Dans de nombreux secteurs industriels, la miniaturisation des systèmes est devenue une nécessité afin de réduire l’espace occupé, le poids, les prix et la consommation d’énergie et de matière. Pour ce faire, les industriels utilisent les Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). En revanche, les MEMS présentent plusieurs problèmes de fiabilité dus à leurs nombreux mécanismes de défaillance qui ont un impact sur la disponibilité des systèmes dans lesquels ils sont utilisés. Il est alors important de surveiller ces microsystèmes, d’anticiper leurs défaillances et de recommander les actions nécessaires afin d’allonger leur durée de vie. Une solution efficace pour ce faire est de développer le Prognostics & Health Management (PHM) pour les MEMS. Dans cet esprit, la thèse porte sur le pronostic et l’étude de l’état de santé de MEMS et la prise de décision post-pronostic dans les systèmes contenant ces microsystèmes. L’objectif est de rendre un système à base de MEMS distribué intelligent en intégrant des modules d’évaluation et de prédiction de l’état de santé du système ainsi que des capacités d’auto-adaptation dépendant des missions que le système doit accomplir. Dans un premier temps, une approche de pronostic hybride pour les MEMS basée sur le filtrage particulaire est proposée. Dans un second temps, et afin de mieux utiliser les résultats de cette approche, une stratégie de décision post-pronostic dans les systèmes distribués à base de MEMS est introduite. Un simulateur distribué a été développé pour simuler la décision post-pronostic. La performance de l’approche de pronostic et de la stratégie de décision post-pronostic est validée sur une application réelle, à savoir un convoyeur modulaire à base de MEMS distribués. Un cycle complet de PHM est ainsi développé : de l’acquisition des données à la prise de décision. / In many industrial sectors, system miniaturization becomes mandatory, allowing reducing occupied space, weight, price, power and material consumption. For this, manufacturers use Micro-Electro- Mechanical Sytems (MEMS). However, MEMS devices have several reliability issues due to their numerous failure mechanisms, which have an impact on the availability of systems where they are utilized. Therefore, it is important to monitor these micro-systems, to anticipate their failures and to perform appropriate actions to maximize their lifespan. One possible solution is to develop the Prognostics & Health Management (PHM) for MEMS. The thesis deals then with the prognostics and the study of MEMS health state and the post-prognostics decision making in systems containing these micro-systems. The aim is to make a MEMS-based system distributed and intelligent by integrating modules of health state assessment and prediction and capacities of self-adaptability dependent of the tasks performed by the system. Firstly, a hybrid prognostics approach for MEMS based on the particle filtering is proposed. Secondly, and to better use the results of this approach, a post-prognostics decision strategy in MEMS-based distributed systems is introduced. This strategy is based on a distributed decision algorithm. The performance of the prognostics approach and the post-prognostics strategy is validated on a real application consisting of a modular conveyor based on distributed MEMS. A complete PHM cycle is thus performed: from data acquisition to decision making.

Orientadores: Luiz Henrique Antunes Rodrigues, Eduardo Delgado Assad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T21:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bucene_LucianaCorpas_D.pdf: 2595416 bytes, checksum: 86c930f5cf0a3ca7ba03de8acb811ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As perdas que ocorrem na agricultura são grandes, devido, principalmente, à ocorrência de sinistros climáticos que ocorrem nas plantações. Muitas vezes, os impactos social e econômico causados pelos danos são significativos, uma vez que envolvem fatores como a produção e o preço de alimentos. Como exemplos, têm-se a produção de café e a de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, que sofrem alternâncias motivadas por eventos climáticos adversos e, em especial, as geadas e as secas, que reduzem drasticamente as produções. Neste sentido, este estudo propõe identificar relações entre parâmetros climáticos, como temperatura máxima, temperatura mínima, precipitação, entre outros atributos, visando descobrir eventuais novos conhecimentos, a partir do comportamento conhecido dos atributos climáticos já ocorridos no passado, com o propósito de desenvolver a previsão local de geada e a previsão de deficiência hídrica. Para isso, foram aplicadas técnicas de descoberta de conhecimento em grandes bancos de dados climáticos. Utilizaram-se as ferramentas WEKA e o DISCOVER, que foram consideradas satisfatórias, uma vez que os objetivos propostos foram atingidos. As bases de dados disponíveis atenderam a necessidade para a realização do projeto, apresentando um volume de dados e atributos suficientes para que pudesse gerar resultados para a previsão local de geada e de deficiência hídrica. Referente aos resultados, com