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[ES] Durante las últimas décadas, múltiples retos han puesto en riesgo la sostenibilidad medioambiental, económica y social de los sistemas de producción de vacuno lechero (SPL). Esta Tesis Doctoral aborda algunos de los principales retos del sector en materia de sostenibilidad mediante el desarrollo de conceptos, metodologías y estrategias adaptadas a las necesidades particulares de un amplio abanico de SPL en Europa. Las investigaciones se centran en la evaluación de las herramientas de análisis de la sostenibilidad, el análisis de la diversidad de sistemas de producción existentes, así como en la mitigación adaptada de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y pérdidas de nitrógeno (N) a escala de granja. Esta Tesis Doctoral presenta un marco cuantitativo que permite un análisis exhaustivo de las herramientas existentes para la determinación de la sostenibilidad a escala de granja. Los resultados muestran como las herramientas evaluadas presentan un mayor número de indicadores asociados con el pilar medioambiental que con el pilar económico y social. En adición, se facilita la identificación de vías para el desarrollo futuro de los modelos, permitiendo una más completa y detallada evaluación de la sostenibilidad. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos en materia de análisis de la diversidad de SPL, permiten la identificación, descripción y agrupación de las regiones europeas de acuerdo con diferentes tipologías de sistemas productivos. Las 16 tipologías representativas identificadas, combinan las características estructurales, productivas, socioeconómicas y medioambientales de los SPL con la distribución de cultivos forrajeros más relevantes para la producción láctea a escala NUTS2. Al analizar y agrupar la diversidad de sistemas productivos y evaluar su nivel de integración, esta Tesis Doctoral facilita la toma de decisiones basadas en el conocimiento, el diseño y la aplicación de medidas de mitigación de emisiones específicas y adaptadas, así como la promoción de sinergias económicas y sociales positivas. En adición, esta Tesis Doctoral pone de manifiesto la gran influencia de las condiciones climáticas, las características estructurales y las prácticas de manejo sobre las emisiones de N y GEI asociadas a la fermentación entérica, los cultivos, así como a toda la cadena de gestión del estiércol. Al identificar la magnitud y fuentes de emisión de los SPL, se facilita la aplicación de medidas específicas a cada contexto. En términos de mitigación de las emisiones, la reducción de la proteína bruta en la fracción comprada de la dieta es una estrategia eficaz a la hora de mitigar tanto las emisiones de GEI como las pérdidas de N. Además, la implantación de una planta de digestión anaerobia es efectiva a la hora de reducir la intensidad de GEI en todos los SPL evaluados, aumentando únicamente las pérdidas de N en el sistema mediterráneo intensivo. El impacto del incremento de la productividad a través de un mayor uso piensos sobre las pérdidas de N y las emisiones de GEI es variable entre los sistemas examinados. A este respecto, el sistema semi-extensivo centroeuropeo muestra un mayor potencial de reducción de GEI, mientras que el semi-extensivo atlántico obtiene mejores resultados en la reducción de las pérdidas de N. Del mismo modo, el uso de la inyección de purines reduce las pérdidas de N en campo, incrementando las emisiones de GEI en el sistema mediterráneo. La sustitución de urea por nitrato amónico tiene diferentes efectos sobre los GEI y la intensidad de N, observándose un mayor potencial de mitigación en el sistema semi-extensivo atlántico. Por último, las cubiertas rígidas de purines mitigan eficazmente las pérdidas de N durante el almacenamiento, con un impacto mínimo en las emisiones totales de GEI. Así mismo, a lo largo de esta Tesis Doctoral se demuestra como la aplicación cumulativa de medidas de mitigación, deriva en sinergias positivas a la hora de reducir las emisiones globales de la explotación. / [CA] Durant les últimes dècades, múltiples reptes n'han posat en risc la sostenibilitat mediambiental, econòmica i social dels sistemes de producció de boví de llet (SPL). Aquesta Tesi Doctoral aborda alguns dels principals reptes del sector en termes de sostenibilitat mitjançant el desenvolupament de conceptes, metodologies i estratègies adaptades a les necessitats particulars d'un ampli ventall de SPL a Europa. Les investigacions se centren en l'avaluació de les eines per a la seua quantificació, l'anàlisi de la diversitat de sistemes de producció existents, així com en la mitigació adaptada de les emissions de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle (GEH) i pèrdues de nitrogen (N) a escala de granja. Aquesta Tesi Doctoral presenta un marc quantitatiu que permet una anàlisi exhaustiu de les eines existents per a la determinació de la sostenibilitat a escala de granja. Els resultats obtinguts mostren com les eines avaluades presenten un major nombre d'indicadors associats amb el pilar mediambiental que amb el pilar econòmic i social. A més, aquest treball facilita la identificació de vies per al desenvolupament