The purpose of this thesis is, in collaboration with the Swedish company Innventia, to explore the possibilities of using paper machines to create fabric-like nonwoven materials. As part of a relatively new research-area, it serves as some of the ground knowledge that is needed to drive this field forward. The research of this thesis is born from the increasing need for more environmental friendly textiles, and to find new uses for the paper production facilities and companies that are currently experiencing a decline in paper production. The materials used in the research were produced with the Finnish handsheet former and the StratEx sheet-maker made by Innventia. The research consists of the following tests: Tissue Softness Analysis, (TSA), tensile strength and bending stiffness. The tests are done with different combinations of lyocell, PLA, softwood and dissolving pulp in the tested sheets. It is also tested if the lyocell can be a meaningful substitution for PLA in combination with softwood pulp and dissolving pulp when creating the fabric-like materials. In conclusion of this research it can be said that, compared to benchmarking samples like bedding sheets, table cloths and cotton shirts, the sheets created and tested are competitive alternatives to existing materials when it comes to softness. It also became clear that the tensile strength has to be increased to make fabric-like nonwoven materials applicable on the same level as existing textiles. Even so, it is still evident that there is a potentiality in the use of paper machines in the development and creation of new fabric-like materials.

Esta tese apresenta o estudo das placas recicladas provenientes de embalagens Longa Vida. São compostas principalmente por polietileno de baixa densidade, alumínio e resíduos de papel. Embora as placas recicladas sejam tratadas como sustentáveis e aplicadas nas edificações com resultados positivos, são poucos os dados publicados que apresentam sua caracterização geral. Outros problemas foram identificados, como a necessidade de melhoria na tecnologia para produção, dificuldade na aceitação estética e pouco design incorporado aos produtos e objetos resultantes. Apesar dos problemas, a observação do uso crescente dessas placas resultou no traçado da hipótese desta pesquisa: as placas podem ser mais eficientes e atrativas para especificação, se utilizadas com design incorporado aos componentes arquitetônicos. A partir disso, o trabalho busca dois objetivos essenciais: traçar um perfil de caracterização técnica e de design relacionados ao material e, a partir desse repertório, apresentar propostas projetuais alternativas para uso na arquitetura. Para tanto, foram estudadas as conceituações sobre materialidade, as abordagens técnicas, estéticas e culturais e a reciclagem e produção das placas, além de ensaios térmicos de condutividade térmica e calor específico, absortância, envelhecimento acelerado em câmera de UV e o ensaio complementar de transição vítrea. A caracterização estética gerou dados sistematizados sobre textura, tamanho, espessura e estudos compositivos com outros materiais. Por fim, foram criadas três propostas projetuais como indicativos de novas possibilidades de uso das placas. Este estudo concluiu que as placas de polietileno-alumínio podem ser utilizadas em várias superfícies arquitetônicas, desde que cuidadosamente incorporadas aos sistemas, prezando-se a qualidade da produção, projeto, design e acabamento. / This thesis presents the study of plates from recycled cartoon packaging. They are composed mainly of low density polyethylene, aluminum and paper waste. Although the plates are treated as recycled and sustainable, applied in building with positive results, there are few published data to show their general characterization. Other problems were identified: need for improvement of production technology, difficulty in accepting some design aesthetics and few design incorporated to the products and the resulting objects. Despite the problems, the observation of the growing use of these plates resulted in the design of the hypothesis of this research: the plates can be more efficient and attractive to specification if used with design incorporated into the architectural components. Based on this, the work seeks two essential goals: a profile of technical characterization and design-related material, and from this repertoire, present proposals about design alternatives for use in architecture. To this end, were studied the concepts of materiality, in technical, aesthetics and cultural approaches and the recycling and production of plates, besides the thermal tests of thermal conductivity and specific heat, absorptance, accelerated aging and UV camera and additional test of glass transition. The aesthetic characterizations generated systematic data on texture, size, thickness and compositional studies with other materials. Finally, were created three project proposals as indicative of new possibilities to use the plates. Through this study it can be concluded that the polyethylene-aluminum plates can be used in various architectural surfaces, as long as they are carefully incorporated into the systems, maintaining the quality the quality of production, design and finish.