até 1 dia de antecedência à geada, o modelo gerado foi considerado confiável. A partir de 2 dias de antecedência à geada, os resultados encontrados apresentam uma diminuição no grau de acerto quanto mais distante estiver de acontecer o evento geada. Para o caso deficiência hídrica, os resultados encontrados foram diferenciados conforme a classe. Para a classe não, com 1dia até 15 dias de antecedência ao evento, o grau de acerto foi alto e aceitável. A classe forte, em seguida à classe não, é a que apresenta melhores resultados de acerto, decaindo para as outras classes. Até 3 dias de antecedência ao evento deficiência hídrica e, dependendo do mês, o grau de acerto é aceitável. De 4 dias em diante, os resultados mostram que o modelo gerado não é aceitável / Abstract: The losses that occur in agriculture are high, mainly due to the occurrence of crop damages due to climatic events. Many times, the social and economic impacts caused by the damages are significant, since they involve factors such as the production and the price of foods. For example, coffee and sugarcane production in São Paulo State suffer alternations motivated by adverse climatic events and, in special, frost and drought, that greatly reduce the production. The purpose of this study is to identify relationships between climatic parameters, such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, etc., in order to discover eventual new knowledge, from known behavior of the climatic attributes already occurred in the past, with the objective of developing local frost and deficit water forecast models. To achieve this, data mining techniques were applied to climatic data bases. WEKA and the DISCOVER tools had been used and considered satisfactory, since they reached the objectives. The available databases were suitable for the accomplishment of the project, presenting enough volume of data and attributes so that it could generate results for the frost and water deficit forecast. Concerning to the results, with up to 1 day of antecedence to the frost, the generated model was considered trustworthy. From 2 days of antecedence to the frost the results present a reduction in the accuracy. For water deficit, results were differentiated, depending on the class. For the not class, from 1 to 15 days of antecedence to the event, the accuracy was high and acceptable. The strong class, following the not class, is the one that presents better results, falling down for the other classes. Up to 3 days of antecedence to the event water deficit and, depending on the month, the accuracy is acceptable. For 4 days or more in advance, the results showed that the generated model is not acceptable / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

A utilização experimental de CS é apontada como uma perspectiva benéfica no tratamento da lesão medular devido estas células produzirem fatores neurotróficos e citocinas inflamatórias que influenciam o ambiente do sistema nervoso. Ratos machos foram submetidos à lesão medular contusa de intensidade moderada (25mm) ao nível do 11o segmento torácico. As CS cultivadas a partir do nervo ciático foram pré-tratadas ou não com as citocinas inflamatórias TGF-1 (5ng/ml) ou TNF- (30ng/ml) e inoculadas no local da lesão imediatamente após o trauma. O grupo controle e o grupo lesão receberam inoculação do meio de cultura. Após a cirurgia os ratos foram submetidos à análise do comportamento motor durante 8 semanas. O BBB mostrou melhora do comportamento motor ao longo do período analisado para o grupo tratado com as CS. Este efeito não foi potenciado pelo pré-tratamento das CS com as citocinas inflamatórias. As medulas espinais foram processadas e receberam coloração pelo Violeta de Cresilo ou imunomarcação com a GAP-43, o glutamato, o NPY, a substância P, a GFAP, o FGF-2 e do NG2. Os tratamentos realizados neste desenho experimental não alteraram as respostas neuroprotetivas. Segundo análise estereológica não foram encontradas diferenças no número estimado de neurônios remanescentes e no volume de tecido preservado entre os grupos que receberam lesão medular. A lesão promoveu uma diminuição da imunorreatividade da GAP-43 no corno anterior, que foi revertida quando a lesão recebeu tratamento com as CS prétratadas ou não com a citocina TGF-1. O resultado do tratamento com as CS foi o de aumento na imunorreatividade do glutamato nas células no corno anterior e no funículo lateral quando comparado com o grupo lesão. Para o NPY no corno anterior houve aumento da imunorreatividade do grupo tratado com as CS apenas em comparação ao grupo controle. Já no funículo lateral a lesão aumentou a imunorreatividade NPY em comparação ao grupo controle, inclusive quando houve tratamento com as CS, mas este deixou de existir quando houve prétratamento das CS com as citocinas. Referente ao FGF-2, no funículo lateral e no fascículo grácil houve aumento da imunorreatividade no grupo tratado com as CS, acrescidas ou não de TGF-1, apenas em comparação ao grupo controle. Porém, o tratamento com as CS aumentou a imunorreatividade do FGF-2 na região do fascículo grácil. A imunorreatividade do FGF-2 aumentou na região de