O núcleo supraquiasmático (NSQ), principal relógio biológico circadiano em mamíferos, contem população variada de neurônios produtores de diferentes substâncias neuroativas. Em roedores, as pesquisas avançaram na investigação dos mecanismos moleculares e substâncias neuroativas, que em conjunto determinam a função do relógio biológico. Entretanto, há poucas informações em espécies diurnas, especialmente primatas sobre esta organização intrínseca que não raramente apresenta diferenças nas espécies estudadas. O presente estudo busca identificar a natureza química dos principais grupamentos neuronais do NSQ no primata diurno Cebus apella, relacionando a localização destes grupamentos com as três principais projeções aferentes deste núcleo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam organização complexa do NSQ, caracterizada por grupos celulares contendo vasopressina, polipeptídeo intestinal vasoativo e marcador de diferenciação neural com localização semelhante a de roedores e células que contém calbindina e calretinina com localização diferente da de roedores. / The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the main circadian clock in mammals, contains diverse population of neurons of different neuroactive substances. In rodents, there has been extensive research in the recent past looking into the molecular basis and mechanisms of the biological clock. However, there is little information in diurnal species, especially primates about this organization seldom has no intrinsic differences in the species studied. This study seeks to identify the chemical nature of the main groups of SCN neurons in diurnal primate Cebus apella, relating the location of these groups with the three major afferent projections from this nucleus. The results show complex organization of the SCN, characterized by cell groups containing vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuronal differentiation marker in the same location and rodent cells that contain calbindin and calretinin with location different from that of rodents.

O núcleo hipotalâmico supraquiasmático (SCh), apresenta caracterização neuroquímica com duas subpopulações principais de células, a produtora de polipeptídeo intestinal vasoativo (VIP) e argenina vasopressina (AVP). As fibras IR AVP e VIP oriundas do SCh apresentam características morfológicas específicas que possibilitam o rastreamento a longas distâncias dentro do hipotálamo. No presente estudo buscamos mapear os terminais IR VIP e AVP nas áreas hipotalâmicas do primata Cebus apella utilizando a imuno-histoquímica, e fazer a identificação das áreas hipotalâmicas recipientes do SCh, utilizando o mapeamento da distribuição das fibras IR associado à análise morfológica destas duas substâncias neuroativas. As fibras IR VIP e AVP com características do SCh foram identificadas em porções anteriores como hipotálamo anterior, área pré-óptica, área hipotalâmica lateral, SPZV, até porções mais caudais, porção retroquiasmática, área tuberal. Os resultados indicam um padrão similar de distribuição de fibras IR VIP e AVP nas áreas do hipotálamo e também em áreas descritas como recipientes das projeções do SCh, quando comparado com outras espécies como roedores descritos na literatura. / The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, contains a variety of different neurons that tend to form two major subpopulations within the nucleus, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vasopressin (VP). The immunoreactive (IR) fibers derived from the VIP and VP IR cells of the SCN present morphological characteristics that allow their specific tracking in long distances within the hypothalamus. In the present investigation we aimed map VIP and VP IR terminals in hypothalamic areas of the primate Cebus apella using immunohistochemistry, and to do identification of hypothalamic recipient areas from SCN using the mapping distribution of fibers IR associated with morphological analysis of these two neuroactive substances. VIP and VP IR fibers with characteristics from SCN were identified in the rostral anterior hypothalamic area and medial preoptic area, laterally to the lateral hypothalamic area, and more caudally in SPZV and retrochiasmatic tuberal area. The results indicate that there is a similarity in the pattern of distribution of VIP and VP fibers in the hypothalamic areas and also in areas recipients from SCN projections when compared with nocturnal rodent species described in the literature.

