This thesis analyses religious discrimination in employment, using an applied comparison of the law in the UK, France and Germany. To this end, the thesis first explores national church-state relations, establishing potential links to religious discrimination at work. The investigation then moves on to the standards set by the Council of Europe and the European Union, against which the law in the UK, France and Germany will be measured against. The final chapter brings together the findings in an overall comparison of the national law, with particular emphasis on the role of church-state relations and impact on religious minorities. The original contribution of this thesis to knowledge lies in the assessment of the topic in the context of three jurisdictions, its interconnectedness with the ECHR and EU frameworks, using the framework of church-state relations. The thesis reveals and explains similarities and differences between the law in the three jurisdictions, as well as the effects on employees practising their religion and underlying attitudes that formed the law. After identifying substantive neutrality as a promising characteristic of church-state models, it was set as a benchmark for assessment throughout the thesis. Themes emerging from the research reflect significant differences regarding religious discrimination in employment in the UK, France and Germany. Particularly striking is the arguably deliberate targeting of, and clearly detrimental impact on religious minorities by means of indirectly discriminating law in France and Germany, as well as some directly discriminating provisions that were enacted in the course of the German ‘headscarf debate’. It is suggested, accordingly, that stereotypical assumptions about ‘otherness’ have influenced legislation, as well as case law, using church-state relations to underscore the decisive arguments. Due to its largely hypothetical nature, the assessment of the domestic laws’ compatibility with European international and supranational legal frameworks result in a number of cautious predictions. Widespread compliance appears fairly likely in relation to the law in the UK, whereas French and German law can be challenged in several regards. Finally, this research contributes proposals aiming at effective solutions for a variety of religious discrimination scenarios pertinent in the UK, French and German work environments.

The process of nation-building in nineteenth century Canada involved the production of national symbols which could transcend sub-national loyalties, such as class, gender, ethnic, and religious identities, and unite the residents of the Canadian nation. While the symbols were many and varied, in this study I analyse the manner in which the Canadian state and civil society used royal ceremonies and representations to define and unify the Canadian nation between 1860 and 1911. The study focusses on the Canadian observances of Queen Victoria's Golden and Diamond Jubilees, her Memorial Services, the Coronation and Memorial Services of Edward VII, the Coronation of George V, and the royal visits of the Prince of Wales (Edward VII) in 1860 and the Duke of Cornwall and York (George V) in 1901. Regarding society and social relations as neither static nor fixed, but multiple and contradictory, I use the concept of cultural hegemony combined with elements from the "new" cultural history to examine the complex nature of power, identity, and royal representation in the nation-building process. Specifically, I argue that male members of the middle class articulated representations of themselves, women, the upper and lower classes, and the monarchy in order to legitimise their social authority and consolidate themselves as a cultural hegemony in the new national society. In turn, women and the upper and working classes resisted these representations with images of their own designed to empower themselves. The traditional elite claimed public and royal affirmation of their leadership; women and the working class sought an equal place in the nation. Complicating matters, however, were ethnic and religious identities which impinged upon class and gender loyalties and further altered the nature of royal representation and the formation and negotiation of a cultural hegemony. French Canadians, Irish Catholics, Jews, African and Asian Canadians, and the Peoples of the First Nations added their voices—and imagery—to the process of nation-building as each articulated representations of the monarchy in order to counter the dominant interpretations emanating from Protestants and whites. By doing so, they sought to either negotiate themselves a place within a wider hegemony or demand that their rights—and their place within the Canadian nation—be respected. Royal ceremonies and representations, then, were not trivial events in Canadian history. They comprised a fundamental feature in national imagery and played a vital part in the building of the Canadian nation. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Orientador: Edison Duarte / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauri_RenatoGaribaldi_D.pdf: 913948 bytes, checksum: fc6c142699c76b652b0af21f1d7c440e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: analisa a representação simbólica de Carl Gustav Jung, aspecto primordial da teoria junguiana, que se refere à concepção da imagem, do símbolo e dos arquétipos estudados e descritos pelo psicanalista suíço. Essa pesquisa, a interface entre a imagem corporal e a representação simbólica de Carl Gustav Jung, visa contribuir para uma análise dos dois estudos. Para abordar esse assunto, essa tese se divide em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo enfatiza os estudos da imagem corporal e suas respectivas características, a fim de esclarecer a significância do conteúdo para o entendimento da relação entre imagem corporal com a representação simbólica. Inicialmente abordaremos um breve histórico com seus múltiplos componentes, conceitos, e implicações sobre a imagem corporal. Serão utilizados os principais autores que se dedicaram e que se dedicam ao estudo desse tema. O segundo capítulo está direcionado à representação simbólica e à definição de arquétipo, destacando os escritos de Jung para explicar o tema proposto, assim como outros autores que incluem em suas pesquisas as representações simbólicas junguianas. O terceiro capítulo enfatiza os estudos da imagem mental e da concepção do corpo, do ponto de vista de alguns autores, como: Françoise Dolto, Michel Foucault, e do neurologista Antonio Damásio. Este assunto permite a realização de um paralelo das abordagens de Jung com os autores que estudaram, e estudam, a imagem corporal. Esse último capítulo também trata do histórico do estudo da imagem mental e da concepção do corpo nos escritos de Jung, como da ¿representação mental do corpo¿ (imagem corporal). Pois são esses dois estudos (concepção da imagem mental e do corpo) que orientam as interfaces entre a imagem corporal e a representação do corpo / Abstract: This research studies body image (Mental Body Representation) and offers an analysis from the perspective of Carl Gustav Jung¿s symbolic representation. This is a key aspect of Jungian theory and refers to the conception of image, as well as symbol and archetypes, as studied and described by the Swiss psychiatrist. The interface between body image and symbolic representation, as understood by Carl Gustav Jung, aims to contribute to the analysis of both studies. To deal with this subject this research is divided in three chapters. The first chapter emphasizes body image studies and their respective perspectives. It seeks to explain the meaning of contents in order to understand the relation between body image and symbolic representation. A brief historical is presented, with its multiple components, conceits and implications regarding the theme. The second chapter addresses symbolic representation and archetypal definitions pointed out in the writings of Jung and other authors who offer research in Jungian symbolic representation. The third chapter emphasizes mental body studies and body conception according to various authors, including: Françoise Dolto, Michel Foucault and the Neurologist Antonio Damasio. This dialogue establishes a parallel between Jung¿s approaches and other related authors. The final chapter deals with the study of mental image and the concept of body in C. G. Jung, paying particular attention to the concept of body image representation (body image). In summary, it is proposed that these are the studies that guide the interfaces between body image and body representation (mental and body image conceptions) / Doutorado / Atividade Fisica, Adaptação e Saude / Mestre em Educação Física