epicentro da lesão, e este efeito foi mantido nos grupos tratados com as CS, acrescidas ou não de TGF-1. Houve significante aumento da imunorreatividade da GFAP no corno anterior e no funículo lateral quando os grupos lesados foram tratados com as CS e/ou citocinas comparado ao grupo controle. Na região do epicentro, a lesão promoveu aumento da imunorreatividade da GFAP, que foi potencializado quando houve tratamento com as CS. A lesão promoveu aumento da imunorreatividade do NG2 no epicentro, inclusive quando houve tratamento com as CS. O melhor desempenho motor observado no grupo que recebeu inoculação de CS provavelmente está relacionado a fatores como respostas plásticas e neuroquímicas no tecido preservado da medula espinal. / The experimental use of Schwann cells is indicated on spinal cord treatment due to the ability of these cells to produce neurotrophic factors and inflammatory cytokines, influencing nervous system environment. Male rats were submitted to a moderate spinal cord contusion (25mm) at 11th thoracic level. Culture Schwann cells were obtained from sciatic nerves and pre-treated or not with inflammatory cytokines TGF-1 (5ng/ml) or TNF- (30ng/ml) and then were inoculated in lesion site just after trauma. Sham and lesion groups received culture medium inoculation. After surgery, rats were submitted to behavior analyses during 8 weeks. BBB showed motor recovery in the Schwann cell group. This effect was not potentiated by pretreated of Schwann cells with inflammatory cytokines. The spinal cords were processed for Cresil Violet or immunolabeling to GAP-43, glutamate, NPY, substance P, GFAP, FGF-2 and NG2. Stereological analyses showed no differences in the estimated number of remaining neurons and in the volume of the preserved tissue among the lesioned groups. The injury reduced GAP-43 immunoreactivity in ventral horn, which was reverted when injury was treated with Schwann cells pre-treated or not with TGF-1. Schwann cell treatment enhanced glutamate immunoreactivity in the ventral horn and lateral funiculus compared with lesioned group. In ventral horn, NPY immunoreactivity was enhanced in Schwann cells group compared with sham group. In lateral funiculus, the injury or the treatment with Schwann cells increased NPY immunoreactivity, comparing with sham group. FGF-2 of lateral funiculus and gracile fasciculus enhanced in Schwann cells group. Treatment with Schwann cells enhanced FGF-2 immunoreactivity in gracile fasciculus. Injury enhanced FGF-2 immunoreactivity in epicenter region, also observed in the groups treated by Schwann cells. In ventral horn and lateral funiculus when the lesioned groups were treated by Schwann cells and/or cytokines there was significant increase in GFAP immunoreactivity compared with sham group. In epicenter, the injury promoted GFAP immunoreactivity increase that was potentiated by Schwann cells treatment. The injury produced NG2 increase in epicenter, included by Schwann cells treatment. The motor recovery showed in Schwann cell group is probably related to neurochemical plasticity in spinal cord preserved tissue.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-28T15:37:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Cotovicz Junior Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 2558658 bytes, checksum: 1d54796a7a49a989f920bff8f781050e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T15:37:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Cotovicz Junior Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 2558658 bytes, checksum: 1d54796a7a49a989f920bff8f781050e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / O Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Mundaú - Manguaba (CELMM), Alagoas, vem sof rendo grande pressão antrópica ao longo de suas margens e bacias de drenagens. Efluentes agrícolas provenientes da atividade sucroalcooleira, e efluentes urbanos oriundos da densa ocupação urbana são despejados para dentro das lagunas , sem tratamento prévi o, desencadeando o processo da eutrofização . A eutrofização cultural é considerada um dos maiores problemas ambientais a nível mundial. Ao longo das últimas 5 décadas, diversas abordagens tem sido propostas para avaliar o estado trófico e os processos envo lvendo a eutrofização, destacando - se os modelos multiparamétricos ASSETS ( Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status ) e TRIX ( Trophic Index ). O modelo ASSETS consiste na combinação de indicadores de pressão, estado e resposta (PER). O modelo TRIX avalia indica dores de pressão e distúrbio ambiental, estabelecendo um índice de estado trófico. A essência desse projeto foi a definição do estado trófico e a avaliação do processo da eutrofização no CELMM através da aplicação das metodologias ASSETS e TRIX, de modo a promover classificações do sistema baseadas em escalas temporais e espaciais. Os estudos foram conduzido s em três etapas: 1) avaliação do comportamento dos principais parâmetros físico - químicos relacionados com a problemática da eutrofização; 2) estabeleci mento dos indicad ores de PER pela metodologia ASSETS; 3) estabelecimento do estado trófico mediante