futur dels models i facilita una avaluació de la sostenibilitat més completa i detallada. Els resultats obtinguts en matèria d'anàlisi de la diversitat de SPL permeten la identificació, descripció i agrupació de les regions europees d'acord amb diferents tipologies de sistemes productius. Les 16 tipologies representatives identificades combinen les característiques estructurals, productives, socioeconòmiques i mediambientals dels SPL amb la distribució de conreus farratgers més rellevants per a la producció làctia a escala NUTS2. En addició, en analitzar i agrupar la diversitat de sistemes productius i avaluar el seu nivell d'integració, aquesta Tesi Doctoral facilita la presa de decisions basada en el coneixement, el disseny i l'aplicació de mesures de mitigació d'emissions específiques i adaptades, així com la promoció de sinergies econòmiques i socials positives. Així mateix, aquesta Tesi Doctoral indica la gran influència de les condicions climàtiques, les característiques estructurals i les pràctiques de maneig sobre les emissions de N i GEH associades a la fermentació entèrica, els conreus, així com tota la cadena de gestió del fem. A més, en identificar la magnitud i fonts d'emissió dels SPL, es facilita l'aplicació de mesures específiques a cada context. En aquest sentit, la reducció de la proteina bruta en la porció comprada de la dieta és una estratègia eficaç per a mitigar tant les emissions de GEH com les de N. A més, la implantació d'una planta de digestió anaeròbia va reduir la intensitat de GEH en totes les SPL avaluades, augmentant únicament les emissions de N en el sistema mediterrani intensiu. L'impacte de l'increment de la productivitat a través d'un major use pinsos sobre les pèrdues de N i les emissions de GEH va variar entre els sistemes d'explotació examinats. Referent a això, el sistema semi-extensiu centreeuropeu va mostrar un major potencial de reducció de GEH, mentre que el semi-extensiu atlàntic va obtindre millors resultats en la reducció de les pèrdues de N. De la mateixa manera, l'ús de la injecció de purins va reduir les emissions de N a nivell de camp, incrementant les emissions de GEH en el sistema mediterrani. La substitució d'urea per nitrat d'amoni va tindre diferents efectes sobre els GEH i la intensitat de N, observant-se un major potencial de mitigació en el sistema semi-extensiu atlàntic. Finalment, les cobertes rígides de purins van reduir eficaçment les pèrdues de N durant l'emmagatzematge amb un impacte mínim en les emissions totals de GEH. Així mateix, al llarg d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral es demostra com l'aplicació cumulativa de mesures de mitigació deriva en sinergies positives a l'hora de reduir les emissions globals de l'explotació. / [EN] During the last decades, multiple challenges have put the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of dairy cattle production systems (DPS) at risk. This Ph.D. Thesis tackles some of the sector's main challenges in terms of sustainability by developing concepts, methodologies, and strategies adapted to the particular needs of a wide range of European DPS. In particular, special emphasis is placed on evaluating the tools for sustainability assessments, the analysis and clustering of the diversity of existing production systems, and the adapted mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nitrogen (N) losses at the farm scale. This Ph.D. Thesis presents a quantitative framework that comprehensively evaluates whole-farm tools and models. The obtained results show how the models considered incorporate more indicators from the environmental pillar than those related to the economic or social sphere. In addition, this work facilitates the identification of avenues for future model developments, allowing for a more complete and detailed assessment of sustainability. Furthermore, the results obtained allow for the identification, description, and clustering of European regions according to different typologies of production systems. The 16 representative typologies identified combine DPS's structural, productive, socio-economic, and environmental characteristics with the level of overlap with the most relevant fodder crops for dairy production at the NUTS2 scale. Furthermore, by analyzing and clustering the diversity of production systems and assessing their level of integration, this Ph.D. Thesis facilitates knowledge-based decision-making, the design and implementation of targeted and adapted emission mitigation measures, as well as the promotion of positive economic and social synergies. Moreover, this Ph.D. Thesis highlights the strong influence of climatic conditions, structural characteristics, and management practices on N and GHG emissions associated with enteric fermentation, fields, and manure management. In terms of emission mitigation, reducing the amount of crude protein in the purchased fraction of the diet is an effective strategy to mitigate both GHG and N emissions. Additionally, implementing an anaerobic digestion plant reduces GHG emissions in all assessed DPS but increases N losses only in the intensive Mediterranean DPS. The impact of increased productivity through larger use