Robert Eugene Ward's impressive body of work encompasses almost every genre of music. He has composed symphonies, operas, large orchestral pieces, chamber works, solo instrumental pieces, extended choral works, short choral pieces, ceremonial works, a ballet, theatre pieces, and even jazz and swing band pieces. Ward's name is recognized in most musical circles but usually only for his opera The Crucible, a work for which he earned a Pulitzer Prize in 1962. In fact, a survey of all the dissertations, articles, interviews, and books written about Robert Ward shows that the vast majority of these studies focus on his most famous opera. His choral works, though they comprise some of Ward's most expressive work, have received little attention. Ward's works show a deliberate use of symbols and allusions. While this use is far from an innovative concept in composition, Ward distinguishes himself with a consistent and purposeful application of these devices establishing an unmistakable interweaving of text, composition, and context. This study examines several of Ward's short choral compositions as they relate to the composer's use of symbols and allusions. Comparisons are made to Ward's use of these devices in his operatic works as a means of determining the consistency of their use throughout his vocal works. Chapter 1 looks at the composer's background, influence, and experience as to their impact on his approach to composition. Chapter 2 lays the groundwork for the discussion of symbols and allusions in music by establishing their basis and function in literary arts in general. The final chapter explores Ward's use of symbols and allusions in four of his choral works.

This dissertation analyzes the (de)construction of gender and nation through animal symbols in Franco’s Spain. The project explores, first, a web of miscellaneous discourses articulated around the official bestiary rhetoric that serve in the composition of uniform gender models tailor-made for the virile totalitarian state. The selection of texts presented is eclectic, both in its nature and form. It encompasses a wide repertoire of multi-media discourses (i.e., scientific, religious, legal, educational, political, commercial, humorous and popular) presented visually (movies, posters, comics, cartoons, flags, advertisements, logotypes), aurally (songs, harangues, sermons, speeches, radio programs) and in the written form (literary excerpts, newspapers, magazines, medical and religious treatises, conduct manuals, epistles), and whose aim is, ultimately, to illustrate the dissemination and scope of zoomorphic images in the representation of nation and gender during the Francoist dictatorship. Apart from providing a panoramic view of the gendered fauna, these historical documents will also serve as the unifying thread to unravel the complexities of several censored artistic productions that cunningly resort to the prevailing bestial iconography to attack the androcentric state. By focusing on the animalized portrayals of the female characters of la Gata [the She-Cat] in Margarita Alexandre and Rafael María Torrecilla’s movie La gata (1956), la Loba [the She-wolf] in Rafael de León, Andrés Moles and Manuel López Quiroga’s copla “La Loba” (1960), and the surrealistic centaur woman Albina in Ana María Moix’s novel Walter, ¿por qué te fuiste? (1973), this work attempts to illustrate the co-existence of a counter discourse able to re-define the monolithic pillars of gender and nation upon which the Francoist regime was constructed. Finally, to highlight the relevance of animal symbolism in the formation of concepts of gender and nation, this dissertation notes a similar deployment of the Francoist bestiary rhetoric in the nationalist discourse of the far-right Spanish political party VOX (2013-present).

