to identify the interview questions that are relevant to this project. A comprehensive theoretical study on methods for efficient mapping of processes has been implemented. Results of this thesis consist of compiled interviews and process maps for each of the parties concerned. Some of the conclusions which we have been able to draw from this are that the clinic has some processes that are structured in a good and general way, while there are others that have potential for further improvements. There is also a failure in communication between different actors in the clinic.

This diploma thesis deals with an information technology support of organization's decision making processes using Exact Software's enterprise information systems. The main goal of this paper is a demonstration of various Exact Software applications using real world examples from several Czech enterprises. Illustration of various benefits of integrated enterprise systems architecture is another goal of this paper. Possible benefits gained during the process of implementation of Exact Software's applications and necessary requirements that have to be fulfilled create the last goal. Risks and issues that can be encountered during the implementation process are mentioned along with benefits. To achieve these goals this diploma paper contains a lot of practical illustrations supplemented by theoretic explanation. Paper includes four parts. First part is an introduction into decision making processes in enterprises and provides a general overview of Exact Software's enterprise information systems portfolio. Another area covered by the first part is an overview of possible benefits of these systems in according to the level of organization management. Second part is dedicated to Exact Synergy Enterprise. At the beginning of this part there are outlined procedures, benefits and assumptions necessary for successful system implementation. The following text in part two contains many real world examples from the decision making point of view. Third part covers Business Intelligence application Exact Business Analytics from the standpoint of implementation guidelines, prerequisites and benefits. Subsequent subchapters contain practical examples of usage of this system. The last part is comprised from two case studies of Exact Software's systems implementation -- first one is a financial counseling company, second one is a company from the IS/ICT area. The paper as a whole represents unique material for companies that are looking for solutions on their decision making and analytical procedures problems. On the basis of this paper the reader can create an overview of current capabilities of enterprise information systems. A vast majority of presented solutions are system independent i.e. the usage of systems from Exact Software is only exemplary. Case studies of complex enterprise IS architectures in real world enterprises represents another great contribution to this diploma paper.