Esta tese apresenta o estudo das placas recicladas provenientes de embalagens Longa Vida. São compostas principalmente por polietileno de baixa densidade, alumínio e resíduos de papel. Embora as placas recicladas sejam tratadas como sustentáveis e aplicadas nas edificações com resultados positivos, são poucos os dados publicados que apresentam sua caracterização geral. Outros problemas foram identificados, como a necessidade de melhoria na tecnologia para produção, dificuldade na aceitação estética e pouco design incorporado aos produtos e objetos resultantes. Apesar dos problemas, a observação do uso crescente dessas placas resultou no traçado da hipótese desta pesquisa: as placas podem ser mais eficientes e atrativas para especificação, se utilizadas com design incorporado aos componentes arquitetônicos. A partir disso, o trabalho busca dois objetivos essenciais: traçar um perfil de caracterização técnica e de design relacionados ao material e, a partir desse repertório, apresentar propostas projetuais alternativas para uso na arquitetura. Para tanto, foram estudadas as conceituações sobre materialidade, as abordagens técnicas, estéticas e culturais e a reciclagem e produção das placas, além de ensaios térmicos de condutividade térmica e calor específico, absortância, envelhecimento acelerado em câmera de UV e o ensaio complementar de transição vítrea. A caracterização estética gerou dados sistematizados sobre textura, tamanho, espessura e estudos compositivos com outros materiais. Por fim, foram criadas três propostas projetuais como indicativos de novas possibilidades de uso das placas. Este estudo concluiu que as placas de polietileno-alumínio podem ser utilizadas em várias superfícies arquitetônicas, desde que cuidadosamente incorporadas aos sistemas, prezando-se a qualidade da produção, projeto, design e acabamento. / This thesis presents the study of plates from recycled cartoon packaging. They are composed mainly of low density polyethylene, aluminum and paper waste. Although the plates are treated as recycled and sustainable, applied in building with positive results, there are few published data to show their general characterization. Other problems were identified: need for improvement of production technology, difficulty in accepting some design aesthetics and few design incorporated to the products and the resulting objects. Despite the problems, the observation of the growing use of these plates resulted in the design of the hypothesis of this research: the plates can be more efficient and attractive to specification if used with design incorporated into the architectural components. Based on this, the work seeks two essential goals: a profile of technical characterization and design-related material, and from this repertoire, present proposals about design alternatives for use in architecture. To this end, were studied the concepts of materiality, in technical, aesthetics and cultural approaches and the recycling and production of plates, besides the thermal tests of thermal conductivity and specific heat, absorptance, accelerated aging and UV camera and additional test of glass transition. The aesthetic characterizations generated systematic data on texture, size, thickness and compositional studies with other materials. Finally, were created three project proposals as indicative of new possibilities to use the plates. Through this study it can be concluded that the polyethylene-aluminum plates can be used in various architectural surfaces, as long as they are carefully incorporated into the systems, maintaining the quality the quality of production, design and finish.

Society’s sustainability challenges relatedto materials management have been an area of concern for policymakers, industry and the public for decades. However, if those challenges are managed in a strategic way, they are not only aproblem, but could also bring in new opportunity for companies and other organizations to improve their competitiveness through developingproduct-service systems that promote sustainable development of society. The overall aim of this thesis is to explore how aframework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD) can support the development and design of sustainable materials management strategies in product innovation. This is achieved by four studies investigating howsustainability considerations are, or could be, integrated in decisions regarding materials selection. The studies are informed by the FSSD, Maxwell’s model for qualitative research design and the design research methodology. The first study is a theoretical discussion which provides a base for the following three exploratory studies. The exploratory studies have, through literature reviews and semi-structured interviews, investigated general sustainabilityconsiderations in companies, made a comparison of the strategic potential of two product improvement strategies and finally studied what considerations that are in focus and what types of solutions that are revealed when companies apply a strategic sustainability perspective to materials management. The studies have shown that decisions regarding materials management often arebased on compliance with legislation and on avoiding substances with characteristics commonly considered problematic (such as toxicity, persistency, etc.), and that decision support regarding how materials could be managed in a sustainable way are lacking. However, the results also include some examples from companies that have successfully developed pro-active strategies towards sustainable materials management. They have approached this through managing materials in closedtechnical loops, enabled material substitution through value chain collaboration and reduced material flows through new and innovative design. Most importantly, they have assessedactions not only regarding their potential to reduce a selection of current socio-ecological impacts but also regarding their potential to link toforthcoming actions towards the full scope of socio-ecological sustainability. Through this approach, they have found several ways by which materials with characteristics that are commonly considered problematic can be. The results highlight the possibility of enabling sustainable materials management practices by using a strategic sustainability perspective in combination with material characteristics knowledge and that a static division of “sustainable” vs. “unsustainable” materials (e.g., through lists of forbidden and allowed materials) is not necessarily serving the purpose in the best way. More subtle considerations are needed. By not applying a strategic sustainability perspective to materials management, organizations risk using “sustainable” materials in unsustainable ways or phasing out “unsustainable” materials that, managed differently, could be helpful for sustainable development. Developing decision support for materials management that integrates this new way of thinking will be the focus of future work.