This thesis deals with the development of graphical symbols on the control panels of machine tools made by Czech factories TOS from the years 1947–1990. The aim is description genesis graphics controllers and communicators of machine tools and their inclusion in the context of the development of graphic design. As well as determine the influence of design in area of operational graphics. This area has not yet been subjected to closer examination and in terms of consistency of the historical aspects of the Czech graphic is benefit to the future.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) provides many individuals who have little or no functional speech with a means to enter the world of communication. Aided and/or unaided symbols are used as a means of reception and expression to create shared meaning. The selection of an appropriate symbol set/system is vital and iconicity plays a central role in this process. The Western-based symbol set, Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) (Johnson, 1981), is readily available and widely used in South Africa, despite little information existing on its iconicity to South African populations with disabilities. This study aimed to determine the iconicity of Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) for children with English Additional Language (EAL) and intellectual disability. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive design was used. Thirty participants between the ages of 12;00 and 15;11 (years; months) with EAL and intellectual disability were required to identify 16 PCS presented thematically on a ‘bed-making’ communication overlay in response to a gloss read out by the researcher. The results indicated that, overall, the 16 PCS were relatively iconic to the participants. The results also indicated that the iconicity of PCS can be manipulated and enhanced and that it can be influenced by other PCS that are used simultaneously on the communication overlay. The reasons for these findings are described. The clinical and theoretical implications of this study’s results are discussed, followed by a critical evaluation of this study and, finally, recommendations for future research are suggested. / Dissertation (Master of Arts)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to determine the role of visual language input on PCS sentence construction. Thirty-nine participants were divided into two comparable groups and exposed to two inputs of presentations of PCS to investigate the impact of each input on the sentence construction of the participants. In the SVO input the sequence of buttons was in the normal English word order sequence (Subject-Verb-Object) and in the SOV input the word order was Subject-Object-Verb. Both input groups had to answer six questions by using PCS as well as speech. The findings indicated that the participants did not sequence their output to match the word order of the unfamiliar SOV input. The participants receiving the SOV condition used fewer PCS elements than the participants receiving the SVO condition. The participants receiving the SVO and SOV inputs gave similar spoken answers. Reasons for these findings are discussed, as are the implications for further research. / Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted

Gillar du katter lika mycket som vi gör? I denna studie har vi genom bilder och captions(bildtext) studerat hur en del katter porträtteras på Instagram och på vilka sätt. Detta har gjortutifrån teorier som bland annat identitetsbegreppet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersökahur katter porträtteras och förmänskligas på Instagram och därmed inhämta ny kunskap inomområdet djursociologi. Vi har undersökt 10 olika kattkonton som är olika stora och från dessakonton har vi skapat en bildsamling med 80 bilder från Instagram med tillhörande captions.Metoden vi har använt är en kvalitativ visuell metod av bilder och text, samt multimodal analys.Detta för att denna analysform tillåtit oss att bryta ner bilder och texter till mer analyserbarakomponenter. Vi har stöttat oss på teorier av bland andra Trost och Levin, Irvine, Sanders,Haraway och Carter & Charles. Vad gäller analysen såg vi många olika sätt på vilka katterförmänskligas och får en identitet. Detta kunde ske bland annat genom symbolik, agens,emotioner, klädsel och rekvisita samt i vissa fall på de sätt som bilderna är tagna på. Vi kundeäven se olika former av mänskliga handlingar och poser som katterna gör på bilderna, att degör något särskilt mänskligt. Vår slutsats är att katter i samhället idag har förmänskligats, fåtten status som personer och anses ha en egen identitet.

This study used content analysis to investigate the development of the concept of variables in middle grades mathematics textbooks during four eras of mathematics education in the United States (New Math, Back to Basics, Problem Solving, and the NCTM Standards era: 1957 – 2009). It also examined the nature of support that the curricula provide for teachers to enact variables ideas in the classroom. Findings revealed that each of the middle grades mathematics curricula examined used variables, but in varied proportions and levels of complexity. Formal definitions for variables were found in 11 of the 12 students’ editions examined. The characteristics of the definitions for variables found in the different curricula were, however, different from one another. The uses of variables as placeholders and as labels dominated the uses of variables in the mathematics curricula. The least used category of variables was as an abstract symbol. When examined in terms of the content areas, the use of variables as placeholders dominated Number and Operations, and Algebra contents. In Geometry, Measurement, and Data Analysis and Probability content areas, the use of variables as labels was predominant. Overall, the data did not reveal any systematic or drastic change in the treatment of variable ideas during the 50 year period within which this study is situated. There was however, a steady increase in the use of variables as varying quantities across grade levels, and the four eras of mathematics education in the United States. There were also some noticeable changes in the treatment of variable ideas found in Math Connects curriculum when compared to the treatment in the other three curricula. The data collected also supported the evidence of guidance provided to teachers in the respective curricula to enact variable ideas in the classroom. However, the amount of guidance identified was limited in the majority of the curricula. Limitations of the study, implications for curriculum and teacher development, as well as recommendations for future research are also presented.