aplicação do índice TRIX. Os dados foram coletados em 7 campanhas amostrais, entre 2006 e 2009, no âmbito do Projeto POLCAMAR. O sistema apresentou caracter ísticas sazonais distintas em relação aos parâmetros físico - químicos, principalmente em relação a salinidade que teve menores valores no período chuvoso, associados com as maiores pluviosidades e vazões dos rios. As concentrações de clorofila - a e turbidez tiveram variações entre as coletas, com altos valores em ambos os períodos dentro das lagunas sugerindo alta densidade fitoplanctônica. Os valores de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido (PID) e nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido (NID) foram variados, sem caráter s azonal definido, com concentrações nas lagunas uma ordem de grandeza superiores a seus canais. O modelo ASSETS mostrou que o sistema é naturalmente susceptível a eutrofização em função das suas características geomorfológicas e hidrológ icas (baixa renovaçã o de água). Os aportes de nutrientes calculados para o CELMM foram altos, associados aos múltiplos usos antropogênicos da s bacia s de drenagem . O estado trófico ASSETS mostrou eutrofização “ moderada ” em Mundaú e “ alta ” em Manguaba . A expectativa futura é um a “ melhora baixa ” nas condições, em função de obras de gerenciamento ambiental e investimentos em saneamento básico previstos para a região. A classificação ASSETS final foi “ pobre ” para Mundaú e “ ruim ” para Manguaba. O índice de estado trófico TRIX calcul ado foi classificado como “ moderado ” (mesotrófico a eutrófico), indicando produção primá ria variando de moderada a alta, com os canais tendo águas menos tróficas que as lagunas. Assim como o estado trófico calculado pelo ASSETS, o TRIX não mostrou diferenç as sazonais de classificação , sugerindo eutrofização constante ao longo dos períodos considerados. Os modelos mostraram resultados satisfatórios através dessas novas abordagens multiparamétricas para o estabelecimento de índices de estado trófico e eutrofi zação. Entretanto são propostas melhorias para os modelos, como a definição de escalas regionais para o índice TRIX e definições mais detalhadas no calculo dos indicadores de pressão e resposta para o modelo ASSETS. Algumas limitações foram identificadas, principalmente em relação à disponibilidade de dados para aplicação dos modelos / The Tropical Coastal Lagoon - Estuarine Complex Mundaú - Manguaba ( CELMM), Alagoas, has been under heavily human pressure over its drainage basins. Agricultural effluents from sugar cane and ethanol activities , and urban effluents from the dense occupation are dumped into the lagoons, untreated, triggering the process of eutrophication. The cultural eutrophication is considered one of the major environmental problems worldwide. Over the past five decades, several approaches have been proposed to assess the trophic state and e utrophication processes , particularly the multiparameter ASSETS (Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status) and TRIX (Trophic Index) models . The ASSETS approach consists of a combination of indicators of pressure, state and response (PS R). The TRIX index evaluates indicators of environmental pressure and f actors that are direct expressions of productivity , establishing a trophic state index. The essence of this project was to define the trophic state and evaluate the process of eutrophication in CELMM through the application of methodologies ASSETS and TRIX in order to ran k the system based on temporal and spatial scales. The studies were conducted in three stages: 1) evaluation of the behavior of the main physico - chemical parameters related to the eutrophication problem; 2) establishment of PS R indicators by the ASSETS met hodology; 3) establishment of the trophic state index by applying the TRIX. Data were collected from 7 sampling campaigns between 2006 and 2009, under the POLCAMAR Project. The system showed distinct seasonal characteristics in relation to physicochemical parameters, especially in relation to salinity that was lowest during the rainy season, associated with higher rainfall and river flows. Th e concentrations of chlorophyll - a and turbidity were variable between the samples, with high values in both periods a nd inside the lagoons , suggesting high phyt oplankton density. The values of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (PID) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NID) were mixed, with no seasonal character set. The lagoons exhibited concentrations one order of magnitude higher than the channel s . The ASSETS model showed that the system is naturally susceptible to eutrophication according to their geomorphological and hydrological characteristics (low water renewal). The calculated n utrient inputs were high for CELMM, assoc iated with the multiple anthropogenic uses in the drainage basins. The ASSETS trophic state showed eutrophication "moderate" in Mundaú and "high" in Manguaba. The future outlook is an "improved low" in the conditions, due to the environmental management wo rks and investments in basic sanitation expected to the region. The final ASSETS