La communauté scientifique s’accorde sur la responsabilité de l’homme dans les menaces actuelles pesant sur la biodiversité. La forte érosion de la biodiversité mondiale pointe les limites biophysiques de renouvellement du capital naturel (espèces, paysages, services écosystémiques…). Postulant que la durabilité d’un système économique passe par le maintien du stock de capital naturel, Costanza et Daly ont introduit les concepts de « durabilité faible » et de « durabilité forte » pour caractériser les biens selon leur niveau de substituabilité (dans le cadre de la durabilité forte, le capital naturel devient non substituable). A leur suite, afin d’adapter le concept de durabilité forte aux problématiques de développement et d’aménagement, Toman suggère en 1994 de distinguer les capitaux naturels critiques présentant des enjeux de préservation forts des capitaux naturels de moindre importance. Il propose d’appliquer une logique de durabilité forte aux premiers pour ne pas les laisser décroître en dessous de seuils donnés dits normes minimales de sauvegarde et, d’utiliser les seconds comme supports du développement, appliquant alors une logique de durabilité faible.Partant les cadres conceptuels de Costanza, Daly et Toman, ma thèse évalue la faisabilité et les arbitrages inhérents à la mise en œuvre de la durabilité forte dans une action publique de préservation de la biodiversité, en l’occurrence, la compensation écologique qui conditionne les opérations d’aménagement à compenser les pertes écologiques qu’ils engendrent. Mon objectif fut de me centrer sur une action publique ayant des assises spatiales afin de mettre en évidence les déterminants individuels permettant sa mise en œuvre et d’évaluer les seuils, notamment spatiaux, nécessitant des arbitrages entre enjeux de développement économique et conservation de la biodiversité.Dans un premier chapitre, je propose et applique empiriquement sur trois régions françaises, une méthode pluridisciplinaire (reprenant des éléments d’écologie) de catégorisation des milieux naturels en fonction de leur niveau de durabilité. La spatialisation empirique de mes catégories fait ressortir la place prédominante de l’agriculture et une forte variabilité des niveaux de durabilité selon la nature biophysique et anthropique des espaces. Dans le second chapitre, j’évalue, à partir des cadres de l’économie comportementale, l’acceptabilité de la compensation écologique par les agriculteurs. Je mets en évidence de fortes disparités dépendantes des types de production et de l’histoire personnelle des agriculteurs. Dans mon dernier chapitre, j’évalue empiriquement les contraintes spatiales inhérentes à l’atteinte d’une durabilité forte à partir d’un modèle théorique d’allocation de l’effort de compensation à l’échelle régionale. Un premier résultat de ma thèse est donc une définition opératoire de la nature ordinaire, adaptée à la mise en œuvre d’une action publique sur l’environnement (en l’occurrence le dispositif de compensation écologique). Je montre que, si l’on cantonne les aménagements à la nature ordinaire, l’objectif de durabilité forte devient atteignable, à condition que l’agriculture soit le pivot du dispositif. Mon second résultat met en lumière les comportements des agriculteurs eu égard aux politiques visant la préservation d’une biodiversité. Il montre, à rebours des résultats standard en économie comportementale, que les agriculteurs réagissent plus favorablement à une biodiversité moins spécifique et que les niveaux d’acceptabilité de la mesure sont hétérogènes selon leur type de production (bio vs conventionnel) et leur histoire personnelle (héritier agricole versus néo-agriculteur). / Non fourni

