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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Fonctionnement biologique du sol sableux sous plantations d’eucalyptus d’âges différents. Effets du reboisement sur les communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes du sol en milieu tropical (Congo) et méditerranéen (Maroc) / Biological functioning of sandy soils under eucalyptus plantations of different age groups. Effects of reforestation on the communities of soil macrofauna and microorganisms in the Tropical (Congo) and Mediterranean regions (Morocco)

Sellami, Fatima 09 January 2013 (has links)
Les plantations d'Eucalyptus, au Congo (région de Pointe-Noire) comme au Maroc (forêt de la Maâmora), soulèvent des controverses quant à leurs effets sur des sols sableux pauvres en matière organique. Dans un enjeu de développement durable de tels écosystèmes anthropiques, les recherches sur le sujet se sont multipliées. Toutefois, les connaissances relatives au fonctionnement biologique des sols sous ces plantations méritent encore d'être approfondies. Principaux acteurs de ce fonctionnement biologique, les organismes vivant dans ces sols et leurs activités ne sont que trop peu décrites, et nécessitent en ce sens de se trouver au cœur des études sur le sujet. Notre travail de thèse s'inscrit dans ces problématiques. Ainsi, nous évaluons les conséquences du reboisement sur les communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes de ces sols, et également l'activité des enzymes clés liées aux principaux cycles biogéochimiques (C, N et P).Cette recherche présente la particularité de la prise en compte simultanée de deux facteurs peu souvent évoqués, que sont, l'« âge des plantations » et la « profondeur du sol ». Nous avons abordé ces questions par une étude multi-échelle.Ainsi, nous avons étudié les macroinvertébrés quant à leur diversité taxonomique et à leur composition verticale, selon une approche combinée (TSPF + carré anglais). Par la suite, les premières caractérisations de structure et de diversité des communautés microbiennes ont été réalisées. Ceci, par mesure de densité et par déterminations morphotypiques (cultures in vitro) et génétiques (DGGE), au niveau des communautés totales. Par mesure du potentiel métabolique pour ce qui est des communautés fonctionnelles (plaques Biolog). Enfin, l'activité biologique des sols a été évaluée en mesurant l'activité de huit enzymes et l'activité microbienne globale (hydrolyse FDA).Ainsi, par comparaison à la forêt naturelle adjacente, cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence que l'introduction d'eucalyptus sur savane (Congo) ou sur chêne-liège dégradé (Maroc), modifie la structure et la diversité des communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes du sol ainsi que le profil des activités enzymatiques. Aussi bien en fonction de l'âge des plantations que de la profondeur du sol, ceci est valable. C'est le fonctionnement biologique qui se trouve donc impacté.Les proportions et les conséquences de cet impact restent toutefois particulières à chaque cas. Il faut cependant noter exception pour les activités enzymatiques liées au cycle de l'azote, qui apparaissent influencées de façon comparable dans les deux cas à l'étude. Ces activités diminuent significativement avec l'âge du peuplement, confirmant le statut déficitaire en azote de ce type de plantation. / Eucalyptus plantations in Congo (Pointe-Noire region) and in Morocco (Mamora forest) raised certain controversies regarding their effects on the sandy poor soils. In such anthropogenic ecosystems, researches on the subject have multiplied in order to ensure their sustainable management. However, knowledge on the biological functioning of soils in these plantations still needs to be explored. Main actors of this biological functioning are soil organisms and their activities which have been described very little, and need to be more studied. Our thesis encompasses this problematic. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of reforestation on the communities of macrofauna and microorganisms of soil, and the activity of different key enzymes, as well, related to main biogeochemical cycles (C, N and P). This research presents, particularly, a simultaneous consideration of two factors rarely mentioned before: the "age of the plantations" and "soil depth". We addressed these issues by a multi-scale study. We studied macroinvertebrates by their taxonomic diversity and vertically composition by a combined approach (TSPF + English square). Subsequently, the characterization of structure and diversity of microbial communities was done by density measurements, morphotype-specific (in-vitro culture) and the genetic determinations (DGGE) and by measuring the metabolic potential in terms of functional communities (Biolog plates). Finally, soil biological activity was evaluated by determining the activity of eight different enzymes and the total microbial activity (FDA hydrolysis).Therefore, as compared to the adjacent natural forest soils, this study allowed us to demonstrate that the introduction of eucalyptus plantations, in savanna (Congo) or in degraded cork oak ecosystem (Morocco), alters the structure and diversity of macrofauna communities, soil microorganisms and the enzymatic activity profiles. Consequently, the biological functioning of the soils is impacted both in terms of the age of plantations and soil depth. However, the proportions and the consequences of this impact were very specific in each case, with the exception of enzymatic activities related to the nitrogen cycle, which influenced comparatively in both studies. These activities decreased significantly along with the stand age of eucalyptus plantations, confirming the deficient status of nitrogen in such plantations.
12

Estrutura taxonômica e funcional da assembleia de peixes no Rio Tocantins, antes e após a formação do reservatório de Peixe Angical, região do Alto Rio Tocantins, TO