Tous les organismes présentent des rythmes biologiques sous le contrôle d’horloges internes synchronisées sur le cycle jour-nuit. La perturbation des horloges (travail posté chez l’homme) conduit souvent à des troubles métaboliques. A l’inverse, obésité et diabète sont associés à des perturbations circadiennes. Mon but est de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans le lien réciproque entre perturbations circadiennes et troubles métaboliques. Une première partie révèle le rôle de la leptine dans les troubles circadiens de souris génétiquement obèses, au niveau central et périphérique. Dans une seconde partie, nous montrons que l’altération des cycles jour-nuit induit une désynchronisation circadienne chez un rongeur diurne, entraînant un état pré-diabétique et un vieillissement prématuré des cellules hépatiques. Nos résultats ouvrent la voie à des traitements préventifs visant à diminuer les troubles circadiens des patients obèses et les troubles métaboliques des travailleurs postés. / Most organisms exhibit biological rhythms, generated endogenously by circadian clocks, which are synchronized on the light-dark cycle. Disrupting circadian clocks (e.g, shiftwork) lead in most cases to the occurrence of metabolic disorders. Conversely, obesity and diabetes are associated with circadian disruptions. The aim of my project is to provide new insights in the understanding of mechanisms underlying the reciprocal relationships between circadian disruptions and metabolic disorders. We show in a first part that leptin is involved in circadian disturbances of genetically obese mice, at both central and peripheral levels. In a second part, by altering the light-dark cycle, we induce the circadian desynchronization of a diurnal rodent, which leads in turn to a pre-diabetic state associated with accelerated aging of hepatic cells. Our results pave the road to preventive treatments aiming at reducing circadian disruptions in obese patients and metabolic disorders in shiftworkers.

One of the few attributes common to almost all living organisms is an ability to generate and maintain endogenous rhythms, which are controlled by a biological clock. The processes, which recur with a period of about 24 hours, are known as the circadian rhythms. The circadian clock controls rhythms of molecular, physiological as well as behavioral processes and adapts their activity to regularly appearing changes in day and night or season. In case of mammals, central oscillator is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The SCN clock entrains rhythms of peripheral oscillators located in cells of other tissues. The central oscillator itself is synchronized with external environment mainly by a light-dark cycle, however, other cues can entrain the SCN clock as well. For example, during prenatal development, entrainment of a fetal clock is entirely dependent on non-photic cues derived from maternal organism. This study aimed to investigate a mechanism of the communication between the maternal and fetal central oscillators. A hypothesis was tested whether maternal melatonin may play a role in entrainment of the circadian clock in the fetal SCN. Furthermore, a mechanism, how melatonin may entrain the fetal clock was investigated at molecular level. The results provided evidence, that...

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JAK/STAT signaling pathway is one of the most studied intracellular cascades transmitting signals from the extracellular environment to the cell nucleus in order to affect expression of target genes. Circadian clocks localized in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus are sensitive especially to light but they can respond to non-photic stimuli such as growth factors, opioids, leptin and cytokines that have been demonstrated to perform its function via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. The recent findings of our laboratory demonstrated that STAT3 protein is highly produced by SCN of rat. Primary aim of our experiments was to test the circadian regulation of STAT3 production in SCN and describe the effect of exogenously administered leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation in the SCN, pineal gland and hypothalamic structures responsible for regulated feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Because activation of leptin receptors may stimulate a number of other signaling cascades, we chose phosphorylated forms of kinase ERK1/2 and GSK-3β as other markers of intracellular changes after administration of leptin in the studied structures. Our results proved rhythmic production of STAT3 protein in SCN of rat and indicated circadian regulation of sensitivity to leptin in hypothalamic structures. The data...

