Asian countries have become one of the largest export markets for US food developers during the past decade. Understanding consumer expectations and needs in a cross-cultural framework has gained importance for new products to succeed in the international markets. A sports-drink, which is a functional drink for athletes, has been successfully introduced in the US. The product is also growing in popularity internationally. However, the concept and product sports-drink is relatively novel among Asians. The overall objective of this study was to investigate cross-cultural consumer acceptance and fundamental factors driving diversities in food acceptance using a sportsdrink varied in sweetener concentration. In the first part of the study, respondents (372) from Indonesia, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, Thailand, and United States evaluated sports-drink samples at four sweetener levels. Respondents' expected sensory characteristics, concept fitness, functionality, and experience with twenty commercial beverages were also evaluated. The results show that the optimal sweetness level for the sports-drink was lower for Americans than Asians. The degree of increase in perceived sweetness intensity over sweetener levels was greater among Americans than Asians. Also, there were considerable cultural differences in expectations for various beverages. In addition, experience with a product was another key factor affecting expectations. Based on the results from the first part of the study, a model delineating the processes of hedonic and intensity rating incorporating familiarity, concepts, and context effect was developed. To investigate the significance of this model, expectations were rated and sensory testing was carried out by modifying concepts and using different contexts of beverages. People (256) from Mainland China, Indonesia, Korea, and United States (US) participated in this experiment. The length of exposure to a sports-drink was a key factor affecting the optimum sweetener level for a sports drink. Concept influenced both expectation and taste rating of a sports-drink for the panelists who had been exposed to the sports-drink longer. Less exposed panelists were only affected in their taste rating by different concepts. When the concept was less acceptable, the acceptance rating of the optimum sweetener sample was also lowered. US panelists had a different expectation for a lemon-lime flavored beverage than did Asians. Ideal sweetness intensity ratings for general beverages was a good predictor in determining for panelists' optimum sweetener level for a sports-drink. Based on the model proposed, cross-cultural diversities in sweetness preference were better understood. / Graduation date: 2000

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Flávio Ribeiro Valério Júnior - 2018.pdf: 3545674 bytes, checksum: 60b287d7be7aacf8e603947c7208bd99 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The production of alcoholic ferments from fruit is an attractive alternative for the food industry, as this type of beverage has received strong acceptance from consumers. Climate change and the search for wines with lower alcohol content and a search for a concentration of glycerol and better aromas, led to studies in yeast co-cultures. Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of fruits, including tropical fruit. Among the typical species of Cerrado, Eugenia dysenterica DC, popularly known as Cagaita, is already used in the manufacture of sweets, jellies, ice cream, soft drinks, juices and liqueurs. Regarding the fermenting agent, yeast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with high potential for ethanol production, and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, a notable producer of glycerol, present interesting and required characteristics in the fermented beverage industry. Thus, the present work followed a central rotational experimental planning and a common factorial planning to stipulate the concentration of the strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae T-73 and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii CR-85, in order to understand how the interaction between the yeasts occurs ethanol, biomass and glycerol responses. From the DCCR, it was not possible to obtain significant models, since experiment 5 where there was pure CR-85 strain did not produce ethanol and glycerol. From these results, it was followed by common factorial planning, in which mathematical models could be obtained for the prediction of ethanol, biomass and glycerol production. It was also possible to identify that the assay with the highest concentration of CR-85 had an increase of glycerol, and the assay with the highest ethanol production was one that contained a slightly higher content of T-73 compared to CR-85. As for the volatile compounds, isoamyl alcohol was identified, responsible for the aromas in the food industry, as well as ethyl acetate, considered an ester acetate that gives the drinks fruit aromas. This research also presents details of the kinetics of growth, substrate consumption and