The construction of high-performance vessels like the F50 catamaran has traditionally prioritized advanced composite materials and performance-driven design. However, there is a growing need to incorporate sustainable materials and practices, with their performance in marine applications remaining relatively unknown. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the feasibility of using flax laminates as an environmentally friendly alternative for frequently damaged components, specifically the stern extension.Mechanical testing of flax laminates revealed lower stiffness per fiber areal weight compared to literature values and supplier data sheets, primarily attributed to moisture uptake in the flax material. These findings highlight the significance of considering real-world environmental conditions and specific application requirements when evaluating the mechanical properties of flax composites. Despite the mechanical challenges, environmental analysis demonstrated that the flax alternative for the stern extension offers promising benefits. It exhibits a carbon-positive characteristic, resulting in lower energy consumption during production, and comparable waste production to the original carbon fiber extension. However, it is important to note that these advantages are based on idealized theoretical data, and further optimization is required to address variations in resin usage and the strength of the cured composite.To address the weight discrepancies among the fleet, currently rectified by corrector weights, a practical solution is proposed utilizing flax composite layups. Selective implementation of the flax stern extension on the lightest one-third of the fleet can effectively balance weight distribution without compromising overall yacht performance. This strategy allows SailGP to incorporate sustainable materials while maintaining uniformity and performance across all participating yachts. By considering the environmental impact and structural considerations, this study provides valuable insights for the development of sustainable marine composites and encourages further research in optimizing the performance and reliability of flax-based laminates in marine applications. / Vid konstruktion av högpresterande segelbåtar som F50-katamaranen har man traditionellt prioriterat avancerade kompositmaterial och prestandadriven design. Det finns ett växande önskemål av att införliva hållbara material och metoder i dessa båtar men materialens prestanda i marina applikationer är relativt okända. Denna studie syftar till att öka kunskapen genom att undersöka möjligheten att använda linfiberbaserade laminat som ett miljövänligt alternativ för komponenter som ofta skadas. Specifikt studeras en förlängning av akterspegeln som fungerar som ett lock runt roderinfästningen.Mekanisk provning av linbaserade laminat visade lägre styvhet per fiberytvikt jämfört med värden från litteraturen och leverantörsdatablad, främst tillskrivet fuktupptag i linfibrerna. Dessa resultat understryker betydelsen av att beakta verkliga miljöförhållanden och specifika tillämpningskrav när man utvärderar de mekaniska egenskaperna hos linkompositer. Trots de mekaniska utmaningarna visade miljöanalyser att linalternativet för akterförlängningen erbjuder lovande fördelar. Den ger lägre koldioxidutsläpp genom lägre energiförbrukning under produktionen och ungefär samma avfallsproduktion jämfört med den ursprungliga kolfiberförlängningen. Det är emellertid viktigt att notera att dessa fördelar är baserade på idealiserade teoretiska data, och ytterligare optimering krävs för att hantera variationer i hartsanvändning och styrkan hos den härdade kompositen.För att komma till rätta med viktskillnader mellan olika båtar, som för närvarande korrigeras med korrigeringsvikter, föreslås en praktisk lösning med användning av linkompositlaminat. Selektiv implementering av akterförlängningar av lin på den lättaste tredjedelen av flottan kan bidra till att balansera ut viktskillnader utan att påverka den totala yachtprestandan. Denna strategi gör det möjligt för SailGP att införliva hållbara material samtidigt som enhetlighet och prestanda bibehålls för alla deltagande yachter. Genom att ta hänsyn till miljöpåverkan och strukturella överväganden ger denna studie värdefulla insikter för utvecklingen av hållbara marina kompositer och uppmuntrar till ytterligare forskning för att optimera prestanda och tillförlitlighet hos linbaserade laminat i marina applikationer.

Sustainable materials are prevalent within design, but industrial design lacks mass-manufactured product examples. This research explores this gap in knowledge to understand the influences affecting the selection of sustainable materials and how UK industrial designers could be better supported. A comprehensive literature review explores the selection of sustainable materials within the context of industrial design. Existing tools and resources designed to support industrial designers are analysed to understand the support provision and requirements. The research approach explores individual attitudes, and the influences towards and against selecting sustainable materials. Four UK companies were studied to understand how sustainable materials are considered and utilised for mass-manufactured products. Two frameworks were designed to support and facilitate sustainable material selection. The first depicts the overarching support requirements whilst the second presents the considerations and strategies. Both frameworks were evaluated by experts and previous participants. A workshop with designers evaluated the efficacy of the second framework when used as a tool The majority of industrial designers were aware of general issues of sustainability but rarely considered selecting sustainable materials. All four companies had experienced significant changes recently, including increasing resources and internal initiatives towards the use of sustainable materials. The market for sustainable materials is improving, but risks exist, such as fluctuating availability and market instability. A lack of awareness and understanding has meant that, in order to succeed, some companies have designed methods to educate stakeholders whilst designers have requested support to educate clients. Personal interest of the individual is a key driver, creating champions who raise awareness and boost confidence amongst colleagues. There is a need, not only for greater education and support, but also to improve engagement with sustainable material selection amongst industrial designers and others involved in the process.