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-10T12:02:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato de Forgi.pdf: 1065817 bytes, checksum: dbf7a13ea42024899e397bef6c9bfb23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T12:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato de Forgi.pdf: 1065817 bytes, checksum: dbf7a13ea42024899e397bef6c9bfb23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research described in this work had as main objective to make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the independent audit reports of the Mixed Economy Societies working in the water and sewage segment with State control in the years of 2012 to 2015. The methodology is exploratory, quantitative and Qualitative, through the technique of content analysis based on the accounting information published in the official journal, sent to the CVM - Comissão de Valores Mobiliários or available on the website. The result of this research allowed to identify the main notes of 20 companies of the sample, in the period of 2012 to 2015, resulting in 171 notes. It was observed that 8 demonstrations presented a critical quality level, representing 11.2% of the total analyzed and that 23 statements presented qualified opinions, and there may also be an indication of impairment of the accounting quality of these statements, corresponding to 32% of the analyzed statements. It was also observed that 40 accounting statements (56.3%) did not present any qualifications, and could indicate a satisfactory level of accounting compliance of the statements of this segment / A pesquisa descrita neste trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos relatórios de auditoria independente das Sociedades de Economia Mistas atuantes no segmento de água e de esgotos com controle Estadual nos anos de 2012 a 2015. A metodologia é exploratória, quantitativa e qualitativa, por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo baseado nas informações contábeis publicadas em diário oficial, enviadas à CVM – Comissão de valores Mobiliários ou disponíveis no site. O resultado da referida pesquisa permitiu identificar os principais apontamentos de 20 empresas da amostra, no período de 2012 a 2015, resultando em 171 apontamentos. Foi observado que 8 demonstrações apresentaram nível crítico de qualidade, representando 11,2% do total analisado e que 23 demonstrações apresentaram opiniões com ressalva, podendo haver também um indício de comprometimento da qualidade contábil dessas demonstrações, correspondendo a 32% das demonstrações analisadas. Foi observado, ainda, que 40 demonstrações contábeis (56,3%), não apresentaram ressalvas, podendo sinalizar um nível satisfatório de conformidade contábil das demonstrações desse segmento

Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka destinationsutveckling på en rural destination med fokus på det lokala samhällsperspektivet och den sociala hållbarheten. Dalarö i Stockholms skärgård är fallstudieområdet för denna undersökning. Metod: Denna studie omfattar en triangulering av olika slags kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Det har genomförts personliga intervjuer, enkäter samt en fokusgrupp. Teoretiska perspektiv: Tre teorier har använts för att skapa grunden i denna uppsats. Teorierna berör destinationsutveckling, nätverk, attityder samt hållbar utveckling. Empiri: Materialet är insamlat från tre personliga intervjuer, en enkät samt en fokusgrupp med fem frivilliga Dalaröbor. Den första intervjun var med en utredare inom näringsliv och landsbygd på Haninge kommun. Intervju två var med Dalarö Turistchef som även är ordförande i Dalarös Företagarförening. Det hölls även en intervju med en konsult som jobbade för kommunen angående Dalarös destinationsutveckling. En enkät med två olika inriktningar skickades till 346 möjliga respondenter. Slutligen genomförde skribenterna en fokusgrupp som bestod av fem deltagare. Slutsats: Lokalbefolkningen har möjlighet att påverka destinationsutvecklingen genom att delta på möten men det är sällan diskussionerna ger ett resultat. De tre aktörerna undersökningen fokuserat på samverkar genom möten dem emellan där de diskuterar framtidsplaner.  I nuläget är relationen mellan lokalbefolkningen och besökare socialt hållbar, men detta kan med tiden förändras.

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) produce aquaculture products on land with minimal discharge of waste products and minimal water loss. High costs associated with waste treatment for RAS have triggered the growth of integrated aquaculture systems (IAS) which incorporate macrophytes (aquatic plants) into the treatment train. The objective of this research was to examine a pilot scale inland marine IAS with three different methods for solids treatment: a sand filter followed by a plant bed, only a plant bed, and geotextile bags. Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) were grown along with Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), Black Needle Rush (Juncus romerianus), and Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). Between May 2011 and April 2012, water quality was tested at seven points located throughout the IAS for total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate (PO43-) concentrations every 4 to 6 weeks. Plant and soil samples were collected three times and analyzed for total nitrogen and total phosphorus. A statistically significant difference in the effluent concentrations for the three treatments was not found; however, due to the recombination of effluent from the solid treatments and the variability inherent in a pilot scale system it was difficult to isolate the individual efficiencies of each treatment. Therefore, on average the complete system achieved COD and TSS removal efficiency of 59% and 88%, respectively and TN and TP removal efficiency of 48% and 19%, respectively. Nutrient uptake by plants did not vary significantly between the plant beds. In general, the system provided sufficient nutrient removal for safe fish production, and the fish provided enough nutrients for ample plant growth.