production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae T-73 and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii CR-85 yeast products, in which the characteristics inherent to each yeast can influence the behavior of the kinetic parameters, characterizing the need to deepen studies on the metabolism of these yeasts. / A produção de fermentados alcoólicos a partir de frutas é uma alternativa atrativa para indústria de alimentos, pois esse tipo de bebida tem recebido forte aceitação por parte dos consumidores. As mudanças climáticas e a busca por vinhos com menor teor alcoólico, concentrações de glicerol mais baixas e melhores aromas, levaram a estudos em co-culturas de leveduras. O Brasil, apresenta-se como um dos maiores produtores mundiais de frutas, incluindo a fruticultura tropical. O bioma Cerrado concentra uma grande variedade de espécies frutíferas com características organolépticas interessantes, entre as espécies típicas do Cerrado, Eugenia dysenterica DC, conhecida popularmente como Cagaita, já é utilizada na fabricação de doces, geleias, sorvetes, refrescos, sucos e licores. Com relação ao agente fermentador, a levedura a Saccharomyces cerevisiae, com alto potencial para produção de etanol, e Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, notável produtora de glicerol, apresentam caraterísticas interessante e requerida na indústria de bebidas fermentadas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho, seguiu um planejamento experimental central rotacional e um planejamento fatorial comum para estipular a concentração das cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae T- 73 e Saccharomyces kudriavzevii CR-85, com intuito de entender como ocorre a interação entre as leveduras diante das respostas etanol, biomassa e glicerol. A partir do DCCR, não foi possível obter modelos significativos, visto que o experimento 5 onde havia cepa pura de CR-85 não produziu etanol e glicerol. A partir desses resultados, seguiu com planejamento fatorial comum, na qual, pôde-se obter modelos matemáticos para a predição da produção de etanol, biomassa e glicerol. Conseguiu-se também identificar que o ensaio com maior concentração de CR-85, houve um acréscimo de glicerol, e o ensaio com maior produção de etanol foi aquele que continha um teor ligeiramente superior de T-73 comparada a CR-85. Quantos aos compostos voláteis, foram identificados álcool isoamílico, responsável pelos aromas na indústria de alimentos, bem como acetato de étila, considerado um éster de acetato que confere a bebidas aromas frutais. Esta pesquisa ainda apresenta o detalhamento da cinética de crescimento, consumo de substrato e produção de produtos da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae T-73 e Saccharomyces kudriavzevii CR-85, nas quais, as características inerentes a cada levedura podem influenciar no comportamento dos parâmetros cinéticos, caracterizando a necessidade de aprofundamento de estudos no metabolismo dessas leveduras.

La consommation excessive et chronique de sucre est un facteur de risque pour l'apparition de pathologies telles que le diabète de type II ou l'obésité. Une des solutions pour répondre à cet enjeu majeur de santé publique, tout en conservant le plaisir de la saveur sucrée, consiste en l'utilisation d'édulcorants en substitution du sucre. Actuellement, un certain nombre d'édulcorants sur le marché présentent arrière-goût amer ou sont sujets à débat quant à leurs effets sur la santé. Un des objectifs de ces travaux de thèse consiste à proposer de nouveaux édulcorants grâce à des approches rationnelles in silico. Un modèle statistique a été établi sur la base des structures chimiques et a permis d'identifier de nouveaux édulcorants d'origine naturelle. Ensuite, la reconstruction par homologie du récepteur à la saveur sucrée et l'étude des sites de liaison apportent des indices, à l'échelle atomique, qui permettront d'identifier ou même de concevoir de nouveaux édulcorants. L'étude dynamique d'un récepteur de la même famille (Récepteur Couplé aux Protéines G (RCPG) de classe C) a permis d'émettre une hypothèse sur le mécanisme d'activation, phénomène important pour la compréhension de la conversion du signal chimique en signal électrique. / Sugar overconsumption is a risk factor for pathologies such as type II diabetes or obesity. Sweeteners consumption is used to overcome this public health issue. Indeed, they have low caloric value but still preserve the pleasure of sweet taste. Currently, number of sweeteners are commercially available, but they present a bitter aftertaste or there is a debate about their safety. One aim of this work was to propose new intense sweeteners using computational modeling strategies. Through a statistical approach to predict the sweetness based on the chemical structure of already known sweeteners, new natural compounds have been identified. Furthermore, the structural study of the homology model of the sweet taste receptor provides some clues to design new sweeteners. The molecular dynamic study of a class C G-protein coupled receptor gives the first molecular hypothesis of the activation process.