As more owners seek to develop sustainable buildings, the construction industry is adapting to new requirements in order to meet owner's concerns. Material selection has been identified as an area where designers and contractors can have a significant impact on the sustainable performance of a building. Objective factors such as design considerations and cost constraints can play a role in the selection of materials. However, there may be subjective factors that could also impact the selection of materials. Building upon the potential impact of sustainability perceptions in an optimization model that can be used to help decision makers to select materials, this study defines and tests an instrument to identify and measure such perceptions. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual instrument that measures the user-based assessment of product sustainability and validates decision-maker's perceptions in order to evaluate the contribution of subjective characteristics in materials selection. A survey of design and construction students and practitioners is carried out to capture the subjective factors included in the instrument. A Factor Analysis approach is used to refine and validate the measurement instrument and predict decision-makers' sustainability appraisal due to the factors considered.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-10-23T13:16:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Eduardo Rosa Pereira.pdf: 1353513 bytes, checksum: d9a87ca1e10197afa62903055ff7dd9d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-10-23T15:33:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Eduardo Rosa Pereira.pdf: 1353513 bytes, checksum: d9a87ca1e10197afa62903055ff7dd9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T15:33:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Eduardo Rosa Pereira.pdf: 1353513 bytes, checksum: d9a87ca1e10197afa62903055ff7dd9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / O Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ) tem desenvolvido ações no intuito de incorporar iniciativas com o conceito de sustentabilidade, como as compras públicas sustentáveis. Para que tais ações tenham êxito, é importante a colaboração de todos os setores. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o papel do setor de patrimônio, responsável pela gestão de todo o material permanente, nesse novo direcionamento estratégico da Organização, especialmente no contexto das compras públicas sustentáveis. Para alcançar esse objetivo realizaram-se uma revisão da literatura na base de dados Scopus, entrevistas com especialistas e análise documental. Entrevistaram-se, com o auxílio de um questionário semiestruturado, funcionários do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro e atores-chave envolvidos com o processo de compras públicas sustentáveis na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, integrantes da Rede Rio de Sustentabilidade. Propuseram-se mudanças no setor de patrimônio da instituição analisada para melhorar o processo de compras sustentáveis, tais como a atualização do cadastro dos materiais para incorporação de informações sobre os aspectos sustentáveis de produtos adquiridos e uma maior integração com Setor de Compras, para melhorar o processo de compras sustentáveis. Isso substancia que tal prática seja inserida como proposta convincente ao Setor de Patrimônio do JBRJ, que tem um importante papel no contexto da gestão da sustentabilidade na instituição estudada, como uma unidade de apoio às ações implantadas. / The Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute has developed actions to incorporate initiatives with the concept of sustainability, such as sustainable public procurement. For such actions to be successful, collaboration across all sectors is important. The objective of this work is to analyze the role of the Patrimony Sector, responsible for the management of all permanent material, in this new strategic direction of the Organization, especially in the context of sustainable public procurement. To reach this goal a review of the literature on the Scopus data base, interviews with specialists and documentary analysis was carried out. With the help of a semi-structured questionnaire, employees of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden and key stakeholders involved in the process of sustainable public procurement in the city of Rio de Janeiro, members of Rio’s Network of Sustainability, were interviewed. Changes in the equity sector of the institution analyzed were proposed to improve the sustainable procurement process, such as updating the registration of materials for incorporation of information on the sustainable aspects of acquired products and a greater integration with the Purchasing Sector, to improve the Sustainable purchasing process. This substantiates that such practice is inserted as a convincing proposal to the Patrimony Sector of the JBRJ, which has an important role in the context of sustainability management in the institution studied, as a unit to support the implemented actions.