Perônico, Phamela Bernardes 07 March 2017 (has links)
Análises baseadas em traços funcionais descrevem as espécies em relação às suas características biológicas e assim complementam as informações taxonômicas. Ainda que diversos trabalhos sejam realizados visando descobrir impactos ambientais após a criação de usinas hidrelétricas, poucos são voltados para investigar padrões de estabilização da estrutura da ictiofauna em termos taxonômicos e funcionais; a resposta funcional em longo prazo, em particular, é totalmente desconhecida. Neste estudo buscamos investigar padrões de reestruturação da assembléia de peixes em termos taxonômicos e funcionais nas zonas de transição, fluvial e lacustre, ao longo de dez anos, englobando momentos anteriores e posteriores à construção da UHE Peixe Angical, rio Tocantins. Nossos resultados revelaram indícios de estabilização taxonômica e funcional dentro da primeira década do reservatório, nas diferentes zonas. Tanto a riqueza taxonômica quanto a riqueza funcional apresentaram declínio progressivo após a instalação da barragem, atingindo níveis mais estáveis após seis anos. Conforme esperado, o aumento na abundância registrado no primeiro ano do reservatório não se manteve ao longo do tempo e foi possível notar um decréscimo acentuado em todos os pontos amostrais. Houve evidente alteração na composição taxonômica e funcional ao longo dos anos, com menor taxa de mudança a partir do 6º ano. Espécies registradas na fase Rio com maiores abundâncias praticamente deixaram de ser registradas após a criação da barragem, enquanto outras espécies com características que lhes permitiram resistir aos filtros ambientais do reservatório se destacaram em número de indivíduos. Espacialmente, foi possível notar diferentes padrões de composição tanto para a estrutura taxonômica quanto para a estrutura funcional da assembléia. Além disso, nossos resultados apontam que a perda de diversidade funcional se dá por fatores estocásticos; e que, apesar de haverem perdas de perfis funcionais através da perda de espécies, ainda não foi possível constatar uma convergência funcional. Portanto, dez anos de represamento foi suficiente para observarmos fortes padrões de alteração sobre a ictiofauna afetada pelo represamento da UHE Peixe Angical, além da eminente estabilização dos atributos taxonômicos e funcionais nas diferentes zonas do reservatório ao longo do tempo. / Functional traits describe species in respect to functional characteristics and therefore complement taxonomic information. Although several studies investigate environmental impacts caused by hydropower dams, few have focused on long-term patterns of functional and taxonomic fish diversity; changes in functional structure, in particular, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated long-term changes (10 years) in taxonomic and functional diversity across environmental gradients created by the construction of Peixe Angical hydropower dam, Tocantins River, Amazon Basin. Our results revealed trends of functional and taxonomic stabilization 10 years after river regulation, in the different zones of the reservoir. Both the functional and taxonomic diversity showed progressive decrease over time, reaching more stable levels after 6 years. As expected, the increase in fish abundance registered soon after damming was followed by a marked decrease in all sites. We observed strong alteration in functional and taxonomic composition over the years, with more stable values after the sixth year. The most abundant species in the river period virtually disappeared after river damming, replaced by species with adaptations to cope with the environmental filters created by the impoundment. In addition, our results showed that the loss of functional diversity occurred stochastically; despite the loss of functional profiles with the loss of species, it was not possible to determine functional convergence. In conclusion, Peixe Angical hydropower dam induced strong changes in the taxonomic and functional structure of fish assemblages, with trends of stabilization ten years after river impoundment, in the different zones of the reservoir.
13

Classificação de tecidos da mama em massa e não-massa usando índice de diversidade taxonômico e máquina de vetores de suporte / Classification of breast tissues in mass and non-mass using index of Taxonomic diversity and support vector machine

OLIVEIRA, Fernando Soares Sérvulo de 20 February 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-17T17:25:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandoOliveira.pdf: 2347086 bytes, checksum: 0b2d54b7d13b7467bee9db13f63100f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T17:25:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandoOliveira.pdf: 2347086 bytes, checksum: 0b2d54b7d13b7467bee9db13f63100f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world and difficult to diagnose. Distinguished Systems Aided Detection and Diagnosis Computer have been used to assist experts in the health field with an indication of suspicious areas of difficult perception to the human eye, thus aiding in the detection and diagnosis of cancer. This dissertation proposes a methodology for discrimination and classification of regions extracted from the breast mass and non-mass. The Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) is used in this work for the acquisition of mammograms, which are extracted from the regions of mass and non-mass. The Taxonomic Diversity Index (∆) and the Taxonomic Distinctness (∆*) are used to describe the texture of the regions of interest, originally applied in ecology. The calculation of those indices is based on phylogenetic trees, which applied in this work to describe patterns in regions of the images of the breast with two regions bounding approaches to texture analysis: circle with rings and internal with external masks. Suggested in this work to be applied in the description of patterns of regions in breast imaging approaches circle with rings and masks as internal and external boundaries regions for texture analysis. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used to classify the regions in mass or non-mass. The proposed methodology provides successful results for the classification of masses and non-mass, reaching an average accuracy of 99.67%. / O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de câncer mais frequente no mundo e de difícil diagnóstico. Distintos Sistemas de Detecção e Diagnóstico Auxiliados por Computador (Computer Aided Detection/Diagnosis) têm sido utilizados para auxiliar especialistas da área da saúde com a indicação de áreas suspeitas de difícil percepção ao olho humano, assim ajudando na detecção e diagnóstico de câncer. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de discriminação e classificação de regiões extraídas da mama em massa e não-massa. O banco de imagens Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) é usado neste trabalho para aquisição das mamografias, onde são extraído as regiões de massa e não-massa. Na descrição da textura da região de interesse são utilizados os Índices de Diversidade Taxonômica (∆) e Distinção Taxonômica (∆*), provenientes da ecologia. O cálculo destes índices é baseado nas árvores filogenéticas, sendo aplicados neste trabalho na descrição de padrões em regiões das imagens da mama com duas abordagens de regiões delimitadoras para análise da textura: círculo com anéis e máscaras internas com externas. Para classificação das regiões em massa e não-massa é utilizado o classificador Máquina de Vetores de Suporte (MVS). A metodologia apresenta resultados promissores para a classificação de massas e não-massas, alcançando uma acurácia média de 99,67%.
14