La protéine Hsp12 est une protéine de choc thermique (12 kDa) exprimée par la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et associée à la réponse au stress. En effet, il a été montré que les transcrits du gène HSP12 sont exprimés en réponse à différents stress. De plus, la protéine Hsp12 serait responsable de la sucrosité du vin observée au cours de l’autolyse des levures lors de la vinification. Cependant, le goût sucré pourrait provenir de la protéine Hsp12 entière, ou, d’un ou plusieurs peptides issus de la protéine Hsp12. L’objectif de cette étude était d’obtenir la protéine Hsp12 native pure à partir de culture de Saccharomyces cerevisiae afin de comprendre son rôle, d’une part dans la réponse au stress chez la levure et, d’autre part dans la sucrosité du vin.Des cultures de la souche œnologique Fx10 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae ont été réalisées afin d’étudier la protéine Hsp12 native. La production de la protéine Hsp12 en réponse à différents stress a été étudiée au cours des cultures, grâce à un dosage ELISA développé lors de cette étude. Il a ainsi été mis en évidence que la protéine Hsp12 est produite en quantités significativement supérieures en réponse à des stress thermiques et osmotiques. Le stress éthanolique quant à lui entraine une diminution de la quantité de protéine Hsp12. La protéine Hsp12 native extraite à partir des cultures a été purifiée. Un procédé de purification en 3 étapes a été développé. Plusieurs résines et conditions chromatographiques ont été criblées en microplaques. La résine en mode mixte PPA HyperCel a permis d’éliminer des contaminants majeurs grâce à sa sélectivité. La chromatographie d’exclusion stérique a permis d’éliminer les contaminants restants et ainsi d’obtenir la protéine Hsp12 native avec une pureté de 99%. Différentes techniques biophysiques et calorimétriques ont permis de caractériser la protéine Hsp12 native purifiée, en présence de membranes modèles. Il a ainsi été démontré que la protéine Hsp12 est une protéine intrinsèquement non ordonnée (intrinsically disordered protein - IDP). Elle est caractérisée par l’absence de structures secondaires en solution aqueuse et par la formation d’hélices α en présence de SDS et du phospholipide PiP2. La liaison avec le PiP2 suggère un rôle dans la stabilisation de la membrane plasmique des levures. La protéine Hsp12 pourrait ainsi avoir un rôle de chaperonne de membrane. Une caractérisation organoleptique de la protéine Hsp12 native purifiée a également été réalisée. Il apparait que la protéine Hsp12 entière n’est pas responsable de la sucrosité mais plutôt un ou des peptides issus sa digestion enzymatique. / Hsp12 is a heat shock protein (12 kDa) expressed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and associated with the stress response. Indeed, it has been shown that transcripts of the HSP12 gene are expressed in response to different stresses. In addition, the protein Hsp12 would be responsible for the sweetness of wine observed during the autolysis of yeasts during vinification. However, the sweet taste could come from the entire Hsp12, or from one or more peptides derived from Hsp12. The objective of this study was to obtain the pure native Hsp12 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture in order to understand its role, on the one hand in the stress response in yeast and on the other hand in the sweetness of wine.Cultures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fx10 enological strain were made to study the native Hsp12 protein. The production of the Hsp12 protein in response to different stresses was studied during the cultures, thanks to an ELISA assay developed during this study. It has thus been demonstrated that the Hsp12 protein is produced in significantly greater quantities in response to thermal and osmotic stress. Ethanol stress causes a decrease in the amount of Hsp12 protein. The native Hsp12 protein extracted from the cultures was purified. A 3-step purification process has been developed. Several resins and chromatographic conditions were screened in microplates. PPA HyperCel mixed-mode resin has eliminated major contaminants due to its selectivity. Steric exclusion chromatography allowed the removal of remaining contaminants and thus obtain the native Hsp12 protein with a purity of 99%. Various biophysical and calorimetric techniques were used to characterize the purified native Hsp12 protein in the presence of model membranes. It has thus been demonstrated that the Hsp12 protein is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). It is characterized by the absence of secondary structures in aqueous solution and by the formation of α helices in the presence of SDS and phospholipid PiP2. The binding with PiP2 suggests a role in the stabilization of the plasma membrane of yeasts. The Hsp12 protein could thus act as a membrane chaperone. Organoleptic characterization of the purified native Hsp12 protein was also performed. It appears that the entire Hsp12 protein is not responsible for the sweetness but rather one or more peptides resulting from its enzymatic digestion.