Idag står samhället inför stora utmaningar vad gäller hållbar omställning. Inom byggbranschenär arkitekten en av yrkesrollerna som är med i det tidiga skedet och har chans att påverka vadsom projekteras. Idag begränsas arkitektens resurser och möjligheter att påverka, myckethandlar om avsaknad auktoritet hos arkitektyrket. Att arkitekten begränsas skapar svårighetervad gäller att göra hållbara materialval samt påverka beställarens prioriteringar och beslut.Syftet med följande arbete är att hitta en strategi för att underlätta arkitektens hållbarhetsarbete.Arbetet har undersökt vilka svårigheter som upplevs, vad som efterfrågas och hur arkitekteninom branschen använder sig utav miljöbedömningsverktyg. Arbetet har även undersökt omnågot land eller yrkesroll skulle kunna verka som föregångare till Sverige. Där har Tysklandsbranschkultur för arkitekter undersökts samt yrkesrollen miljösamordnare. Arbetet avgränsarsig till mindre arkitektkontor med begränsade resurser, privata beställare och analys av ettbegränsat antal digitala miljöbedömningsverktyg. Undersökningar har gjorts genom en mindrelitteraturstudie, en enkät och ett tiotal semistrukturerade intervjuer.Resultatet visar på att det finns en rad åtgärder som kan göras på kontors- och individnivå.Åtgärderna kan appliceras med små medel om utrymme ges tidsmässigt. Flera av åtgärdernakan lösas tillsammans inom ett kontor men det kräver också att det finns ett eget intresse hosarkitekten på individnivå. Ett exempel på åtgärd på kontorsnivå skulle kunna vara internaworkshops där kontoret utbildar sig själva inom hållbara material. På individnivå är en åtgärdatt hålla sig uppdaterad inom ämnet exempelvis genom att skaffa sig ett inspirerande nätverkpå LinkedIn. Den mest övergripande slutsatsen för arbetet är att krav på hållbarhet måste ställasfrån branschorganisationer och riksdag för att förändring ska ske. / The society today faces several challenges when it comes to sustainability. The architect’s roletoday has limited influence on the client. While they are involved early on in the process, theyhave the opportunity to influence although this opportunity is not always available becauserecourses is not provided. The architects today experience difficulties when making sustainablematerial choices and influencing client priorities.The purpose of the following work is to assist the architect in their sustainability work. Thework has investigated the difficulties experienced, what is demanded, and how architects in theindustry utilize environmental assessment tools. The work has also investigated whether anycountry or professional role could serve as a precursor to Sweden. Germany's industry culturefor architects and the professional role of environmental coordinator have been examined. Thework is limited to smaller architectural firms with limited resources, private clients, and analysisof a limited number of digital environmental assessment tools. Surveys have been conductedby a small literature review, a questionnaire and a dozen semi-structed interviews.The results show that there are several measures that can be taken at both office and individuallevels. The measures can be implemented with small means if time is provided. Several of themeasures can be solved together within an office, but it also requires a personal interest fromthe architect on an individual level. An example of an action at the office level could be internalworkshops where the office educates themselves on sustainable materials. At the individuallevel, an action is to stay updated on the subject, for example by acquiring an inspiring networkon LinkedIn. The primary conclusion of the work is that demands for sustainability must be setby industry organizations and parliament for change to occur.

<p dir="ltr">The advancement of sustainable, high-performance materials is essential for the future of innovative civil infrastructure. 3D printed (3DP) concrete has emerged as an innovative technique with the potential to revolutionize construction practices by enabling advanced and novel material performance characteristics. This dissertation focuses on addressing the key challenges associated with 3DP concrete while exploring opportunities to develop innovative, high-performance materials by leveraging the unique capabilities of additive manufacturing technology, such as design flexibility and controlled internal architecture. The research presented in this work focuses on three aspects of 3DP concrete: the development of sustainable materials for 3DP concrete with enhanced rheological properties, the evaluation of mechanical performance and anisotropic behavior in 3DP fiber-reinforced mortars, and the investigation of mechanical responses of 3DP elements featuring bio-inspired designs. The first part of the research tackles the challenge of mixture formulation of 3DP concrete, focusing on improving rheological properties and sustainability by incorporating cellulose nanomaterials and supplementary cementitious materials. This study aims to enhance the performance of the material while concurrently reducing the environmental impact of 3DP concrete, making it more viable for practical applications. Furthermore, this dissertation contributes to understanding the role of fiber reinforcement in 3DP concrete, particularly its influence on the anisotropic behavior of the material. Lastly, the research introduces a novel, nature-inspired approach by taking advantage of this intrinsic anisotropy, coupled with flexibility in filament architecture design, to develop 3DP concrete with exceptional mechanical properties that are challenging to achieve through traditional casting methods. <a href="" target="_blank">We have demonstrated the ability to make concrete both stronger and more energy-absorbing than its cast counterparts by combining clever architectures inspired by extreme animals in nature with 3D concrete printing technology.</a></p>