classification was "poor" to Mundaú and "bad" for Manguaba. The TRIX index calculated was classified as "moderate" (mesotrophic to eutrophic) in both lagoons , indicating prima ry production ranging from moderate to high, whereas in the channels the classification were good (mesotrophic). The TRIX results indicating that water channels have better trophic state than the lagoons. As calculated by the ASSETS , the TRIX showed no sea sonal differences in classification, suggesting eutrophication constant over the periods considered. The models showed satisfactory results with these new approaches in the establishment of multiparametric indices of trophic state and assessment of eutroph ication. However , improvements are proposed for the models, such as setting regional scales for the TRIX index and more detailed definitions in the calculation of pressure and re sponse indicators for the ASSETS model . Some limitations were identified, main ly related to the availability of data set for application of the indices

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji opisani su interorganizacioni informacioni sistemi i uslovi za njihovo uvođenje. Definisan je model vrednovanja informacionih sistema sa aspekta njihove integracije u kooperativne, otvorene interorganizacione informacione sisteme. Ovaj model je testiran sa 50 odabranih organizacija i formulisani su zaključci sprovedenog istrživanja.</p> / <p>In this master degree thesis interorganisational information sytems and factors for their<br />implementation are described. Evaluation model for information systems from the aspects for their integration into cooperative, open interorganisational information systems is defined. This model is tested on the sample made from 50 organisations and conclusions from whole research are formulated.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Network models are essential for representing a myriad of real-world problems. Two of the most important categories of networks are centralized and distributed networks. In this thesis, we investigate the efficient resource allocation for one centralized communication network and two distributed epidemic networks.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 2, we study three proposed centralized coded caching schemes with uncoded pre-fetching for scenarios where end users are grouped into classes with different file demand sets. We provide a lower bound for the transmission rate for the system with heterogeneous user profiles. Then the transmission rates of the three schemes are compared with the lower bound to evaluate their gap to optimality, and also compared with each other to show that each scheme can outperform the other two when certain conditions are met. Finally, we propose a cache distribution method that results in a minimal peak rate and a minimal average rate for one of the schemes when the users’ storage is relatively small compared with the size of the library.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 3, we examine a discrete-time networked SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) epidemic model, where the infection, graph, and recovery parameters may be time-varying. We propose a stochastic framework to estimate the system states from observed testing data and provide an analytic expression for the error of the estimation algorithm. We validate some of our assumptions for the stochastic framework with real COVID-19 testing data. We identify the system parameters with the system states from our estimation algorithm. Employing the estimated system states, we provide a novel distributed eradication strategy that guarantees at least exponential convergence to the set of healthy states. We illustrate the results via simulations over northern Indiana, USA.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 4, we propose a novel discrete-time multi-virus SIR model that captures the spread of competing SIR epidemics over a population network. First, we provide a sufficient condition for the infection level of all the viruses over the networked model to converge to zero in exponential time. Second, we propose an observation model which captures the summation of all the viruses’ infection levels in each node, which represents the individuals who are infected by different viruses but share similar symptoms. We present a sufficient condition for the model to be strongly locally observable. We propose a distributed Luenberger observer for the system state estimation. We demonstrate how to calculate the observer gain for the estimator and prove that the estimation error of our proposed estimator converges to zero asymptotically with the observer gain found. We also propose a distributed feedback controller which guarantees that all viruses are eradicated at an exponential rate. We then show via simulations that the estimation error of the Luenberger observer converges to zero before the viruses die out.</p><p dir="ltr">We conclude in Chapter 5, where we summarize the findings of this thesis and introduce several challenging open research questions that arise from its results. These questions encompass a range of topics, including the design of optimal testing strategies for large populations, the investigation of estimation techniques in the presence of noisy measurement models, the extension of the SIR epidemic model to more complex models like SEIR and SAIR, and the exploration of efficient vaccine allocation schemes.</p>