Melastomataceae na Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: diversidade taxon?mica, aspectos flor?sticos e estado de conserva??o

Silva, Kelly Cristina da 30 March 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-29T11:54:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- Kelly Cristina da Silva.pdf: 7307607 bytes, checksum: 8d84ec46e5af2c80b3625d586980819b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T11:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- Kelly Cristina da Silva.pdf: 7307607 bytes, checksum: 8d84ec46e5af2c80b3625d586980819b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Atlantic Forest is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots because of the diversity and high degrees of endemism and threat. Melastomataceae is a plant family typical of this biome, and it is represented by more than 500 species that occur from restingas (sandy coastal plain habitats) to the upper montane forests and high-altitude grasslands. Despite this broad representation, there are few taxonomic studies of this family for this biome, and especially of the flora of Rio de Janeiro state. The present study aims to survey the Melastomataceae at Marambaia, an island included in the Atlantic Forest biome, as well as taxonomic and floristic similarity studies. It has significant ecological importance as a natural refuge for several plant species of the Tropical Moist Forest and for the preservation of genetic heritage. The vegetation types are Submontane Tropical Moist Forest and restinga, and the Melastomataceae is represented by seven genera and 25 species, of which 13 (52%) represent new records for the area. Miconia is the largest genus with 10 species, followed by Tibouchina (6 spp.), Leandra (4 spp.), Clidemia (2spp.) and Huberia, Marcetia and Ossaea (1 sp. each). Descriptions, illustrations, and a key to identify the taxa are provided. Morphological characteristics of leaves, inflorescences, buds, petals, hypanthium, stamens, indumentum, fruits, and seeds are diagnostic to distinguish the taxa. Comments on morphological peculiarities of species and geographical, phenological, and conservation status data are also presented. Three species are cited on the list of endangered species of Rio de Janeiro municipality. Among the vegetation formations, the Submontane Tropical Moist Forest has the highest species richness (23 species), while in restingas the richness is lower, with eight species in forest formations, five species in shrubby formations, and only two species in herbaceous formations. Similarity between the vegetation formations of Marambaia was low, ranging between 4.2% and 40%. Despite the strong relationship between these formations and their physical proximity, the four areas at Marambaia have low species similarity. Key words: Atlantic / A Floresta Atl?ntica ? um dos hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade devido ? elevada diversidade e graus de endemismo e amea?a. Dentre as fam?lias vegetais t?picas desse bioma est? Melastomataceae, com mais de 500 esp?cies e que ocorrem desde as restingas at? as florestas altomontanas e campos de altitude. Apesar dessa numerosa representatividade, poucos s?o os estudos taxon?micos sobre esta fam?lia na flora fluminense. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar o levantamento flor?stico da fam?lia Melastomataceae na Marambaia, uma regi?o insular integrada no bioma Floresta Atl?ntica, bem como estudos taxon?micos e de similaridade flor?stica. Ela desempenha significativa import?ncia ecol?gica como um ref?gio natural para diversas esp?cies de plantas da Mata Pluvial e atua na preserva??o do patrim?nio gen?tico. Nessa regi?o insular, onde a cobertura vegetal ? de Floresta Ombr?fila Densa Submontana e Restinga, a representatividade da fam?lia Melastomataceae mostra-se expressiva, constitu?da de sete g?neros e 25 esp?cies, das quais 13 correspondem a novos registros para a ?rea. Miconia ? o g?nero mais numeroso, com 10 esp?cies, seguido por Tibouchina (6 spp.), Leandra (4 spp.), Clidemia ( 2spp.) e Huberia, Marcetia e Ossaea (1 sp. cada). S?o apresentadas descri??es, ilustra??es e chaves para identifica??o dos t?xons. Caracter?sticas morfol?gicas das folhas, infloresc?ncias, ?pice dos bot?es florais e p?talas, hipanto, estames, tipos de indumento, frutos e sementes mostram-se diagn?sticas para a identifica??o dos t?xons. Coment?rios sobre particularidades morfol?gicas das esp?cies e dados geogr?ficos, fenol?gicos e sobre o estado de conserva??o das esp?cies, tamb?m s?o apresentados. Tr?s esp?cies s?o citadas na lista das esp?cies amea?adas de extin??o para o munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro. Dentre as forma??es vegetais analisadas, a Floresta Ombr?fila Densa Submontana apresentou a maior riqueza de esp?cies (23 esp?cies), enquanto nas restingas a riqueza foi menor, com oito esp?cies nas Forma??es Florestais, cinco esp?cies nas Forma??es Arbustivas e apenas duas esp?cies nas Forma??es Herb?ceas. A similaridade entre as forma??es vegetais da Marambaia foi baixa, variando entre 4,2% e 40%. Apesar da elevada rela??o entre essas forma??es e suas proximidades f?sicas na Marambaia, as quatro ?reas guardam poucas semelhan?as na composi??o de esp?cies
15