of concentrates on N losses and GHG emissions varied depending on the farming systems examined. In this sense, the Central European semi-extensive system shows a higher potential for GHG reduction, while the Atlantic semi-extensive system accounts for better results when lowering the N losses. Similarly, shallow slurry injection effectively decreases N losses at the field level, although it increases GHG emissions in the Mediterranean DPS. Substituting urea with ammonium nitrate has different effects on GHG and N emission intensity, with greater potential for mitigation in the Atlantic semi-extensive system. Lastly, rigid slurry covers effectively reduces N losses during storage with minimal impact on GHG emissions. Furthermore, this Ph.D. Thesis shows how the cumulative application of mitigation measures leads to positive synergies in reducing the overall emissions of the farm. / All studies conducted in the course of this Ph.D. Thesis were funded by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) within the framework of the project "MilKey" (grant number 2819ERA08A), funded by the joint call 2018 ERA-GAS (grant no. 696356), SusAn (grant no. 696231) and ICT-AGRI 2 (grant no. 618123) on "New technologies, solutions, and systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in animal production systems". BC3-Research is supported by the Spanish Government through María de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2018–2022 (Ref. MDM-2017-0714) and María de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2023-2026 (Ref. CEX2021-001201-M, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018–2021 program. Agustin del Prado is financed through the Ramon y Cajal program by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (RYC-2017-22143). / Díaz De Otalora Aguirre, X. (2023). Sustainability Assessment of Key European Dairy Cattle Production Systems: System Identification, Analysis, and Greenhouse Gas and Nitrogen Emission Mitigation [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196465

Zur Einschätzungen und Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit der gegenwärtigen Gemüseproduktion im Roten-Fluss-Delta, Vietnam, erfolgten empirische Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung und Bewertung eines Nachhaltigkeitsindex unter Nutzung verschiedener Lösungsansätze. Die Analysen und Einschätzungen wurden aus ökologischer ökonomischer und sozialer Sicht vorgenommen. Die erfassten Daten wurden unter Nutzung von zwei Methoden ausgewertet, der Mehr-Kriterien-Bewertungsmethode Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) und der Fuzzy Bewertungsmethode. In Workshops wurden mit den Farmern Präferenzen als Element der AHP, zu den Kriterien die Ausdruck der Nachhaltigkeit sind, erarbeitet. Es wurde herausgearbeitet, dass im ländlichen Raum, die Gemüseproduktion nachhaltig ist, im Peri-urbanen Raum wurde eine geringe Nachhaltigkeit ermittelt und im urbanen Raum keine Nachhaltigkeit. Im Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit wurde herausgearbeitet, dass für einen nachhaltigen Gemüse-Anbau im Roten-Fluss-Delta, die Farmer ihr Kontrollsystem und System der Nachverfolgbarkeit verbessern müssen. Gleichermaßen ist es erforderlich die sozialen Bedingungen so zu gestalten, das die Prinzipien der‚ Guten Landwirtschaftlichen Praxis‘ greifen. Im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeit konnte gleichfalls eine Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit unter Nutzung der Fuzzy Methode erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Diese Ergebnisse sind geeignet, sowohl den Farmern, als auch den politischen Entscheidungsträgern, die geeigneten Werkzeuge für die Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Gemüse Kultivierung in der Zukunft zu geben. / This study is empirical research by applying different sustainability assessment approaches to evaluate and to compare the sustainability index of the existing vegetable cultivation systems in the Red River Delta - the largest vegetable production land area of Vietnam in terms of environment, economic and social dimensions. In addition, this study also incorporated farmers'' perceptions as well as their preferences into the weight of criteria by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in multi-criteria evaluation method, and rules formed in fuzzy evaluation method. The results from the sustainability assessment for the vegetable cultivation systems show that in the rural area, the sustainability are acceptable whereas in the peri-urban area are only conditionally acceptable, and in the urban area are not sustainable. The results from this study indicate that, to achieve sustainable vegetable cultivation systems in the Red River Delta in Vietnam, the farmers need improved internal controls and tracing systems as well as strict social control in order to implement good agricultural practices guidelines. This study result also shows that the sustainability assessment by fuzzy evaluation approach appears to be well suited to provide quantitative answers pertaining to sustainability that can help policy maker in choosing the tool for sustainability assessment in the future.