INTRODUÇÃO: As relações entre sono e epilepsia são complexas e de grande importância clínica. A melhor compreensão das inúmeras lacunas que permeiam essa relação reforçaria os alicerces para o desenvolvimento de abordagens terapêuticas mais eficazes que pudessem contribuir para o bem-estar do paciente portador de epilepsia e transtornos do sono. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo o estudo comportamental e a caracterização eletrofisiológica do ciclo vigília-sono (CVS) de ratos adultos tornados epilépticos por pilocarpina. MÉTODO: Ratos Wistar machos (N=6), tornados epilépticos após status epilepticus (SE) induzido por pilocarpina e não epilépticos (N=6) foram submetidos à cirurgia extereotáxica para implante de elétrodos bipolares nas áreas corticais (A3, somatosensorial) e hipocampais (CA1) de ambos os hemisférios. Registros contínuos de 24 horas foram submetidos à minuciosa análise visual e os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: identificação e quantificação dos padrões eletrofisiológicos das fases do ciclo CVS; duração dos episódios oníricos ocorridos durante o sono dessincronizado (SD); padrão de ocorrência do CVS assim como do ciclo de sono (CS), e análise do volume do núcleo supraquiasmático. Os estudos da distribuição do CVS e comportamento onírico foram submetidos à Análise de Variância Multivariada - MANOVA, ao passo que as análises da ocorrência dos ciclos (CVS e CS) e volume do núcleo supraquiasmático foram submetidas ao teste da Análise de Variância (ANOVA) de dois fatores e ao teste de Mann- Whitney, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Todas as fases do CVS foram identificadas nos ratos epilépticos. As fases da vigília e do sono eram permeadas por espículas e outros grafoelementos epileptiformes, como ondas delta espiculadas no SS e potenciais de alta frequência e baixa voltagem durante VA e o SD. Ao contrário do padrão de ocorrência típico das fases de vigília e sono em ratos não epilépticos, o grupo epiléptico apresentou diferenças significativas quanto à distribuição dessas fases em função do período. Foi observada redução significativa de VA (p<0,002) com concomitante aumento de SS (p<0,005) e vigília relaxada (VR) (p=0,021) no escuro, sendo que a VR era preponderante apenas na primeira metade da noite. Durante o dia, a quantidade de SS era maior no período da manhã (p<0,001), ao passo que houve redução do SD (p=0,002) concomitante com aumento de VA (p<0,001) no período da tarde.Os animais tornados epilépticos por pilocarpina apresentaram redução no padrão de ocorrência do CVS e CS (p=0,004 e p=0,003, respectivamente). Não houve diferença estatística na duração dos episódios oníricos, assim como no volume do núcleo supraquiasmático entre os grupos analisados (p>0,63 e p=0,47, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Os animais epilépticos apresentaram alterações na arquitetura do CVS, bem como nos padrões de ciclicidade evidenciado pelas alterações de comportamento, especialmente no ciclo escuro. Esses fatos sugerem possível comprometimento estrutural e/ou funcional das circuitarias responsáveis pela geração e manutenção das fases de vigília e sono, assim como dos sistemas de temporização do CVS. Tomados em conjunto, os dados reproduziram anormalidades do CVS observadas em pacientes epilépticos, sugerindo que o presente modelo pode ser uma importante ferramenta para o estudo de mecanismos subjacentes à epilepsia do lobo temporal e sono. / INTRODUCTION: Relationships between sleep and epilepsy are complex and have great clinical importance as well. The full understanding of the various gaps present in this relationship would pave the ground for new studies that could generate new clinical approaches aiming to contribute to the well-being of the patient suffering from epilepsy and sleep disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to carry out a behavioral analysis and electro-oscillographic characterization of the phases of sleep-wake cycle (SWC) of pilocarpine- induced epilepsy in adult rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats that became epileptic after 60 days of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) (N=6) and non epileptic ones (N=6) were submitted to extereotaxic surgery for implantation of bipolar electrodes in cortical (A3, somestesic) and hippocampal (CA1) areas in both hemispheres. Twenty-four hour continuous registers were submitted to detailed visual analysis and the following parameters were studied: identification and quantification of electrophysiological parameters of phases