Efeito do gradiente altitudinal na estrutura e riqueza de Melastomataceae em um trecho de Floresta Atl?ntica do Sudeste do Brasil / Effect of altitudinal gradient on the structure and richness of Melastomataceae in a stretch of Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil

Gon?alves, Kelly Cristina da Silva 22 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-17T16:12:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Kelly Cristina da Silva Goncalves.pdf: 8978579 bytes, checksum: 967d7d009f51a3bbc8ce5255976e502f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T16:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Kelly Cristina da Silva Goncalves.pdf: 8978579 bytes, checksum: 967d7d009f51a3bbc8ce5255976e502f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Over the past decades, several authors have tried to explain the altitudinal distribution patterns and the factors that influence the distribution of species over the elevation gradients. In general, studies show that the richness distribution curve has the shape of a "hump", with intermediate altitudes with higher rates of diversity. Few are those who relate the Melastomataceae with elevation gradient and none addresses the family distribution in Brazil and, consequently, in the Atlantic Forest. The present study had two main objectives: (a) increase the knowledge of the taxonomic diversity of Melastomataceae in the study areas, providing an identification key for the genera, descriptions and evaluating the richness and peculiarities of the taxa, as well as the conservation status (Chapter I); and (b) to analyze the distribution pattern of the diversity of Melastomataceae along the altitudinal variation of a wooded stretch of Serra dos ?rg?os, in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Chapter II). A floristic survey was done in contiguous protected areas, belonging to Central Fluminense Conservation Units Mosaic: Guapia?? Ecological Reserve (REGUA), Tr?s Picos State Park (PETP) and Serra dos ?rg?os National Park (PARNASO). Periodic collections in the study areas were made using methods of fixed installments and traversal, traversing up primary and secondary trails. In 11 altitudinal allotments distributed between 0-2000 m, were performed a 290 m transect per allotment, following the level curve, where 15 plots of 10 x 10 m were placed, totaling 165 plots placed and 1,65 ha sampled. Moreover, fields located above altitude of 2,100 m were also exploited for a better sampling of the species. The collected material was herborized and identified in laboratory using morphological analysis of vegetative and reproductive parts, subsequently deposited in the RBR Herbarium, with duplicates in RB. Species richness of Melastomataceae raised for the studied area is represented by 152 species belonging to 22 genera. Eight species are cited as vulnerable on the list of endangered species for the city of Rio de Janeiro, one species (Bertolonia leuzeana (Bonpl.) Cogn.) is considered Endangered on the Red Book of Brazil?s Flora and 22 endemic species of Rio de Janeiro are with some degree of threat, by the evaluation of the National Center for Conservation of Flora-CNCFlora. In all altitudinal installments Melastomataceae species were collected, with the highest richness being registered in the 1000m altitudinal installment (57 spp.). The species' altitudinal distribution curve presented a pattern shaped like a ?hump?. REGUA, PETP and PARNASO are located in a region with the largest forest remnants preserved from state of Rio de Janeiro and, because they are legally protected, they have high biological diversity under custody. Despite that in all altitudinal installments Melastomataceae species were collected, it is possible that with increased sampling effort in areas not yet visited or little explored, the number of species of Melastomataceae cited for localities may increase as well as the registration of new species and/or occurrences / Ao longo das ?ltimas d?cadas, v?rios autores t?m procurado explicar os padr?es de distribui??o altitudinal e os fatores que influenciam na distribui??o das esp?cies ao longo dos gradientes de eleva??o. Em geral, os estudos apontam que a curva de distribui??o da riqueza possui o formato de ?corcova?, com as altitudes intermedi?rias apresentando os maiores valores de diversidade. Poucos s?o os que relacionam as Melastomataceae com gradiente de eleva??o e nenhum aborda a distribui??o da fam?lia no Brasil e, consequentemente, na Floresta Atl?ntica. O presente estudo teve dois objetivos principais: (a) ampliar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade taxon?mica das Melastomataceae na ?rea de estudo, fornecendo uma chave de identifica??o para os g?neros, descri??es e avaliando a riqueza e peculiaridades dos t?xons, bem como o estado de conserva??o das esp?cies (Cap?tulo I); e (b) analisar o padr?o de distribui??o da diversidade das Melastomataceae ao longo da varia??o altitudinal de um trecho florestal da Serra dos ?rg?os, na Regi?o Serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Cap?tulo II). Realizou-se o levantamento flor?stico em Unidades de Conserva??o cont?guas, pertencentes ao Mosaico de Unidades de Conserva??o Central Fluminense: Reserva Ecol?gica de Guapia?? (REGUA), Parque Estadual dos Tr?s Picos (PETP) e Parque Nacional da Serra dos ?rg?os (PARNASO). Realizaram-se coletas de campo peri?dicas na ?rea de estudo, por m?todos de parcelas fixas e do caminhamento, percorrendo-se trilhas prim?rias e secund?rias. Em 11 cotas altitudinais, distribu?das entre 0-2000 m de altitude, efetuou-se uma transec??o de 290 m por cota, acompanhando-se a curva de n?vel, onde foram alocadas 15 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, totalizando 165 parcelas alocadas e 1,65 ha amostrados. Al?m disso, os Campos de Altitude localizados acima de 2100 m tamb?m foram explorados, para uma melhor amostragem das esp?cies. O material coletado foi herborizado e identificado em laborat?rio atrav?s de an?lise morfol?gica das partes vegetativas e reprodutivas, sendo posteriormente depositado no Herb?rio RBR, com duplicata no RB. A riqueza de esp?cies de Melastomataceae levantada para a ?rea de estudo est? representada por 152 esp?cies pertencentes a 22 g?neros. Oito esp?cies s?o citadas como vulner?vel na lista das esp?cies amea?adas de extin??o para o munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, uma esp?cie (Bertolonia leuzeana (Bonpl.) Cogn.) ? citada como Em Perigo, no Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil e 22 esp?cies end?micas do Rio de Janeiro encontram-se com algum grau de amea?a, pela avalia??o do Centro Nacional de Conserva??o da Flora - CNCFlora. Em todas as cotas altitudinais foram coletadas esp?cies de Melastomataceae, sendo a maior riqueza registrada na cota 1000 m altitude (57 spp). A curva de distribui??o altitudinal das esp?cies apresentou o padr?o em forma de "corcova". A REGUA, o PETP e o PARNASO est?o localizados numa regi?o que apresenta os maiores remanescentes florestais conservados do estado fluminense e, por serem legalmente protegidos, tem sob a guarda elevada diversidade biol?gica. Apesar de em todas as cotas altitudinais terem sido coletadas esp?cies de Melastomataceae, ? poss?vel que com o aumento do esfor?o amostral em ?reas ainda n?o visitadas, de dif?cil acesso e/ou pouco exploradas, o n?mero de esp?cies seja ampliado, bem como o registro de novas esp?cies e/ou ocorr?ncias.
16