Les systèmes embarqués sont de plus en plus intégrés dans les applications temps réel actuelles. Ils sont généralement constitués de composants matériels et logiciels profondément Intégrés mais hétérogènes. Ces composants sont développés sous des contraintes très strictes. En conséquence, le travail des ingénieurs de conception est devenu plus difficile. Pour répondre aux normes de haute qualité dans les systèmes embarqués de nos jours et pour satisfaire aux besoins quotidiens de l'industrie, l'automatisation du processus de développement de ces systèmes prend de plus en plus d'ampleur. Un défi majeur est de développer une approche automatisée qui peut être utilisée pour la vérification intégrée et la validation de systèmes complexes et hétérogènes.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche compositionnelle pour la modélisation et la vérification des systèmes complexes décrits en langage SystemC. Cette approche est basée sur le modèle des SystemC Waiting State Automata (WSA). Les SystemC Waiting State Automata sont des automates permettant de modéliser le comportement abstrait des systèmes matériels et logiciels décrits en SystemC tout en préservant la sémantique de l'ordonnanceur SystemC au niveau des cycles temporels et au niveau des delta-cycles. Ce modèle permet de réduire la complexité de la modélisation des systèmes complexes due au problème de l'explosion combinatoire tout en restant fidèle au système initial. Ce modèle est compositionnel et supporte le rafinement. De plus, il est étendu par des paramètres temps ainsi que des compteurs afin de prendre en compte les aspects relatifs à la temporalité et aux propriétés fonctionnelles comme notamment la qualité de service. Nous proposons ensuite une chaîne de construction automatique des WSAs à partir de la description SystemC. Cette construction repose sur l'exécution symbolique et l'abstraction des prédicats. Nous proposons un ensemble d'algorithmes de composition et de réduction de ces automates afin de pouvoir étudier, analyser et vérifier les comportements concurrents des systèmes décrits ainsi que les échanges de données entre les différents composants. Nous proposons enfin d'appliquer notre approche dans le cadre de la modélisation et la simulation des systèmes complexes. Ensuite l'expérimenter pour donner une estimation du pire temps d'exécution (worst-case execution time (WCET)) en utilisant le modèle du Timed SystemC WSA. Enfin, on définit l'application des techniques du model checking pour prouver la correction de l'analyse abstraite de notre approche. / Embedded systems are increasingly integrated into existing real-time applications. They are usually composed of deeply integrated but heterogeneous hardware and software components. These components are developed under strict constraints. Accordingly, the work of design engineers became more tricky and challenging. To meet the high quality standards in nowadays embedded systems and to satisfy the rising industrial demands, the automatization of the developing process of those systems is gaining more and more importance. A major challenge is to develop an automated approach that can be used for the integrated verification and validation of complex and heterogeneous HW/SW systems.In this thesis, we propose a new compositional approach to model and verify hardware and software written in SystemC language. This approach is based on the SystemC Waiting State Automata (WSA). The SystemC Waiting State Automata are used to model the abstract behavior of hardware or software systems described in SystemC. They preserve the semantics of the SystemC scheduler at the temporal and the delta-cycle level. This model allows to reduce the complexity of the modeling process of complex systems due to the problem of state explosion during modeling while remaining faithful to the original system. The SystemC waiting state automaton is also compositional and supports refinement. In addition, this model is extended with parameters such as time and counters in order to take into account further aspects like temporality and other extra-functional properties such as QoS.In this thesis, we propose a stepwise approach on how to automatically extract the SystemC WSAs from SystemC descriptions. This construction is based on symbolic execution together with predicate abstraction. We propose a set of algorithms to symbolically compose and reduce the SystemC WSAs in order to study, analyze and verify concurrent behavior of systems as well as the data exchange between various components. We then propose to use the SystemC WSA to model and simulate hardware and software systems, and to compute the worst cas execution time (WCET) using the Timed SystemC WSA. Finally, we define how to apply model checking techniques to prove the correctness of the abstract analysis.

