The present paper describes the construction of a premium system for automobile liability insurance, under the restriction that risks with small expected claim amounts should pay small premiums, whereas risks with high expected claim amounts should pay high premiums. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Tarifes in der Kraftfahrthaftpflichtversicherung unter der Restriktion, dass von Risiken mit geringen erwarteten verursachten Schadenzahlungen niedrige Prämien und von Risiken, die hohe Schadenzahlungen erwarten lassen, hohe Prämien gefordert werden.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le marché photovoltaïque a été multiplié par 10, le prix des panneaux solaires réduit de 60%, et la Chine est devenue le premier producteur mondial. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les mécanismes à l'origine de ces fortes mutations. Grâce à des entretiens auprès d'acteurs de l'industrie photovoltaïque chinoise, et l'analyse de données de brevets, nous expliquons comment la Chine a réussi à acquérir la technologie et le savoir-faire nécessaires à ce succès. Le transfert de technologie a eu lieu grâce au déploiement du marché d'équipement de production et au recrutement de cadres formés dans les pays industrialisés. En revanche, la propriété intellectuelle n'a joué aucun rôle. L'analyse de l'évolution du coût des modules grâce au modèle de courbe d'apprentissage nous permet de prédire une réduction du coût de deux tiers d'ici à 2020. Elle donne des indications quant à la future compétitivité de l'électricité photovoltaïque. Enfin, une attention particulière est portée aux tarifs de rachat de l'électricité, qui ont largement contribué au développement du marché photovoltaïque. Nous analysons leur influence sur le marché et leur capacité à s'adapter à la volatilité du prix des modules, en analysant des séries temporelles. Nous construisons aussi un modèle théorique pour analyser l'influence du comportement stratégique des entreprises sur l'efficacité d'un tarif de rachat. Cela permet de suggérer des recommandations quant à la conception de ces instruments incitatifs. / In the last decade, the photovoltaic market was multiplied by 10, module price was reduced by 60%, and China increased its share in cell and module production from almost nothing to more than half. The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the mechanisms driving these transformations. We analyse how China managed to acquire the photovoltaic technology, relying on interviews with actors of the Chinese photovoltaic industry, and data gathered on patents related to the photovoltaic technology. We show that intellectual property rights did not play a significant role, Chinese firms getting access to the technology by buying manufacturing equipment from industrialised countries, and from labour mobility. The cost decrease is analysed with experience curves models, allowing us to forecast a further cost decrease of two thirds by 2020, provided that the market follows the high predicted expansion. It gives some insight regarding when photovoltaic technology will become competitive. An important attention is dedicated to feed-in tariffs which largely participated in driving the demand so far. Their influence on the photovoltaic market, and their ability to adapt to module price volatility to avoid too attractive profits, is analysed using weekly data. A theoretical model analysing the influence of firms' strategies on the incentive effect of feed-in tariffs allows us to give further recommendations concerning an optimal feed-in tariff scheme.

The subject matter of the theoretical part is the description of city public transport and its history, priorities used in public transport, tariffs and spatial distribution as well as integrated transport systems and vehicles used in public transport. The aim of the practical part is to closely examine public transport systems of individual cities, confront it from several points of view taking into consideration the exploitation and distribution of lines for different means of transport (tram, bus, trolleybus, metro). The cities investigated are Prague, Amsterdam and Budapest.

The theorethical part contains a description of city public transit, its importance and history, priorities used in city public transit, tariff system, integrated transport systems and vehicles used in city public transit. The public transit systems in both cities are introduced and compared from several points of view in the practical part. The cities compared are Prague and San Francisco.

L'échec de l'UDEAC et des politiques communes destinées à réaliser l'union douanière entre les Etats de l'Afrique centrale a poussé ces derniers à remettre en question toutes les politiques d'intégration économique engagées depuis leur accession à la souveraineté internationale. L'analyse des causes de cet échec les a ainsi conduit non à abandonner l'idéal communautaire, mais à relancer ce dernier sur de nouvelles bases, dans l'objectif de mettre en place, à moyen terme, un marché commun au sein duquel la libre circulation des facteurs de production ainsi qu'une saine et loyale concurrence entre acteurs économiques étaient garanties. Cet objectif ambitieux d'unification, loin de construire ses fondations sur des instruments purement économiques – lesquels ont montré toutes leurs limites avec l'UDEAC – a décidé de faire du droit l'instrument principal devant garantir son succès. Cette nouvelle approche s'inscrit en fait dans la droite ligne du nouveau régionalisme juridique ayant cours au niveau planétaire depuis quelques années. Ainsi, en quelques années, parallèlement aux règles institutionnelles, un droit matériel a été mis en place, dans l'objectif de faciliter la mise en œuvre des objectifs poursuivis par les pays membres de la CEMAC. Les règles destinées à décloisonner les marchés nationaux et devant aboutir à la mise en place d'un marché intérieur de dimension plus importante et la garantie d'une saine et loyale concurrence entre les acteurs de ce marché, grâce aux techniques juridiques d'harmonisation et de coordination législatives, sont logiquement apparues comme urgentes dans l'ambition de sécurisation sous-régionale des affaires engagée dans le cadre de l'uniformisation du droit économique sous-régional portée depuis 1993 par l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). L'adoption des règles régissant le fonctionnement de ce marché intérieur, notamment celles garantissant la libre circulation des biens, des personnes, des services et des capitaux ainsi que la consécration d'un droit communautaire de la concurrence apparaissent donc comme les prémisses du renouveau d'un régionalisme porteur de développement et de bien-être en Afrique centrale. La juridictionnalisation amorcée de cette entreprise commune apparaît également comme annonciatrice d'une nouvelle ère dans la sous-région.