Diante de um cenário de degradação ambiental global, escassez de matéria prima, água, energia, aumento da poluição, crise social e econômica, é feita a proposição de uma Arquitetura de Baixo Impacto Humano e Ambiental - ABIHA.Todas estas variáveis trazem novos elementos à Arquitetura aumentando a sua complexidade e fazendo com que haja necessidade de adaptação.Apesar de todas as incertezas e contradições envolvendo as questões de sustentabilidade, seus conceitos e sua aplicação na Arquitetura são abordados neste contexto.Além das questões conceituais, são apresentadas aplicações práticas da ABIHA, no Jardim Sustentável, na Reciclagem do Galpão da POLI e no MINI labiratório de Conforto e Eficiência Energética.Estas aplicações seriram de base para a proposta de Sistematização que é apresentada no final deste trabalho como parte das conclusões finais. Esta proposta é apenas início de muitas pesquisas que ainda devem ser feiras rumo a uma Arquitetura mais Sustentável. / The actual global environmental context is one of fierce degradation : reflecting in the exhaustion of natural sources, increase of air, soil and water pollution, and social and economic crises.Facing such a scenario, it is proposed in this work, principles of architecture of low human environmental impact (arquitetura de baixo impacto humano e ambiental) - ABIHA.All these variables bring new parameters to the design of building, including their entire life cycles.Under these new ciecunstances it is observed an increae of the complexity in this design process, making necessary discussions for change.Despite all the uncertainties and contradictions about issues of sustainability, their concepts, as well as their applications are approached in the context of this work.Besides the conceptual matters, practions applications of ABIHA are carried out, in the example of the sustainable garden, warehouse recycling and the movable environmental laboratory (sensors and data lggers).Such experiences of practical application were fundamental to create the basis for the methodological assessment proposed as part of the final conclusions of this research.However, this procedure of evaluation is understood merely as the beginning of a big range of other researchs, which shlould be developed towards a more sustainable architecture.

The fashion system has increasingly been imbued by ecology and sustainability. While in the recent years a lot on approaches to more sustainable consumption behaviour from the con- sumers’ side have been suggested, this study focuses on the very practice of how sustainabil- ity - in an applied matter - is realised within a fashion company. In this dissertation, two Swe- dish fashion brands, Nudie Jeans co and Filippa K, are being investigated and analysed due to their brand philosophies and concepts dealing with sustainability. If Nudie Jeans co’s first all- organic denim collection launched in Autumn 2012 or Filippa K’s emphasis to the longevity of clothing by classic shapes and plain colours; both ideas foster a slow fashion movement. One of this thesis’ implications is the fact, that the term sustainability is much more far- reaching and expansive as commonly defined. Also timelessness and tradition could be sus- tainable, if still taking care of environment and society. Finally, concepts of sustainability which are commonly not highlighted shall be identified and fill the yet existing gap.

Diante de um cenário de degradação ambiental global, escassez de matéria prima, água, energia, aumento da poluição, crise social e econômica, é feita a proposição de uma Arquitetura de Baixo Impacto Humano e Ambiental - ABIHA.Todas estas variáveis trazem novos elementos à Arquitetura aumentando a sua complexidade e fazendo com que haja necessidade de adaptação.Apesar de todas as incertezas e contradições envolvendo as questões de sustentabilidade, seus conceitos e sua aplicação na Arquitetura são abordados neste contexto.Além das questões conceituais, são apresentadas aplicações práticas da ABIHA, no Jardim Sustentável, na Reciclagem do Galpão da POLI e no MINI labiratório de Conforto e Eficiência Energética.Estas aplicações seriram de base para a proposta de Sistematização que é apresentada no final deste trabalho como parte das conclusões finais. Esta proposta é apenas início de muitas pesquisas que ainda devem ser feiras rumo a uma Arquitetura mais Sustentável. / The actual global environmental context is one of fierce degradation : reflecting in the exhaustion of natural sources, increase of air, soil and water pollution, and social and economic crises.Facing such a scenario, it is proposed in this work, principles of architecture of low human environmental impact (arquitetura de baixo impacto humano e ambiental) - ABIHA.All these variables bring new parameters to the design of building, including their entire life cycles.Under these new ciecunstances it is observed an increae of the complexity in this design process, making necessary discussions for change.Despite all the uncertainties and contradictions about issues of sustainability, their concepts, as well as their applications are approached in the context of this work.Besides the conceptual matters, practions applications of ABIHA are carried out, in the example of the sustainable garden, warehouse recycling and the movable environmental laboratory (sensors and data lggers).Such experiences of practical application were fundamental to create the basis for the methodological assessment proposed as part of the final conclusions of this research.However, this procedure of evaluation is understood merely as the beginning of a big range of other researchs, which shlould be developed towards a more sustainable architecture.