<p>This thesis conceives aquaculture as a transfer of resources within and between different parts of the world system. It is argued that due to inappropriate human-nature interactions, resources tend to flow from the South to the North, as a process of coastal colonisation. To study this resource transfer, coastal aquaculture is ap-proached from a transdisciplinary perspective, integrating natural, social, economic and spatial aspects. By combining world system theory and general systems theory, a systems view is adopted to relate aquaculture to forces of global capitalism, and analyse interactions between social and ecological processes at local and global levels. Emergy (energy memory) synthesis and participatory research methodologies were applied to two cases of aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines; monocul-ture of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos), and polyculture of the two species together with mudcrab (Scylla serrata). The study reveals that semi-intensive shrimp monoculture in Sri Lanka generates few benefits for poor local people, and depends much on external inputs such as fry, feed and fuels, which implies negative environmental effects at local as well as global levels. Extensive polyculture in the Philippines involves more local people, and implies lower dependence on external inputs. Still, since benefits accrue mostly to elites, and mangroves are negatively affected, neither case is viable for sustainable poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, the study offers several insights into how sustainability assessment may be more transdisciplinary, and points to several factors affecting sustainability and fairness in aquaculture; the most important being mangrove con-version, local people involvement, and dependence on external inputs. Given that mangrove conversion is counteracted, extensive polyculture practices may also prove more viable in times of decreasing resources availability, and if policies are developed that favour resource efficient polyculture, and local small-scale and re-source poor farmers, instead of the global North.</p>

Current life cycle assessment tools are often deficient in assisting design for sustainable manufacturing efforts. Integrating an improved assessment method into a decision support framework will provide a means for designers and engineers to better understand the impacts of their decisions. A unit process modeling-based sustainability assessment method is presented to assist design decision making by accounting for and quantifying economic, environmental, and social attributes. A set of these sustainability metrics is defined as a basis for comparison of component design alternatives. The method is demonstrated using two titanium component production alternatives that represent typical design for manufacturing scenarios. The modeling method significantly increases the resolution of sustainable manufacturing metrics over conventional assessment techniques, and is one aspect of the overall decision support framework developed. Additionally, fixed sum importance weighting, weighted sum modeling, and scenario analysis were selected as easily employed and transparent design decision techniques to provide the remaining elements of the framework. The demonstration of the decision support framework for titanium component manufacturing illustrates that the sequential approach developed can assist engineers in developing more sustainable components and products. / Graduation date: 2012

This thesis conceives aquaculture as a transfer of resources within and between different parts of the world system. It is argued that due to inappropriate human-nature interactions, resources tend to flow from the South to the North, as a process of coastal colonisation. To study this resource transfer, coastal aquaculture is ap-proached from a transdisciplinary perspective, integrating natural, social, economic and spatial aspects. By combining world system theory and general systems theory, a systems view is adopted to relate aquaculture to forces of global capitalism, and analyse interactions between social and ecological processes at local and global levels. Emergy (energy memory) synthesis and participatory research methodologies were applied to two cases of aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines; monocul-ture of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos), and polyculture of the two species together with mudcrab (Scylla serrata). The study reveals that semi-intensive shrimp monoculture in Sri Lanka generates few benefits for poor local people, and depends much on external inputs such as fry, feed and fuels, which implies negative environmental effects at local as well as global levels. Extensive polyculture in the Philippines involves more local people, and implies lower dependence on external inputs. Still, since benefits accrue mostly to elites, and mangroves are negatively affected, neither case is viable for sustainable poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, the study offers several insights into how sustainability assessment may be more transdisciplinary, and points to several factors affecting sustainability and fairness in aquaculture; the most important being mangrove con-version, local people involvement, and dependence on external inputs. Given that mangrove conversion is counteracted, extensive polyculture practices may also prove more viable in times of decreasing resources availability, and if policies are developed that favour resource efficient polyculture, and local small-scale and re-source poor farmers, instead of the global North.