Diversités taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes en lien avec le cycle du carbone dans un gradient de sols multi-contaminés / Taxonomic and functional diversity of microbial communities in relation to the carbon cycle in a multi-contaminated soil gradient

Lemmel, Florian 14 January 2019 (has links)
Les activités sidérurgiques du siècle dernier ont laissé derrière elles des sols de friches multi-contaminés. Cette multi-pollution a dû conduire à une adaptation des communautés microbiennes, pouvant impacter leurs diversités et in fine le fonctionnement des sols. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de mes travaux de thèse étaient : i) d’étudier la diversité taxonomique des communautés microbiennes mais aussi leur diversité fonctionnelle en lien avec le cycle du carbone, ii) d’identifier les éventuels liens qui unissent ces deux diversités et iii) de comprendre comment les caractéristiques des sols et leur pollution pouvaient modifier ces liens. Une collection de sols présentant un gradient de pollution par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) a été étudiée. La diversité taxonomique des communautés bactériennes et fongiques a été obtenue par séquençage Illumina MiSeq et la diversité fonctionnelle métabolique a été estimée à l’aide des outils Biolog® et MicroResp™. La dégradation de deux substrats carbonés modèles, le phénanthrène (PHE) et la cellulose (CEL) marqués au 13C, a également été analysée par la technique de Stable Isotope Probing, qui en identifiant les microorganismes impliqués dans la dégradation de ces composés, permet de lier la diversité taxonomique à une fonction. Globalement, en sélectionnant les microorganismes, le niveau de contamination a modulé positivement ou négativement l’abondance relative de différents taxons bactériens et fongiques. Contrairement aux HAP, les ETM ont induit une diminution de la diversité fonctionnelle métabolique, mais aussi une tolérance accrue au zinc. Le potentiel fonctionnel de dégradation des HAP était positivement corrélé à la teneur en HAP des sols alors que les fonctions de dégradation du PHE et de la CEL étaient présentes dans tous les sols, quel que soit leur niveau de contamination. Les taux de dégradation de ces composés étaient positivement corrélés à l’abondance et la richesse microbienne, mais sans lien avec la pollution des sols. En outre, le taux de dégradation du PHE était expliqué par les abondances relatives des genres Massilia et Mycobacterium identifiés parmi les bactéries dégradantes. En conclusion, nous avons observé une diminution de l’intensité de dégradation de plusieurs composés carbonés, voire la disparition totale de la fonction, suggérant un possible dysfonctionnement du cycle du carbone dans certains des sols les plus pollués / The iron and steel activities of the last century have left behind multi-contaminated brownfields. This multi-pollution must have led to an adaptation of microbial communities, potentially impacting their diversities and ultimately the soil functioning. In this context, the objectives of my PhD thesis were: i) to study the taxonomic diversity of microbial communities, but also their functional diversity in relation to the carbon cycle, ii) to identify the possible relationships between these two diversities and (iii) to understand the impact of soil characteristics and pollution on communities. In this way, a collection of ten multi-contaminated soils, with both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metallic trace elements (MTE) gradients, was studied. The bacterial and fungal taxonomic diversities were obtained using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and the metabolic functional diversity was estimated through Biolog® and MicroResp™ assays. The degradation of two model carbon substrates, namely 13C-labeled phenanthrene (PHE) and 13C-labeled cellulose (CEL), was also analyzed using Stable Isotope Probing technique, which, by identifying the microorganisms involved in the substrate degradation, allows to link function with taxonomic diversity. Overall, by selecting microorganisms, the contamination level positively and negatively modulated the relative abundance of different bacterial and fungal taxa. Unlike PAH, MTE induced a decrease of metabolic functional diversity, but also a greater zinc tolerance. The functional potential of PAH degradation was positively correlated with the PAH concentration in soils, while the PHE and CEL degradation functions were present in all soils, irrespective of their contamination level. Degradation rates of these compounds were positively correlated with microbial abundance and richness, but not linked to soil pollution. In addition, the PHE degradation rate was explained by the relative abundances of the Massilia and Mycobacterium genera, identified among the active PHE-degrading bacteria. In conclusion, we observed a decrease in the degradation intensity of several carbon compounds, or even the total disappearance of various functions, suggesting a potential dysfunction of carbon cycle in some of the most polluted soils
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Structure des assemblages de fourmis le long d'un gradient d'aridité situé dans le Chaco sec paraguayen/ Structure of ant assemblages along an aridity gradient in the Paraguayan dry Chaco.