La Directive européenne et les politiques de prévention du changement climatique conduisentà un développement important des Énergies Renouvelables pour la production d'électricité. Cecontexte politique est en train d'induire l'insertion massive de production intermittente d'origineéolien dans les réseaux électriques. Pour répondre à la question des limites de l'intégration de l'éoliendans les réseaux électriques, nous nous appuyons sur l'étude des aspects technique et économiques.Dans ce cadre, cette thèse s'intéresse d'une part à l'étude de l'efficacité des dispositifs d'incitationéconomique du point de vue de leur efficacité à stimuler la croissance de l'énergie éolienne et d'autrepart, aux problématiques techniques de court et long terme liées à l'intermittence de l'éolien. Dans lecourt-terme, les problèmes du réseau électrique ainsi que les ajustements dans le marché del'électricité sont abordés. Dans le long terme, l'impact de l'éolien sur la sûreté de fonctionnement estévalué au moyen d'un algorithme de calcul du crédit de capacité de l'éolien.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Rafael Leite Pinto de Andrade.pdf: 2052684 bytes, checksum: 572c21efa815c459377bf79668a2251e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-14 / The proposal of the thesis was to identify and analyze the most important positive consequences, stemming from the efforts of brazilian export companies of products related to agribusiness, to overcome the non-tariff barriers imposed by the companies and / or importing countries. These consequences are little explored in discussions and can be considered as external to the process of implementation of non-tariff barriers. In order to make the proposed work would be feasible, the chain's beef was elected as a target of further studies, the fact that an item be expressive of the Tariff Brazilian export, and because the wide variety of norms, standards and regulations of these products, widespread in all the links of its production chain. The results point to the need to create instruments of Brazil institutional and technical competence in order to administer and live in the best way possible with the inexorable increase in the presence of technical barriers to trade in agricultural products. Finally, although not always be possible to establish a direct relationship of cause and effect, the study developed to say that there is a close correlation between the movements in the interests of overcoming the technical barriers in world trade in products of agribusiness, and the benefits to Brazilian society as a whole. Benefits have been identified related to: technological development, the environment, improvement of legislation, aggregation of trade blocs, managerial innovation, reduce competition, maintain competitive advantage and labor relations. In this context, the chain of meat proved a good example for the hypothesis raised, because all segments studied showed, albeit in different degrees, the conversion of the requirements of international buyers in benefits for the internal market and for the Brazilians in general. / A proposta da tese consiste em identificar e analisar as conseq??ncias positivas mais relevantes, advindas do esfor?o das empresas brasileiras, e exportadoras de produtos relacionados ao agroneg?cio, para superarem as barreiras n?o-tarif?rias impostas pelas empresas e/ou pa?ses importadores. Estas conseq??ncias s?o pouco exploradas nos debates e podem ser consideradas como sendo externalidades ao processo de implementa??o das barreiras n?o-tarif?rias. De modo a fazer com que o trabalho proposto fosse exeq??vel, a cadeia da carne bovina foi eleita como alvo mais aprofundado dos estudos, pelo fato desta ser um item expressivo da pauta de exporta??o brasileira, e devido a grande variedade de normas, padr?es e regulamentos, disseminados por todos os elos de sua cadeia produtiva. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade do Brasil criar instrumentos institucionais e compet?ncia t?cnica de forma a administrar e conviver da melhor forma poss?vel com o inexor?vel aumento da presen?a das barreiras t?cnicas ao com?rcio de produtos agropecu?rios. Finalmente, embora nem sempre seja poss?vel estabelecer uma rela??o direta de causa e efeito, o estudo desenvolvido permite afirmar que h? uma correla??o estreita entre os movimentos em prol da supera??o das barreiras t?cnicas do com?rcio mundial de produtos do agroneg?cio, e benef?cios para a sociedade brasileira como um todo. Foram identificados benef?cios relacionados: ao desenvolvimento tecnol?gico, meio-ambiente, legisla??o nacional, agrega??o de blocos comercias, inova??es gerenciais, redu??o de concorr?ncia, manuten??o de vantagem competitiva e rela??es trabalhistas. Neste contexto, a cadeia da carne mostrou ser um bom exemplo para a hip?tese levantada, pois todos os segmentos estudados apresentaram, ainda que em graus distintos, a convers?o das exig?ncias dos compradores internacionais em benef?cios para o mercado interno e para os brasileiros de modo geral.