Conventional 2-level inverters have been quite popular in industry for drives applications. It used pulse width modulation techniques to generate a voltage waveform with high quality. For achieving this, it had to switch at high frequencies and also the switching is between 0 and Vdc. Also additional LC filters are required before feeding to a motor. 3-phase IM is the work horse of the industry. Several speed control techniques have been established namely the V/f control technique and for high performance, vector control is adopted. An electric drive system comprises of a rectifier, inverter, a motor and a load. each module is a topic by itself. This thesis work discusses the novel inverter topologies to overcome the demerits of a conventional 2-level inverter or even the basic multilevel topologies, for an electric drive. The word ‘multilevel’ itself signifies that inverter can generate more than two levels. The idea was first originated by Nabae, Takahashi and Akagi to bring an additional voltage level so that the waveform becomes a quasi square wave. This additional voltage level brought additional benefits in terms of reduced dv/dt and requirement of low switching frequency. But this was not without any cost. The inverter structure is slightly more complicated than a 2-level and also required more devices. But the advantage it gave was superior enough to such an extent that the above topology (popularly known as NPC) has become quite popular in industry. This topology was later modified to equalize the semiconductor losses among switches by replacing the clamping diodes with controllable switches and such topologies are popularly known as Active NPCs (ANPCs) because of the replacement of diodes with active switches. 3-level flying capacitors were then introduced where the additional voltage level is provided using charged capacitors. But this capacitor voltage has to be maintained at its nominal value during the inverter operation. An additional floating capacitor, which is an electrolytic capacitor is needed for this. Increasing the number of electrolytic capacitors reduces the reliability of the inverter drive since they are the weakest link in any inverters and its count has to be kept to the minimum. By using a H-bridge cell in each of the three phases, three voltage levels can be easily obtained.This is commonly known as Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter. The above three topologies have been discussed with respect to generation of three pole voltage levels and these topologies are quite suited also. A higher number of voltage levels will reduce the switching frequency even lesser and also the dv/dt. On increasing the number of levels further and further, finally the inverter need not do any PWM switching and just generating the levels is sufficient enough for a good quality waveform and also low dv/dt. But when the above topologies are scaled for more than three voltage levels, all of them suffer serious drawbacks which is briefly discussed below. The diode clamped inverter (known as NPC if it is 3-level), when extended to more than three levels suffers from the neutral point balancing issue and also the count of clamping diodes increase drastically. FC inverters, when extended beyond 3-level, the number of electrolytic capacitors increases and also balancing of these capacitors to their nominal voltages becomes complicated. In the case of multilevel CHB, when extended beyond 3-level, the requirement of isolated DC sources also increases. To generate isolated supplies, phase shifting transformer and 8, 12 or 24 pulse diode rectifier is needed which increases the weight , size and cost of the drive. Therefore its application is limited. In this thesis, the aim is to develop a novel method to develop a multilevel inverter without the drawbacks faced by the basic multilevel topologies when scaled for higher number of voltage levels. This is done through stacking the basic or hybrid combination of these basic multilevel topologies through selector switches. This method is experimentally verified by stacking two 5-level inverters through a 2-level selector switch (whose switching losses can be minimized through soft cycle commutation). This will generate nine levels.Generating 9-levels through scaling the basic topologies is disadvantageous, the comparison table is provided in the thesis. This is true for any higher voltage level generation. Each of the above 5-level inverter is developed through cascading an FC with a capacitor fed H-bridge. The device count can be reduced by making the FC-CHB module common to the selector switches by shifting the selector switches between the DC link and the common FC-CHB module. Doing so, reduces the modular feature of the drive but the device count can be reduced. The FFT plot at different frequencies of operation and the switching losses of the different modules-FC, CHB and the selector switches are also plotted for different frequencies of operation. The next step is to check whether this method can be extended to any number of stackings for generation of more voltage levels. For this, a 49-level inverter is developed in laboratory by stacking three 17-level inverters. Each of the 17-level inverter is developed by cascading an FC with three CHBs. When there are 49 levels in the pole voltage waveform, there is no need to do any regular PWM since the output waveform will be very close to a sine wave even without any PWM switching. The technique used is commonly known in literature as Nearest Level Control (NLC). This method of stacking and cascading has the advantage that the FC and the CHB modules now are of very low voltages and the switching losses can be reduced. The switching losses of the different modules are calculated and plotted for different operating frequencies in the thesis. To reduce the voltages of the modules further, a 6-phase machine has been reconfigured as a 3-phase machine, the advantage being that now the DC link voltage requirement is half of that needed earlier for the same power. This further reduces voltages of the modules by half and this allows the switches to be replaced with MOSFETs, improving the efficiency of the drive. This topology is also experimentally verified for both steady state and transient conditions. So far the research focussed on a 3-phase IM fed through a stacked MLI. It can be observed that a stacked MLI needs as many DC sources as the number of stackings. A 6-phase machine apart from reduced DC link voltage requirement, has other advantages of better fault tolerant capability and better space harmonics. They are serious contenders for applications like ship propulsion, locomotive traction, electric vehicles, more electric aircraft and other high power industrial applications. Using the unique property of a 6-phase machine that its opposite windings always draw equal and opposite current, the neutral point (NP) (formed as a result of stacking two MLIs) voltage can be balanced. It was observed that the net mid point current drawn from the mid point can be made zero in a switching interval. It was later observed that with minimal changes, the mid point current drawn from the NP can be made instantaneously zero and the NP voltage deviation is completely arrested and the topology needs only very low capacity series connected capacitors energized from a single DC link. This topology is also experimentally verified using the stacked 9-level inverter topology discussed above but now for 6-phase application and experimental results are provided in the thesis. Single DC link enables direct back to back conversion and power can be fed back to the mains at any desired power factor. All the experimental verification is done on a DSP (TMS320F28335) and FPGA (Spartan 3 XCS3200) platform. An IM is run using V/f control scheme and the above inverter topologies are used to drive the motor. The IGBTs used are SKM75GB123D for the stacked 9-level inverter in the 3-phase and 6-phase experiments. For the 49-level inverter experiment, MOSFETs-IRF260N were used. Both steady state and transient results ensure that the proposed inverter topologies are suitable for high power applications.