Delsinne, Thibaut 14 September 2007 (has links)
Contexte: L’importance écologique des fourmis dans les écosystèmes terrestres justifie qu’elles soient considérées comme groupe cible pour des actions de conservation. De plus, de par leur abondance, leur facilité de récolte et leur réponse à des perturbations, elles présentent un potentiel intéressant comme groupe indicateur précoce de l’état de santé des écosystèmes. Par contre, pour le choix d’aires à protéger, leur utilité comme intégrateur des conditions de milieu par rapport à des indicateurs classiques tels que les assemblages de plantes n’est pas clairement établie. En d’autres termes, répondent-elles plus finement que les plantes à différentes conditions de milieu et dans ce cas doit-on s’attendre à trouver au sein de formations végétales comparables plusieurs types d’assemblages de foumis? Si tel est le cas, la méthode utilisant les assemblages de végétaux pour sélectionner les sites à protéger peut ne pas permettre une conservation efficace de la diversité des fourmis. Ce type de problématique s’aborde bien le long de gradients environnementaux. Pour faciliter l’interprétation des résultats en terme de réponse aux facteurs abiotiques il est préférable de limiter le nombre de facteurs qui varient en même temps. Dans ce sens, le Chaco sec paraguayen représente un système très favorable: faible déclivité, faibles variations de températures moyennes mais gamme très étendue de conditions de pluviométrie (350mm à 1000mm de précipitations moyennes annuelles) et des sols variables (texture limoneuse à sableuse). L’aridité est l’un des principaux facteurs pouvant limiter la diversité des fourmis soit directement en exerçant un stress physiologique sur les espèces, soit indirectement en limitant la productivité primaire de l’habitat. Les conditions édaphiques peuvent également avoir une influence en affectant par exemple la survie des colonies qui nidifient dans le sol. Objectifs: Les principaux buts de la thèse sont (1) de déterminer l’influence de l’aridité et des conditions édaphiques sur la distribution et la structure des assemblages de fourmis terricoles du sol en forêts tropicales sèches, (2) mettre en évidence les mécanismes qui facilitent la coexistence des espèces de fourmis à l’échelle locale, (3) déterminer si à l’échelle régionale les fourmis et les plantes répondent de façon similaire aux conditions du milieu. Méthode: Onze localités ont été échantillonnées le long d’un transect régional long de 400km. Au niveau de chaque localité, trois transects élémentaires longs de 200m et séparés les uns des autres par 200m ont été effectués. La myrmécofaune a été échantillonnée à l’aide de 20 pièges à fosse et de 20 Winkler par transect élémentaire. La végétation de chaque site a été caractérisée sur base de l’abondance de 45 espèces d’arbres ou d’arbustes caractéristiques de la flore chaquéenne. Les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol ont également été mesurées. A fine échelle, l’organisation spatio-temporelle d’un assemblage a été étudié dans une localité de référence. Résultats: Au total, plus de 50.000 spécimens correspondant à 206 espèces de fourmis ont été collectés avec en moyenne (± SD) 62 ± 10 espèces par localité. Pour un même effort d’échantillonnage, le nombre d’espèces de fourmis récoltées à l’aide des pièges à fosse augmente avec l’aridité et une tendance inverse est observée pour les Winkler. Puisque les Winkler peuvent entraîner une sévère sous-estimation de la diversité des fourmis d’un habitat, seules les données des pièges à fosse sont utilisées pour la suite des analyses. La diversité locale  des assemblages de fourmis n’apparaît corrélée ni à l’aridité, ni aux conditions édaphiques. En revanche, ces facteurs, et spécialement la texture du sol, influencent la composition des assemblages. Trois complexes myrmécofauniques sont mis en évidence: le premier dans la localité la plus sèche (350mm) et la plus sableuse (>90% de sable dans la fraction minérale du sol), le second dans la localité la plus humide (1000mm, sol argilo-limoneux) et le dernier dans des localités présentant de larges conditions de pluviométrie (350-850mm) et de sol (limoneux à sablo-limoneux). Les plantes répondent encore plus finement à ces facteurs abiotiques. A l’échelle locale, l’établissement d’une ségrégation spatio-temporelle fine des espèces de fourmis lors de l’exploitation des ressources alimentaires facilite la coexistence interspécifique. Cette ségrégation est engendrée par l’existence de deux compromis: l’un entre les capacités des espèces à dominer et à découvrir les ressources et l’autre entre la capacité de dominance et la tolérance aux températures élevées. Conclusions: Nos résultats contredisent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les fourmis répondent plus finement que les plantes aux conditions du milieu. A l’échelle du gradient étudié, une augmentation de l’aridité n’affecte pas la diversité des fourmis. La productivité de l’habitat ne semble pas déterminer la richesse des assemblages et la tolérance à l’aridité semble répandue au sein des Formicidae. La texture du sol apparaît être le facteur le plus déterminant des distributions spatiales observées. Dans le Chaco sec paraguayen, une sélection des sites à protéger sur base des assemblages végétaux est susceptible de maximiser la conservation de la diversité biologique des fourmis. Notre étude de la distribution de la myrmécofaune, basée sur la plus large gamme de pluviométrie envisagée à ce jour, pourra constituer le point de départ d'un suivi des assemblages de fourmis dominantes du Chaco sec paraguayen dans le but d'investiguer l'impact des changements climatiques globaux sur ces organismes.
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Impact de la nature du couvert végétal sur la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle des champignons symbiotiques et des microorganismes eucaryotes associés / Impact of tree species on taxonomic and functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated eukaryotic microorganisms