of SWC, duration of oniric episodes during desynchronized sleep (DS), the pattern of occurrence of SWC and cycles of sleep (CS). In addition, the volume of suprachiasmatic nuclei was investigated. To analyze the architecture of sleep-wake phases and oniric behavior, Multivariate Analysis of Variance-MANOVA was utilized, whereas the pattern of cycles (SWC and CS) and volume of suprachiasmatic were submitted to Analysis of Variance with 2 factors-Two-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test, respectively. RESULTS: In the epileptic rats all phases of SWC were identified. The phases of wake and sleep were permeated by spikes and graph elements epileptiforms such as spiked delta waves in SS and low frequency waves with high voltage during AW and SD phases. In contrast to the pattern of normal rhythmic activity evident in non-epileptic rats the epileptic group presented significant differences concerning distribution of the phases of SWC according to the period. In the dark cycle significant reduction of AW (p<0.002) was observed concomitantly with an increase of SS (p<0.005), while the relaxed wakefulness (RW) showed an increase during the first half of the night (p=0.021). In the light cycle, the SS was more prominent in the morning period (p<0.001), following by a reduction of DS (p=0.002) concomitantly with an increase of AW (p<0.001) during the afternoon in the epileptic group. The number of cycles with a regular sequence of each phase from awake to sleep (SWC) was significantly decreased (p=0.004), as was the number of cycles of sleep (p=0.003) in epileptic rats. No significant differences were found in duration of oniric episodes and volume of suprachiasmastic nuclei (p>0.63 e p=0.47, respectively) between non epileptic and epileptic groups. CONCLUSION: The data obtained revealed that after SE the epileptic animals presented some alterations in the SWC architecture as well as in the cyclicity patterns mainly in dark cycle. Such facts suggest a possible functional and/or structural impairment in the circuitry responsible for the generation of sleep and wake phases and in the SWC timing system. Taken together the data reproduced the abnormalities observed in patients, suggesting that the pilocarpine model is a suitable one to study sleep dysfunctions in temporal lobe epilepsy.

La présente étude a investi les effets des lésions des systèmes monoaminergiques surles fonctions motrices et non-motrices, y compris l’évaluation des comportements anxieux etdépressifs ainsi que les rythmes circadiens dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson (MP).D’abord, nous avons mis en place un modèle animal approprié en utilisant une intoxication auParaquat/Maneb (PQ/MB) ou avec des lésions sélectives des systèmes monoaminergiques.Ensuite, nous avons caractérisé les modèles en utilisant des approches comportementale,biochimique et électrophysiologique.Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous avons investi la validité du modèle PQ/MB parévaluer les effets du PQ/MB sur : (1) l’activité locomotrice et la coordination motrice enutilisant les tests de l’Open Field et du Rotarod, (2) les comportements anxieux et dépressif enutilisant les tests du labyrinthe en croix surélevé et de la nage forcée respectivement, (3)l’activité neuronale du noyau sous-thalamique en utilisant des enregistrements extracellulairesunitaires et (4) les concentrations tissulaires en dopamine, noradrénaline et sérotonine dans lestriatum et le cortex frontal.Nos résultats montrent que les rats Sprague Dawley mâles ne sont pas sensibles de la mêmefaçon au PQ/MB et que les déficits moteurs observés chez les animaux vulnérables ne sont passeulement le résultat d’une dégénérescence des neurones dopaminergiques, mais pourraient êtreaussi une conséquence des problèmes périphériques. Néanmoins, les troubles non-moteursobservés chez les animaux de tous les groupes traités pourraient constituer une conséquencedirecte de la déplétion dopaminergique bilatérale.En se basant sur les résultats de la première partie, nous avons utilisé le modèle du rat 6-OHDApour investir les effets de dégénérescence des cellules dopaminergique seule ou combinée avecles déplétions noradrénergique et sérotoninergique sur l’activité électrique des neurones dunoyau suprachiasmatique (SCN) en utilisant des enregistrements électrophysiologiquesextracellulaires. Le SCN est une structure clé impliquée dans le contrôle des rythmescircadiens. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que les déplétions monoaminergiquessont à l’origine des changements dans l’activité électrique des neurones du SCN, apportant desrésultats nouveaux qui suggèrent que les changements dans la décharge électrique des SCN quiperturbent les rythmes circadiens font partie de la physiopathologie de la MP. / The present study aimed to investigate the effects of monoaminergic system lesionson the motor and non-motor functions, including anxiety, depression and circadian rhythmswithin the context of Parkinson’s disease. First, we developed appropriate animal models usingcombined paraquat/maneb (PQ/MB) intoxication or using selective lesions of monoaminergicsystems; second, we characterized the models using behavioral, biochemical andelectrophysiological approaches.In the first part of the study, we investigated the relevance of the PQ/MB model by studyingthe effects of combined PQ/MB on: (1) locomotor activity and motor coordination using theopen field and the rotarod test respectively, (2) anxiety and “depressive-like” behaviors usingthe elevated plus maze and the forced swim test respectively, (3) subthalamic nucleus neuronalactivity using extracellular single unit recordings and (4) tissue level of dopamine,noradrenaline and serotonin in the striatum and frontal cortex.Our data provide evidence that male Sprague Dawley rats are not equally sensitive to PQ/MBand that the observed motor deficits in vulnerable animals are not only a result of dopamineneuron degeneration, but may also be a consequence of peripheral disabilities. Nevertheless,the parkinsonian-like non-motor impairments may be a direct consequence of the bilateraldopamine depletion.Based on the results of the first part, we used the 6-OHDA rat model to investigate the effectsof DA cell degeneration, alone or combined with the noradrenaline (NA) and/or serotonin (5-HT) depletions, on the electrical activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons usingextracellular electrophysiological recordings. SCN is a key structure involved in the control ofcircadian rhythms. Our data provide the first evidence that monoamine depletions are at theorigin of changes in the firing activity of SCN neurons, suggesting new insight into theinvolvement of these electrical changes in the pathophysiology of circadian rhythms disruptionin PD.

INTRODUÇÃO: As relações entre sono e epilepsia são complexas e de grande importância clínica. A melhor compreensão das inúmeras lacunas que permeiam essa relação reforçaria os alicerces para o desenvolvimento de abordagens terapêuticas mais eficazes que pudessem contribuir para o bem-estar do paciente portador de epilepsia e transtornos do sono. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo o estudo comportamental e a caracterização eletrofisiológica do ciclo vigília-sono (CVS) de ratos adultos tornados epilépticos por pilocarpina. MÉTODO: Ratos Wistar machos (N=6), tornados epilépticos após status epilepticus (SE) induzido por pilocarpina e não epilépticos (N=6) foram submetidos à cirurgia extereotáxica para implante de elétrodos bipolares nas áreas corticais (A3, somatosensorial) e hipocampais (CA1) de ambos os hemisférios. Registros contínuos de 24 horas foram submetidos à minuciosa análise visual e os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: identificação e quantificação dos padrões eletrofisiológicos das fases do ciclo CVS; duração dos episódios oníricos ocorridos durante o sono dessincronizado (SD); padrão de ocorrência do CVS assim como do ciclo de sono (CS), e análise do volume do núcleo supraquiasmático. Os estudos da distribuição do CVS e comportamento onírico foram submetidos à Análise de Variância Multivariada - MANOVA, ao passo que as análises da ocorrência dos ciclos (CVS e CS) e volume do núcleo supraquiasmático foram submetidas ao teste da Análise de Variância (ANOVA) de dois fatores e ao teste de Mann- Whitney, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Todas as fases do CVS foram identificadas nos ratos epilépticos. As fases da vigília e do sono eram permeadas por espículas e outros grafoelementos epileptiformes, como ondas delta espiculadas no SS e potenciais de alta frequência e baixa voltagem durante VA e o SD. Ao contrário do padrão de ocorrência típico das fases de vigília e sono em ratos não epilépticos, o grupo epiléptico apresentou diferenças significativas quanto à distribuição dessas fases em função do período. Foi observada redução significativa de VA (p<0,002) com concomitante aumento de SS (p<0,005) e vigília relaxada (VR) (p=0,021) no escuro, sendo que a VR era preponderante apenas na primeira metade da noite. Durante o dia, a