La gestion des risques d’origine naturelle est un défi stratégique majeur pour les collectivités territoriales en raison de l’impact négatif potentiel de ces risques sur leur développement. Dans la perspective d’une gestion durable de ces risques, l’élaboration de méthodes et d’outils d’aide à la décision multicritère pour l’évaluation de la durabilité des stratégies de gestion représente une thématique de recherche intéressante et d’actualité. Les principaux verrous scientifiques sous-jacents à cette thématique portent sur la nécessité de définir un cadre théorique pour l’évaluation de cette durabilité et la prise en compte d’incertitudes provenant de différentes sources (données d’entrée, choix méthodologiques, dynamique du contexte, etc.) susceptibles d'influer sur la qualité des résultats de l’évaluation et donc sur la prise de décision. D’où la nécessité d’une méthodologie pour la prise en compte des incertitudes dans le processus décisionnel afin de fournir des résultats les plus pertinents possibles aux décideurs. Pour lever ces verrous, cette thèse propose une méthodologie globale d’évaluation qui repose sur le concept de développement durable et intègre un ensemble de critères et indicateurs permettant de rendre compte des conséquences techniques, économiques, sociétales, environnementales et institutionnelles des stratégies de gestion. Les incertitudes sont quantifiées selon une approche probabiliste (Simulations Monte Carlo) ou possibiliste (théorie des possibilités) et propagées le long du processus d’évaluation par l’arithmétique de la théorie des intervalles. Elle propose également un simulateur pour évaluer les dommages liés aux inondations et permettre une estimation aussi bien déterministe qu’aléatoire de différents types de ces dommages à l’échelle d’une commune. Ces contributions ont été appliquées à une étude de cas sur la commune de Dieulouard où trois stratégies de gestion des risques liés aux inondations sont comparées (respect des prescriptions du plan de prévention des risques d’inondations pour la construction de tout nouveau bâtiment, réduction du niveau de l’aléa par la construction d’une digue, réduction de la vulnérabilité de tous les bâtiments en zone inondable par des dispositifs de protection individuelle). Les résultats permettent d’illustrer l’opérationnalité de la méthodologie de dégager des perspectives de recherche / Natural hazard risk management is a major strategic challenge for territorial authorities because of the potential adverse effects on their development that arise from the occurrence of such a kind of risks. With a view to sustainably managing these risks, the development of multicriteria decision-support methods and tools to evaluate the sustainability of risk management strategies is an interesting and topical research subject. The main underlying challenges of sustainability assessment are to define a theoretical framework that will enable assessing the sustainability, and to take into account inherent uncertainties that could derive from various sources (input data, methodological choices, dynamics of the context, etc.), and that could potentially influence the relevance of assessment results. Hence, there is a need to develop a methodology for handling uncertainties in the decision-making process in order to provide decision-makers with the most relevant results. The present research introduces an overall decision-support methodology for assessing the sustainability of risk management strategies that relies on the concept of sustainable development and includes a set of criteria and indicators for reporting on the technical, economic, societal, environmental as well as institutional outcomes of the strategies. Data uncertainties are quantified using probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulations) or possibilistic (possibility theory) approach, and are propagated along the evaluation process through interval arithmetic operations. Beyond that, a computational tool was designed to simulate, in a deterministic or uncertain way, various types of flood damages at a municipality scale. These contributions were applied to a case study regarding flood risk management in Dieulouard, which consists of comparing three management strategies (respecting constructive constraints for new buildings in hazard prone areas fixed by the flood risks prevention plan, constructing a dyke as a collective defence infrastructure, implementing individual protective measures for all buildings in hazard prone areas). This application demonstrates the practicality of the methodology, and highlights prospects for future works