The main goal of this work is to introduce with the basic technologies of manufacturing MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-systems). Further there is mentioned properties and manufacturing of CNT (Carbon nanotubes), used in manufacturing of capacitance pressure sensor.

Les systèmes embarqués sont de plus en plus intégrés dans les applications temps réel actuelles. Ils sont généralement constitués de composants matériels et logiciels profondément Intégrés mais hétérogènes. Ces composants sont développés sous des contraintes très strictes. En conséquence, le travail des ingénieurs de conception est devenu plus difficile. Pour répondre aux normes de haute qualité dans les systèmes embarqués de nos jours et pour satisfaire aux besoins quotidiens de l'industrie, l'automatisation du processus de développement de ces systèmes prend de plus en plus d'ampleur. Un défi majeur est de développer une approche automatisée qui peut être utilisée pour la vérification intégrée et la validation de systèmes complexes et hétérogènes.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche compositionnelle pour la modélisation et la vérification des systèmes complexes décrits en langage SystemC. Cette approche est basée sur le modèle des SystemC Waiting State Automata (WSA). Les SystemC Waiting State Automata sont des automates permettant de modéliser le comportement abstrait des systèmes matériels et logiciels décrits en SystemC tout en préservant la sémantique de l'ordonnanceur SystemC au niveau des cycles temporels et au niveau des delta-cycles. Ce modèle permet de réduire la complexité de la modélisation des systèmes complexes due au problème de l'explosion combinatoire tout en restant fidèle au système initial. Ce modèle est compositionnel et supporte le rafinement. De plus, il est étendu par des paramètres temps ainsi que des compteurs afin de prendre en compte les aspects relatifs à la temporalité et aux propriétés fonctionnelles comme notamment la qualité de service. Nous proposons ensuite une chaîne de construction automatique des WSAs à partir de la description SystemC. Cette construction repose sur l'exécution symbolique et l'abstraction des prédicats. Nous proposons un ensemble d'algorithmes de composition et de réduction de ces automates afin de pouvoir étudier, analyser et vérifier les comportements concurrents des systèmes décrits ainsi que les échanges de données entre les différents composants. Nous proposons enfin d'appliquer notre approche dans le cadre de la modélisation et la simulation des systèmes complexes. Ensuite l'expérimenter pour donner une estimation du pire temps d'exécution (worst-case execution time (WCET)) en utilisant le modèle du Timed SystemC WSA. Enfin, on définit l'application des techniques du model checking pour prouver la correction de l'analyse abstraite de notre approche. / Embedded systems are increasingly integrated into existing real-time applications. They are usually composed of deeply integrated but heterogeneous hardware and software components. These components are developed under strict constraints. Accordingly, the work of design engineers became more tricky and challenging. To meet the high quality standards in nowadays embedded systems and to satisfy the rising industrial demands, the automatization of the developing process of those systems is gaining more and more importance. A major challenge is to develop an automated approach that can be used for the integrated verification and validation of complex and heterogeneous HW/SW systems.In this thesis, we propose a new compositional approach to model and verify hardware and software written in SystemC language. This approach is based on the SystemC Waiting State Automata (WSA). The SystemC Waiting State Automata are used to model the abstract behavior of hardware or software systems described in SystemC. They preserve the semantics of the SystemC scheduler at the temporal and the delta-cycle level. This model allows to reduce the complexity of the modeling process of complex systems due to the problem of state explosion during modeling while remaining faithful to the original system. The SystemC waiting state automaton is also compositional and supports refinement. In addition, this model is extended with parameters such as time and counters in order to take into account further aspects like temporality and other extra-functional properties such as QoS.In this thesis, we propose a stepwise approach on how to automatically extract the SystemC WSAs from SystemC descriptions. This construction is based on symbolic execution together with predicate abstraction. We propose a set of algorithms to symbolically compose and reduce the SystemC WSAs in order to study, analyze and verify concurrent behavior of systems as well as the data exchange between various components. We then propose to use the SystemC WSA to model and simulate hardware and software systems, and to compute the worst cas execution time (WCET) using the Timed SystemC WSA. Finally, we define how to apply model checking techniques to prove the correctness of the abstract analysis.