quantidade de SS era maior no período da manhã (p<0,001), ao passo que houve redução do SD (p=0,002) concomitante com aumento de VA (p<0,001) no período da tarde.Os animais tornados epilépticos por pilocarpina apresentaram redução no padrão de ocorrência do CVS e CS (p=0,004 e p=0,003, respectivamente). Não houve diferença estatística na duração dos episódios oníricos, assim como no volume do núcleo supraquiasmático entre os grupos analisados (p>0,63 e p=0,47, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Os animais epilépticos apresentaram alterações na arquitetura do CVS, bem como nos padrões de ciclicidade evidenciado pelas alterações de comportamento, especialmente no ciclo escuro. Esses fatos sugerem possível comprometimento estrutural e/ou funcional das circuitarias responsáveis pela geração e manutenção das fases de vigília e sono, assim como dos sistemas de temporização do CVS. Tomados em conjunto, os dados reproduziram anormalidades do CVS observadas em pacientes epilépticos, sugerindo que o presente modelo pode ser uma importante ferramenta para o estudo de mecanismos subjacentes à epilepsia do lobo temporal e sono. / INTRODUCTION: Relationships between sleep and epilepsy are complex and have great clinical importance as well. The full understanding of the various gaps present in this relationship would pave the ground for new studies that could generate new clinical approaches aiming to contribute to the well-being of the patient suffering from epilepsy and sleep disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to carry out a behavioral analysis and electro-oscillographic characterization of the phases of sleep-wake cycle (SWC) of pilocarpine- induced epilepsy in adult rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats that became epileptic after 60 days of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) (N=6) and non epileptic ones (N=6) were submitted to extereotaxic surgery for implantation of bipolar electrodes in cortical (A3, somestesic) and hippocampal (CA1) areas in both hemispheres. Twenty-four hour continuous registers were submitted to detailed visual analysis and the following parameters were studied: identification and quantification of electrophysiological parameters of phases of SWC, duration of oniric episodes during desynchronized sleep (DS), the pattern of occurrence of SWC and cycles of sleep (CS). In addition, the volume of suprachiasmatic nuclei was investigated. To analyze the architecture of sleep-wake phases and oniric behavior, Multivariate Analysis of Variance-MANOVA was utilized, whereas the pattern of cycles (SWC and CS) and volume of suprachiasmatic were submitted to Analysis of Variance with 2 factors-Two-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test, respectively. RESULTS: In the epileptic rats all phases of SWC were identified. The phases of wake and sleep were permeated by spikes and graph elements epileptiforms such as spiked delta waves in SS and low frequency waves with high voltage during AW and SD phases. In contrast to the pattern of normal rhythmic activity evident in non-epileptic rats the epileptic group presented significant differences concerning distribution of the phases of SWC according to the period. In the dark cycle significant reduction of AW (p<0.002) was observed concomitantly with an increase of SS (p<0.005), while the relaxed wakefulness (RW) showed an increase during the first half of the night (p=0.021). In the light cycle, the SS was more prominent in the morning period (p<0.001), following by a reduction of DS (p=0.002) concomitantly with an increase of AW (p<0.001) during the afternoon in the epileptic group. The number of cycles with a regular sequence of each phase from awake to sleep (SWC) was significantly decreased (p=0.004), as was the number of cycles of sleep (p=0.003) in epileptic rats. No significant differences were found in duration of oniric episodes and volume of suprachiasmastic nuclei (p>0.63 e p=0.47, respectively) between non epileptic and epileptic groups. CONCLUSION: The data obtained revealed that after SE the epileptic animals presented some alterations in the SWC architecture as well as in the cyclicity patterns mainly in dark cycle. Such facts suggest a possible functional and/or structural impairment in the circuitry responsible for the generation of sleep and wake phases and in the SWC timing system. Taken together the data reproduced the abnormalities observed in patients, suggesting that the pilocarpine model is a suitable one to study sleep dysfunctions in temporal lobe epilepsy.