La saveur sucrée est à l’origine de l’équilibre gustatif des vins secs. On observe uneaugmentation de son intensité au cours de la macération post-fermentaire et de l’élevage enbarrique. Nous montrons que ces phénomènes sont respectivement liés à la libération depeptides de la levure et de composés non-volatils du bois de chêne dans les vins.Le rôle de la protéine Hsp12 de S. cerevisae sur le gain de sucrosité est établi enutilisant des techniques de biologie moléculaire et d’analyse sensorielle.Le développement d’un couplage chromatographie de partage centrifuge –gustatométrie permet de fractionner un extrait de bois de chêne et de purifier plusieurscomposés sapides. L’utilisation de la LC-FT/MS et de la RMN nous a permis d’identifierquatre nouvelles molécules, appelées quercotriterpénosides (QTT), deux d’entre elles (QTTI et III) possédant une saveur douce. Les seuils de perception du QTT I et d’un lignane amer,le lyonirésinol, sont respectivement 590 μg/L et 1.52 mg/L.La mise au point d’une méthode de quantification de ces composés en LC-FT/MS nous apermis de démontrer l’impact organoleptique du lyonirésinol dans les vins.Il est probable que les QTT I et III contribuent, directement ou indirectement, au gain desucrosité conféré par le bois de chêne. / Sweetness contributes to the balance in taste of dry wines. An increase in sweet taste isobservable during post-fermentation maceration and oak-barrel aging. We have revealed thatthese phenomena are respectively due to the release in wines of yeast peptides and nonvolatileoak wood compounds.The role of Hsp12 protein from S.cerevisae on the increase in sweetness is establishedwith both molecular biology and sensorial analysis techniques.The development of a method coupling centrifugal partition chromatography andgustatometry has enabled us to fractionate an oak-wood extract and to purify several sapidcompounds. Thanks to both the LC-FTMS and the NMR spectroscopy methods, we havehighlighted four new molecules, called quercotriterpenosides (QTT), out of which QTT Iand III are responsible for a sweet taste. The perception thresholds of QTT I and a bitterlignan, lyoniresinol, are respectively 590 μg/L and 1.52 mg/L.LC-FT/MS method has been used to develop a quantification method for these compoundsand we have demonstrated the organoleptic impact of lyoniresinol in wines.QTT I and III are likely to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the increase in sweetnessconsecutive to barrel aging in dry wines.

<p>Low calorie sweeteners (LCS) provide sweetness with little to no energy. Each sweetener has a unique chemical structure that possesses unique sensory and functional characteristics. While LCS are generally considered in aggregate, these unique chemical structures have potential implications for sensory, metabolic, and behavioral differences that may impact body weight and glycemia. Therefore, two, twelve-week experiments were conducted to determine the effect of chronic LCS consumption on body weight, glycemia, and ingestive behaviors. </p> <p>The first experiment investigated the differential effects of four LCS (saccharin, aspartame, rebaudioside A, and sucralose) and sucrose consumed for twelve weeks on body weight, glycemia, and ingestive behaviors among healthy adults with overweight or obesity (body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 40 kg/m²). In a parallel-arm design, 154 participants were randomly assigned to consume 1.25 to 1.75L of beverage sweetened with 1 of the 5 sweeteners daily for 12 weeks. Body weight was measured every two weeks; energy intake, energy expenditure, and appetite were assessed every 4 weeks; and glucose tolerance was measured at baseline and week 12. Every four weeks, participants completed 24-hour urine collections to determine study compliance via PABA excretion. Sucrose and saccharin consumption led to increased body weight across the 12-week intervention (Δ weight = +1.85 and +1.18kg, p ≤ 0.02) and did not differ from each other. While there was no significant change in body weight with consumption of the other LCS treatments compared to baseline, changes in weight in comparison to the sucrose treatment (sucrose – LCS) were significantly different for aspartame, rebA, and sucralose after 12 weeks (weight difference = 1.13, 1.25, 2.63kg, respectively; p ≤ 0.03). In addition, change in body weight at week 12 was significantly lower between sucralose and all other LCS (weight difference ≥ - 1.37 kg, p=0.008).