Damon, Coralie 11 May 2010 (has links)
Au sein des sols forestiers, la richesse taxonomique et le rôle des microorganismes eucaryotes (en grande partie des champignons) restent encore largement méconnus. L’espèce d’arbre est un des facteurs qui structurent les communautés de ces microorganismes. Nous avons étudié l’impact de l’essence forestière (hêtre et épicéa) sur la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle de ces communautés par une approche métatranscriptomique et une approche biochimique (focalisée sur les champignons ectomycorhiziens). Nous avons montré un effet de la séquence étudiée (ADNr 18S, ADNc) sur la distribution taxonomique des communautés et développé un nouveau marqueur moléculaire mitochondrial pour l’étude des communautés de champignons métaboliquement actifs. L’identification de gènes d’intérêt écologique et industriel par séquençage systématique des banques métatranscriptomiques ainsi que l’identification fonctionnelle d’une nouvelle famille de transporteursmembranaires montrent l’intérêt de l’approche métatranscriptomique. L’approche biochimique a consisté en un dosage à haut débit, sur des extrémités racinaires ectomycorhizés, d’activités enzymatiques liées à la dégradation de la matière organique et à la mobilisation de l’azote et du phosphore du sol. L’ensemble de ces approches a permis de montrer un impact de l’essence forestière sur la nature des espèces présentes plutôt que sur la richesse taxonomique et une préférence d’hôte de certains groupes fongiques ectomycorhiziens. L’approche biochimique a montré une redondance fonctionnelle importante pour certaines activités enzymatiques tandis qu’une autre activité enzymatique était spécifique d’un groupe taxonomique fongique. / In forest soils, taxonomic richness and functional diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms (mainly Fungi) remain largely unknowned. Tree species is one of the main factors that structure eukaryotic microbial communities. We have studied the impact of tree species (beech and spruce) on taxonomic and functional diversity of these communities by using a metatranscriptomic approach and a biochemical one focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi. We showed an effet of different sequences (18S rDNA, cDNA) on taxonomic composition of eukaryotic microbial communities and we developped anew mitochondrial molecular marker for the study of metabolically active fungal communities. Identification of ecologically and industrially important genes by the shotgun sequencing of metatranscriptomic libraries and also identification of a new family of transmembrane transporter demonstrate the great potential of the metatranscriptomic approach. The biochemical approachconsisted in a multiple enzymatic test carried out on ectomycorrhizal roots, of enzyme activities linked to organic matter degradation and phosphorus and nitrogen mobilization. All these approaches revealed an impact of tree species on the microbial species composition but not on taxonomic richness and also host preference for some ectomycorrhizal taxonomic groups. The biochemical approach showed a high functional redundancy for some enzyme activities while one activity was very specific of an ectomycorrhizal taxonomic group.
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Contribution au développement de bioindicateurs microbiens pour l'évaluation de l'impact de pratiques agricoles sur les sols / Contribution to development of microbial bioindicators for assessing the impact of agricultural pratices on soil