Introduction: Sustainability is humanity’s collective ability to sustain development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Preceding closely to the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) Report of 1987, the General Assembly has adopted the UN Declaration, in 1986 [GA RES. 41/128] and has re-emphasized its importance in the UN Millennium Declaration, 2000. Given this anthropocentric rights basis of sustainability it becomes necessary to understand what this ability and development are with respect to the individual human. Problems of relevance, whose resolution benefits more people in general, are often intractable to the methods of rigorous problem-solving (1). Systemic problems of development score high on relevance, low on being amenable to rigor (1) and are considered wicked in nature (2). Consequently, the concern for sustaining human development is wicked and hence calls for taking a design approach as design is considered good at resolving wicked problems(3). This suggests that the collective ability for sustainability with respect to the individual is design ability i.e. to specify solutions that satisfy requirements arising from having to meet self-determined individual (human) developmental needs. However, literature connecting design, sustainability and human development systemically is found lacking and calls for conducting integrative trans-disciplinary research. Prevention and remedial of consequences of technology to the habitability of earth requires the identification, understanding and control of interactions between humans and between humans and the earth systems. These interactions need to be identified generally and understood systemically in the context of being able to sustain human development. However, despite this need for research in interactions and an integrative framework for informing interventions (4) to prevent or remedy unsustainable situations literature that addresses this need is found inadequate. Research Objective: To develop a descriptive model of interaction to be able to identify and describe interactions and understand interactions at human-scale. To develop a prescriptive framework within which to situate the prevention and remedial of problems related to un sustainability by design and prescribe conditions that ensure coherence of design interventions to principles. Research Method: As is the nature of problems of relevance, the proposed research by nature spans multiple disciplines. Descriptive inquiry into widespread literature spanning conservation, development, systems theory and design is conducted before synthesizing a descriptive model of interaction that situates design cycle as a natural cycle based on interpretation of entropy and Gestalt theory of human perception. A manual discourse analysis of a section of the WCED report is undertaken to inquire into the conceptual system (worldview) behind sustainable development to understand human interactions based on worldview. Addressing the need for choosing alternative goals of development for sustainability, Sen’s capability approach to human development is adopted after critically reviewing literature in this area and synthesizing an appropriate integration of design ability, tools, (cognitive) extension and design capability for human development. Models based on theories spanning design expertise, psychology and systems thinking are reviewed and synthesized into a prescriptive framework and two intervention scenarios based on it. The framework, intervention scenarios and the model are illustrated with evidence from qualitative bibliographic analysis of several cases related to sustaining human development in principle. Results: Sustainability is proposed as a human ability; this human ability is proposed to be design ability to sustain human development. A descriptive model of interaction that situates anthropogenic action as a design cycle is proposed. Based on this model, identifying entities and interactions is demonstrated with examples. It is proposed that humans interact, designing, due to and based on their worldview. Expansion of capabilities as stated in capability approach to lead to human development is ‘extension’ of design ability to design capability mediated by tools. Personal and interpersonal interactions at human scale are described through tool-use categories. A prescriptive framework for sustainability by design that holds human needs as central to interventions for sustainability is proposed. Based on this framework, pro-active and reactive scenarios of design intervention for prevention and remedial of un sustainability are constructed and demonstrated using several cases. Summary: Problems of relevance like sustaining human development are wicked in nature and require knowledge and action mutually informing each other. Addressing the inter-disciplinary nature of the problem requires a design approach as design is known to integrate knowledge from several disciplines to resolve wicked problems. The imperative to be able to sustain human development provides the widest profile of requirements to be met and design is shown to be central to meeting these requirements at the various scales that they surface. Sustainability is defined as humanity’s collective ability to develop meeting needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations for meeting their own needs. This collective ability translates to the individual’s design ability to specify solutions that satisfy requirements arising out of having to meet self-determined developmental needs. The process of ‘expansion’ -- of capabilities that free people choose and value – that realizes human development is the process of tools affording the extension of design ability to design capability necessary for progressively satisfying requirements arising out of self-determined needs of increasing complexity. It is proposed that humans interact, designing based on and due to their worldview. Personal and interpersonal interactions at human scale are described through tool-use categories. A prescriptive framework for sustainability by design is developed stating conditions to guide systemic design interventions for preventing and remedying unsustainability within pro-active and reactive scenarios respectively. A descriptive model of interaction is developed to situate and enable understanding of interactions. The framework, scenarios and the model are illustrated using several cases related to sustaining human development.