</p> <p>The second experiment investigated the effect of daily aspartame ingestion on glycemia, body weight, and appetite. One hundred lean (BMI between 18 and 25 kg/m²) adults were randomly assigned to consume 0, 350, or 1050 mg aspartame/day for twelve weeks in a parallel-arm design. This experiment followed a similar protocol but measured body weight and blood pressure weekly and contained a 240-min glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) with measurements of selected hormones at baseline and week 12. Participants also collected 24-h urine samples every four weeks. There were no group differences for glucose, insulin, resting leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, or gastric inhibitory peptide at baseline or week 12. There also were no effects of aspartame ingestion on appetite, body weight, or body composition. </p> <p>These trials demonstrate that all LCS contribute negligible energy but should not be aggregated because of their differing effects on body weight. Sucrose and saccharin consumption significantly increased body weight compared to aspartame, rebA, and sucralose. This differential change in body weight among LCS indicates individual LCS likely exert different physiological responses beyond the contribution of sweetness with negligible energy. Saccharin, rebA, sucralose, and aspartame (ingested at three doses) for twelve weeks had no effect on glycemia. These data do not support the view that LCS are problematic for the management of glycemia. If substantiated through additional testing, findings from this trial have implications for consumers, food industry, clinicians, and policy makers. Some LCS may not hold the anticipated beneficial effects on body weight (e.g., saccharin) and positive effects of one LCS (sucralose) may be attenuated if combined with select other LCS. Going forward it will be important to consider each LCS as a distinct entity with respect to its potential health effects.</p>

My thesis examines the concept of sweetness as an aesthetic category in nineteenth-century British culture. My contention is that a link exists between the idea of sweetness as it appears in literary works and sugar as an everyday commodity with a complex history attached. Sugar had changed from being considered as a luxury in 1750 to a mass-market staple by the 1850s, a major cultural transition which altered the concept of sweetness as a taste. In the thesis I map the consequences of this shift as they are manifest in a range of texts from the period, alongside parallel changes in the aesthetic category of sweetness. I also assess the relationship between the material history of sweetness and the separate but related concept of aesthetic sweetness. In focussing on the relationship between sugar and sweetness in the Victorian period this thesis examines an area of nineteenth-century life that has previously never been subject to detailed study. Although several critics have explored the connection between sugar and concepts of sweetness as they relate to abolitionist debates in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, my focus differs in that I assert that other material histories of sugar played as significant a role in developing discourses of sweetness. Throughout this study, which spans the period 1780-1870, I draw on a range of sources across a variety of genres, including abolitionist pamphlets, medical textbooks, the novels of Charlotte Bront&euml; and Wilkie Collins, the cultural criticism of Matthew Arnold and Walter Pater, and the poetry of Christina Rossetti and Algernon Charles Swinburne. I conclude that literary cultures in the nineteenth century increasingly use discourses of sugar to relate to the mass market and explore the commercialisation of literature, at a time when a growing commodity culture was seen as a threat to literary integrity.

Orientador: Helena Maria Andre Bolini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T04:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_JulianaMariaPorto_M.pdf: 927691 bytes, checksum: 3d9e22dd3c1370bfc11738f47919de7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Atualmente, os consumidores esperam cada vez mais obter prazer com o alimento e requerem características sensoriais, como gosto, sabor, cor e textura agradáveis. Por outro lado, desejam que este seja reduzido em gorduras, açúcar e calorias e possibilite a manutenção ou melhoria de sua saúde e bem estar. Com a obesidade tendo se tornado epidêmica e com o aumento cada vez maior do interesse da população por alimentos com benefícios, os edulcorantes têm recebido especial atenção. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento dos edulcorantes aspartame, mistura ciclamato/sacarina 2:1, estévia, sucralose e acessulfame ¿ K em substituição à sacarose em néctar de pêssego, bebida largamente consumida no Brasil. Foram realizadas determinações da doçura ideal e equivalente, análise de aceitação e determinação do perfil sensorial através de análise descritiva quantitativa e análise tempo-intensidade, sendo que a análise de aceitação e a análise tempo-intensidade foram realizadas em duas diferentes temperaturas (6 ± 2°C e 22 ± 2°C). A concentração de sacarose considerada ideal pelo consumidor foi de 10%, sendo que as concentrações dos edulcorantes necessárias para promover doçura equivalente à ideal com sacarose foram de 0,054% para o aspartame; 0,036% para a mistura ciclamato/sacarina 2:1; 0,10% para a estévia; 0,016% para a sucralose e 0,053% para o acessulfame ¿ K. As amostras adoçadas com sacarose obtiveram maior aceitação pelo consumidor. Dentre as adoçadas com edulcorantes, as de sucralose e aspartame foram mais bem aceitas; as de acessulfame ¿ K e estévia obtiveram as médias mais baixas. Comparando os resultados obtidos em diferentes temperaturas, não houve diferença significativa (p £ 0,05) de aceitação entre as amostras adoçadas com edulcorantes, mostrando que o produto é bem aceito nas duas temperaturas. A Análise Descritiva Quantitativa permitiu definir os atributos: Cor Amarela, Turbidez, Brilho, Viscosidade Aparente, Aroma de Pêssego em Calda, Aroma Doce, Aroma de Erva, Sabor de Pêssego em Calda, Doçura, Amargor, Sabor de Erva, Acidez, Residual Amargo, Residual Doce, Adstringência e Corpo como descritores do néctar de pêssego. A estévia e o acessulfame ¿ K destacaram-se pelo amargor e amargor residual. Aspartame e estévia mostraram altas intensidades de doçura e doçura residual. Na análise tempo intensidade, a sucralose foi o edulcorante que apresentou curva tempo-intensidade de doçura mais próxima à sacarose em ambas as temperaturas de estudo, sendo que aspartame e estévia diferiram dos demais por apresentarem longo tempo de duração do estímulo, caracterizando presença de doçura residual. A análise tempo-intensidade para o amargor mostrou que apenas os edulcorantes aspartame, mistura ciclamato/sacarina 2:1, estévia e acessulfame ¿ K provocam este estímulo. Em ambas as temperaturas analisadas, a estévia caracterizouse por uma maior intensidade máxima de amargor, bem como área total sob a curva e tempo total de duração do estímulo. Houve influência da temperatura no perfil temporal das amostras em relação ao amargor para praticamente todos os parâmetros das curvas analisados, sendo bastante evidente para o edulcorante acessulfame ¿ K / Abstract: Nowadays, consumers expect more pleasure from food as well as pleasant sensory characteristic s, such as taste, flavor, color and texture. On the other hand, food must be low in fat, sugar and calories, maintaining or increasing health and well being. With obesity as an epidemic and the increase of people¿s interest in food that provide health benefits, sweeteners have received special attention. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of the sweeteners aspartame, cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 blend, stevioside, sucralose and acesulfame ¿ K as sucrose¿s substitutes in peach nectar, a beverage widely consumed in Brazil. Determinations of ideal and equivalent sweetness, acceptance analysis, and determination of the sensory profile using a quantitative descriptive analysis and a time-intensity analysis were carried out. Acceptance and timeintensity analyses were carried out at two different temperatures (6 ± 2°C e 22 ± 2°C). The concentration defined as ideal by consumers for sucrose was 10%, while the equivalent concentrations were 0,054% for aspartame; 0,036% for cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 blend; 0,10% for stevioside; 0,016% for sucralose and 0,053% for acesulfame ¿ K. Sucrose samples were best accepted by consumers. Among the sweetener samples, sucralose and aspartame were best accepted, while acesulfame ¿ K and stevioside received the lowest grades. Comparing the results obtained in different temperatures, there were no statistical differences (p £ 0.05) among samples containing sweeteners, which might indicate that the product is well accepted at both temperatures. In the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, the attributes: Yellow Color, Cloudy Aspect , Brightness, Visual Viscosity, Peach Aroma, Sweet Aroma, Herb Aroma, Peach Flavor, Sweetness, Bitterness, Herb Flavor, Sourness, Residual Bitterness, Residual Sweetness, Astringency, and Body were defined as descriptors of the peach nectar. Stevioside and acesulfame ¿ K stood out for their bitterness and residual bitterness. Aspartame and stevioside showed high intensity of sweetness and residual sweetness. In the time-intensity analysis, sucralose was the most similar to sucrose in the time-intensity curves for sweetness at both temperatures. Aspartame and stevioside differed from the others, because they had shown a long duration for sweetness, characterizing the presence of residual sweetness. The time-intensity analysis for bitterness showed that only aspartame, cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 blend, stevioside and acesulfame ¿ K trigger this stimulus. In both temperatures, stevioside showed the highest intensities of the parameters maximum intensity, area under the curve and total duration of the stimulus. Temperature influenced the time-intensity profile in relation to bitterness for all sweeteners in almost all attributes, being more evident for acesulfame ¿ K / Mestrado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