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdilsonLT.pdf: 357423 bytes, checksum: 891f79b8b20c98062f6b6425fdf20178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-09 / This work presents results derived from a study related to impact on non-controllable costs in the determination of energy taxes. This is done analyzing tax review practiced by concessionaries responsible for the distribution of electrical energy located in the Northeastern Region of Brazil, between 2003 and 2004. This Region was chosen as a study area due to the researcher s expectation in congregating companies that deliver services to markets that have similar social-economical profiles. A brief explanation related to the restructuring of the electrical sector in Brazil is presented, pointing out that there was privatization of the great majority of these companies. The study also points out the definition of regulating rules in service delivery process. The components of taxes that are practiced by these companies aimed at final consumers, as well as the market as a whole and the revision process that is executed by Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica ANEEL for the definition of these taxes are demonstrated in the research. A brief historical of the concessionaires that were focus of the research is presented, totaling five companies. Some data used by ANEEL in the tax review process was analyzed as well as data on components of approved taxes. It is concluded that as a media 47, 49% of the components of taxes in the researched companies correspond to the non-controllable costs. These is done considering previous classification by ANEEL in the tax review process. Although, if it is considered that these companies since 2006, by the means of participation in energy auctions are able to negotiate energy prices for their own needs, it is concluded that these concession contracts guarantee the delivery of the service to the costumer in the total tribute. The percentage of non-controllable costs is 16, 27% average of the tax. This means, amongst other information, that the government has a great deal of responsibility in the formation of price practiced by these companies and its target markets / Este trabalho apresenta o resultado de um estudo do impacto dos custos n?o-gerenci?veis na determina??o das tarifas de energia el?trica decorrentes do processo de revis?o tarif?ria, ocorrido nos exerc?cios de 2003 e 2004, nas concession?rias de distribui??o de energia el?trica localizadas na Regi?o Nordeste do Brasil. A escolha da Regi?o Nordeste como ?rea de estudo, deve-se ? expectativa do pesquisador em congregar no estudo empresas que prestem servi?os a mercados com perfis s?cio-econ?mico similares. ? apresentada uma breve explana??o sobre a reestrutura??o do setor el?trico no Brasil, tendo como conseq??ncia a privatiza??o da maioria das distribuidoras de energia e a defini??o das regras de regula??o na presta??o do servi?o. S?o demonstrados os componentes das tarifas de energia el?trica praticadas pelas concession?rias aos consumidores finais de seus mercados e o processo de revis?o tarif?ria executado pela Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica ANEEL para defini??o dessas tarifas. ? feito um breve hist?rico das concession?rias pesquisadas, num total de cinco companhias. Por fim, s?o discutidos os dados utilizados pela ANEEL no processo de revis?o tarif?ria e analisados os componentes das tarifas aprovadas. Conclui-se que, em m?dia, 47,49% dos componentes das tarifas das empresas pesquisadas correspondem a custos n?o-gerenci?veis, ? luz da classifica??o utilizada pela ANEEL no processo de revis?o tarif?ria. Entretanto, se considerado que as distribuidoras, a partir do exerc?cio de 2006, t?m a capacidade de negociar o pre?o de compra da energia para a totalidade de sua necessidade, participando de leil?es de energia, e que os contratos de concess?o garantem o repasse ao consumidor da totalidade dos tributos, o percentual dos custos n?o-gerenci?veis passa a ser, em m?dia, de 16,27% da tarifa, o que significa, dentre outras informa??es, que o poder p?blico tem uma consider?vel parcela de responsabilidade na forma??o dos pre?os de energia praticados pelas concession?rias em seus mercados de atua??o

The diploma thesis deals with Integrated public transport system in South Moravia region. The author describes the term of integrated public transport system and its advantages in the theoretical part of the thesis. The practical part deals with constitution and development of the system in the South Moravia region and describes its subsystems: organizing and economical, tariff and transport subystem. The final chapter describes transport systems in the regions of the Czech republic. The last chapter shows the shortages of the current transport system. The main aim of the thesis is to make analysis of the current system, to compare theoretical findings with the current situation, to situate the transport system in South Moravia into the frame of the public transportation in the Czech republic and to compare it with other systems.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to prepare a marketing strategy for Telefónica O2 Czech Republic, a.s. The strategy is focused on target market and is based on questionnaire research made with respondents from target population. Strategy contains proposal of steps which could help to acquire new customers and keep recent customers. The diploma thesis also contains summary of information about the target population usable by Telefónica O2 for further analysis.