Bourgeois, Emilie 16 December 2015 (has links)
Le sol représente le support de la production agricole. A l’interface avec les autres compartiments de la biosphère, il remplit de nombreuses fonctions essentielles à la fourniture de services écosystémiques nécessaires au bien-être de nos sociétés. C’est aussi une ressource non renouvelable dont les propriétés physicochimiques et biologiques ont été altérées par le développement de l’agriculture intensive. La prise de conscience actuelle de cet état de fait a révélé la nécessité de définir de nouveaux modes de gestion adaptés à la préservation et à l’utilisation durable des sols. Elle a ainsi marqué l’entrée dans l’ère de l’agroécologie qui prône un modèle de production optimisant notamment les services rendus par la biodiversité afin de réduire le recours aux intrants et à l’utilisation d’énergie. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le développement d’une gamme d’indicateurs permettant d’évaluer les pratiques/systèmes agricoles en rendant compte de la qualité biologique du sol est donc indispensable. Cette thèse, dont l’objectif est de contribuer au développement de bioindicateurs microbiens de la qualité du sol, s’inscrit dans ce contexte agroécologique. Le choix de travailler sur les communautés microbiennes se justifie pleinement dans cette problématique car elles sont (i) présentes avec une forte densité et diversité dans tous les environnements, (ii) fortement impliquées dans le fonctionnement biologique et les services rendus par le sol, et (iii) elles répondent de façon très sensible aux changements des conditions environnementales en termes de modification de biomasse, de structure/diversité et d’activité. Elles offrent donc un potentiel important en termes de développement de bioindicateurs. Ce travail a porté plus précisément sur l’évaluation de deux indicateurs complémentaires : (i) la biomasse moléculaire microbienne et (ii) la diversité taxonomique microbienne. Dans une première partie nous avons éprouvé la robustesse de ces deux indicateurs en évaluant les biais associés à chacune des étapes techniques des procédures mises en œuvre pour leur mesure. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ces deux indicateurs dans différents contextes agronomiques pour évaluer leur pertinence. Un premier travail a ainsi consisté à suivre la réhabilitation du patrimoine microbien, par l’implantation d’une culture à vocation énergétique, d’un sol pollué irrigué pendant une centaine d’années par des eaux usées. Une seconde application a porté sur l’étude de l’impact de différentes pratiques agricoles sur les communautés microbiennes selon l’intensité du travail du sol (labour vs. travail réduit), la gestion des résidus de culture (export vs. restitution), et le type de culture (annuelle vs. pérenne).Les résultats montrent que la biomasse moléculaire microbienne et la diversité taxonomique obtenue par séquençage massif sont deux bioindicateurs robustes et sensibles pour décrire la qualité microbiologique des sols agricoles dans des contextes très variés. Ces deux indicateurs permettent de mettre en évidence aussi bien des perturbations des sols que l’impact positif de pratiques innovantes. Ils peuvent donc représenter des outils performants pour l’évaluation des systèmes agricoles, aidant à une amélioration de leur mode de gestion et, à long terme, permettant une utilisation durable des ressources fournies par ces sols. / Soil is the support of agricultural production. It performs many functions essential to the provision of ecosystem services necessary for the well-being of our societies. Soil physicochemical and biological properties have been altered by the development of intensive agriculture while it is a non-renewable resource, revealing the need to develop new management practices suitable for the sustainability of soil quality. This also marked the entry into the “Agroecology” era, which promotes the development of new agricultural systems optimizing services provided by biodiversity to reduce the use of inputs and energy use. To achieve this aim, the development of a range of indicators to assess the impact of agricultural practices on the biological quality of the soil is essential. This thesis, which aims to contribute to the development of microbial bio-indicators of soil quality, is a part of this agroecological context. The choice to work on microbial communities is fully justified because they are (i) present with a high abundance and diversity in all environments, (ii) heavily involved in biological functioning and the soil ecosystem services, (iii) they respond very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions in terms of biomass, diversity and activity. They therefore have significant potential in terms of bio-indicators of development. This work has focused specifically on the evaluation of two complementary bioindicators: (i) the microbial molecular biomass and (ii) the microbial taxonomic diversity. In a first part we tested the robustness of these two bioindicators by assessing the biases associated with each of the procedure technical steps used for their measurement. We then used these bioindicators in different agricultural contexts to assess their sensitivity. A first work has followed the rehabilitation of microbial patrimony of a polluted soil irrigated for a hundred years by sewage, by implanting a bioenergy crop. A second application has focused on the impact of different agricultural practices on microbial communities depending on the intensity of tillage (tillage vs. reduced tillage), management of crop residues (export vs. restitution), and the crop type (annual vs. perennial). Results highlighted that microbial molecular biomass and microbial taxonomic diversity achieved by high throughput sequencing are both robust and sensitive bioindicators to describe the microbiological quality of agricultural soils in very different contexts. Both bioindicators allow evidencing soil disturbances but also the positive impact of innovative practices. They may therefore represent powerful tools for the assessment of agricultural systems, helping to improve their long term management, allowing a sustainable use of resources provided by soils.
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A functional and trait-based approach in understanding ant community assembly in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa

Muluvhahothe, Mulalo Meriam 18 May 2018 (has links)
MSc (Zoology) / Department of Zoology / The concept of taxonomic diversity has been widely used to investigate diversity patterns and the mechanism underlying community assembly. However, functional and trait diversity can further explain the factors driving community assembly because they capture different aspects of species ecological roles such as habitat requirements and resource use. To investigate the factors shaping community assembly along the elevational Soutpansberg transect, ants were used as a model study organism because they are widely distributed geographically, ubiquitous and play several important roles in ecosystems. Functional and taxonomic diversity patterns along the elevation, their drivers (seasonality, soil properties, temperature and habitat structure) were examined using a long-term dataset (8 years) collected seasonally. Morphological and physiological traits at a community level are quantified and their relationship to temperature, soil properties and habitat structure modelled. Traits were used to test the size-grain hypothesis, Janzen’s rule and Brett’s rule. Functional and taxonomic diversity had a humped-shaped pattern on the northern and a decreasing pattern on the southern aspect. However, taxonomic diversity did not decrease monotonically on the southern aspect. Functional diversity was mainly related to habitat structure and temperature while taxonomic diversity was explained by seasonality, soil properties and temperature. Functional and taxonomic diversity were positively related at a larger scale but habitat specific at a smaller scale. Taxonomic diversity explained more variation in functional diversity than habitat structure and their interactions. The results supported the size-grain hypothesis and Janzen’s rule but not the Brett’s rule. Patterns in taxonomic and functional diversity mirrored each other but were the result of different mechanisms. Temperature was however important for both measures. Incorporating functional diversity analysis into taxonomic diversity contributed significantly in understanding the different mechanisms underlying community assembly along the Soutpansberg transect. This together with trait responses to environmental variables such as a decrease in size with increased temperature could be used to model the responses of ant communities to global change drivers such as climate and land use change / NRF

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