L’équilibre gustatif des vins secs repose notamment sur les saveurs amère et sucrée, dont les déterminants moléculaires n’ont été que partiellement élucidés. Un premier axe a consisté en l’étude de la contribution gustative des lignanes du chêne et neuf composés ont été observés pour la première fois dans le vin. Le (±)-lyonirésinol a été établi comme le plus amer et le plus abondant des lignanes isolés. Ses deux énantiomères ont été séparés, caractérisés par VCD et leur dégustation a révélé que seul le (+)-lyonirésinol possède une amertume modifiant le goût du vin. Dans un second axe, la saveur sucrée conférée par les raisins aux vins secs a été étudiée. Des expérimentations de vinification combinées à des outils sensoriels ont montré un gain de saveur sucrée au cours de la macération post-fermentaire à chaud et un effet des pépins de raisin sur le moelleux des vins secs. La mise en place d’un protocole de fractionnement d’extrait de pépins et de vin, par des techniques séparatives couplées à la gustatométrie, a permis la purification de six composés sapides. Plusieurs marqueurs de la sucrosité des vins secs ont ainsi été identifiés par FTMS et RMN : le mélange de deux nouvelles molécules, les acides 2-hydroxy-3-méthylpentanoïque-2-O-β-glucopyranoside et 2-hydroxy-4-méthylpentanoïque-2-O-β-glucopyranoside ; l’acide gallique-4-O-β-glucopyranoside et l’acide epi-DPA-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside, identifiés pour la première fois dans les vins, ainsi que l’ILA-Glc et l’astilbine. Ces nouveaux marqueurs ont été quantifiés dans les vins ainsi que dans les différentes parties de la baie pour préciser leur localisation et établir leur contribution gustative. / Dry wines taste balance is mainly based on bitter and sweet tastes, whose molecular determinants have been only partially explained. The first key objective was the study of the gustatory contribution of oak lignans. Nine compounds were identified in wines for the first time. (±)-lyoniresinol has been established as the bitterest and the most abundant of the isolated lignans. Its two enantiomers have been resolved, characterized by VCD and their tasting revealed that only (+)-lyoniresinol is bitter and modifies wine taste. In the second part of this work, the contribution of grapes to wine sweet taste has been studied. The combination between vinification experimentations and sensorial tools showed a gain of sweetness during a warm post-fermentative maceration as well as an influence of grape seeds on dry wine sweetness. A fractionation protocol of grape seeds macerates and wines has been established. Separation techniques coupled with gustatometry allowed the isolation of six taste active compounds. Several markers of dry wines sweetness have been identified by FTMS and NMR: the mix of two new compounds, 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic-2-O-β-glucopyranoside and 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic-2-O-β-glucopyranoside acids; gallic-4-O-β-glucopyranoside acid and epi-DPA-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside acid, identified for the first time in wines, ILA-Glc and astilbin. These new markers have been quantified in wines and in different parts of grape berry in order to refine their localization and to establish their gustatory contribution.

The goal of this paper is to explore a visuality of sweetness. It is social construct with a sentimental meaning and it is used by marketing communication. We suppose that our phenomena is not build up on connotation such as a taste of sensation how it could be asssumed. It is build by a sentimental meaning. For a verification we establish conditions which have to be proved by a representation to be labeled as the visuality of sweetness. The selected phenomena is close to Barthes's theory of myth as a secondary semiotic system. That is the reason why we need to address this dilemma. The background of an origin of the sweetness visualitation could help us understand Hackley's critical view on prism of social constructivism. Both theories could not be complete in a measure of marketing communication and a whole concept of sweetness visualisation is completed in Kress's multimodality theory. The part of the paper is empirical semiotic material which helps us to demonstrate a scale of a use of sweetness visualisation from a binary oppossition to a complete use of visual sweetness in marketing communication.