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Svenska kraftnät is the transmission system operator in Sweden, their responsibilities include renewing and expanding the existing transmission system to keep up with the rising demand for electricity. The ongoing climate crisis demands the process of expanding the transmission system to be as sustainable as possible. One way to do this is to use CEEQUAL, a point based, third party sustainability assessment tool for construction projects. The aim of this project is to estimate what CEEQUAL score the projects of Svenska kraftnät could achieve based on their current sustainability work. The aim also includes to determine what actions needs to be taken to improve that score, together with a cost analysis and interviews of the experiences from other CEEQUAL users.  By studying the sustainability work of Svenska kraftnät and translating this to CEEQUALs credits, a calculation of the current level of sustainability was determined as 44 percent. This equals the CEEQUAL level Pass. Further investigation revealed that to improve to the level Good, there needs to be more clear goals for a project sustainability and a business model for a circular economy among other things. For a higher score, reaching the level Very Good, there needs to be a life cycle analysis for new construction projects and better CO2-emission calculations.  A cost analysis revealed that it is hard to determine the cost of using CEEQUAL beforehand due to unforeseeable costs. Interviewing external users of CEEQUAL shows that using CEEQUAL is beneficial to improve the sustainability of a project and creates a common goal for the team members. A downside to using CEEQUAL is the administrative work it demands as well as the bureaucracy.  All in all, using CEEQUAL in all Svenska kraftnäts construction project could not be seen as beneficial. It would be beneficial to create a decision report tool for projects that help teams make sustainable choices for the projects. This would preferably be done together with distribution system operators in Sweden and transmission system operators in neighboring countries for a tool adapted to their operations and aspirations.

In this thesis, a framework is constructed for a life cycle assessment within a civilengineering project. There are various methods available on how to conduct lifecycle assessments and this thesis explores one method related to civil engineeringworks. The assessment follows the structure based in related standards such asEN 15804 which describes how to declare construction products. A working copyof a possible upcoming European level standard for sustainability assessment ofcivil engineering works is also used in the process. The object of assessment arethe materials, concrete and steel, in the retaining walls that are constructed alongthe channel near Södertälje Harbour. This is a part of a larger project, called theMälar Project.The life cycle of these type of constructions often stretches over long periodsof time which leaves a lot of uncertainties while estimating the impacts during thelater life stages. The research problem is much about how to handle the differentmodules of the life cycle regarding civil engineering works.Example data were collected and presented for each module of the life stage.The results of the example data showed that most of the impact came from theproduct stage. The conclusions are that the collection of data should be an integratedpart in the operating procedures for the company for a more efficientprocess, Environmental Product Declarations are a good source of data and standardson European level gives good guidelines on how to conduct a life cycleassessment for civil engineering projects. / I detta examensarbete konstrueras ett ramverk för hur en livscykelanalys kan utförasinom väg- och vattenbyggnad. Det finns många olika riktlinjer för hur enlivscykelanalys kan utföras och i detta examensarbete utforskas en metod för projektinom väg- och vattenbyggnad. Arbetet följer strukturen ur EN 15804 sombeskriver hur man bedömer byggprodukter. Ett arbetsexemplar av en ny, möjligstandard på Europanivå för miljöbedömning av projekt inom väg- och vatten användsockså i processen. Det som bedöms via livscykelanalys i denna studie är deingående materialen, stål och betong, i hållväggarna som byggs längs med kanalenvid Södertälje Hamn. Detta är en del av ett större projekt, kallat Mälarprojektet.Livscyklerna för denna typ av projekt är oftast väldigt långa vilket skapar enosäkerhet i data då påverkan för senare delar av livscykeln behöver uppskattas.Problematiken som presenteras handlar mycket om hur modulerna för livscykelnska behandlas för denna typ av projekt.Exempeldata samlades in för de olika modulerna och presenterades i tabellersom täcker alla relevanta delar av livscykeln. Resultatet av exempeldatan visadeatt den mesta påverkan kom från produktstadiet. De slutsatser som dras är attinsamlingen av data bör vara en integrerad del av företagets arbetsmetod fören effektiv process, miljödeklarationer är en bra källa till data och standards påEuropanivå ger bra guidelinjer för hur en livscykelanalys kan utföras för liknandeprojekt.