Abstract not available

日本從1979年開始對中國實施政府開發援助至2009年，金額累計達209.77億美元，占所有對中國援助國家資金的60%以上，日本為對中國的最大援助國，中國也是日本對外援助的第二大受援國（僅次於印尼）。在日本援助投入的建設比較有代表性為：京秦鐵路、南昆鐵路、北京市地鐵、北京首都機場、上海浦東機場、武漢長江第二大橋、北京市污水處理廠、環境示範城市（重慶、大連、貴州）等。 本文發現，日本的援助理念與歐美各國不太一樣，美國的援助是以安全保障及戰略為考量為主，對中東許多國家來進行軍事援助，一旦這些受援國家發生政變，即自動立刻停止援助。英、法兩國的援助則偏向由以前殖民從屬的關係上來考量。日本的援助理念主要著眼於人道立場的考量及各國相互依存的關係。日圓貸款開始是以公共工程基礎建設為主，尤其以鐵路、港口等運輸設施為多，其次為能源、 農業、通信等，而且不同於日本對其他國家之日圓貸款以每年審核為主，日本對中國之日圓貸款則是一次決定多年間之貸放金額。到2000年開始受到日本本身政黨輪替，以及中國發展軍事等因素影響，轉而偏向幫助中國解決中西部地區的環保以及農業問題。 對中國經濟發展方面來看，日本對中國提供政府開發援助，有助於促進中國的經濟發展、對外開放、及改善投資環境。特別是在能源、資源等的基礎產業、交通、通訊、運輸及環境保護方面等的大部分大型建設計畫，都是援助的項目，同時日圓貸款更是中國經濟建設不可或缺的重要資金來源。對日本在東亞國際政治經濟發展而言，日本對中國開發援助，不但有利於日本企業的商品在中國進出，間接促進日本企業對中國投資，加深中日兩國經濟互動，也同時促進兩國之間的民間交流，改善兩國的政治關係。 / The Japanese government began to provide Official Development Assistance (ODA) to China in 1979. By 2009, Japan had given China a cumulative total of US$20,977 million in ODA, accounting for over 60% of all ODA received by China from other countries during this period, making Japan China’s largest source of foreign aid. Japan has given more ODA to China than to any other foreign country except Indonesia. The present study shows that Japan’s attitude towards foreign aid is significantly different from that displayed by the U.S. or the European nations. The selection of recipients of foreign aid by the U.S. government is mainly motivated by strategic and security considerations. For example, many countries in the Middle East have received U.S. aid at one time or another, but a regime change in a recipient nation can lead to the cessation of U.S. aid. Foreign aid granted by the U.K. and France tends to be directed towards countries that were formerly British or French colonies. By contrast, the main focus in Japan’s ODA policy appears to be on humanitarian issues and on the granting of aid to countries with which Japan has a mutually beneficial relationship. Japan’s provision of ODA to China helped to stimulate economic growth in China, encouraged China to open up more to the outside world, and contributed to the improvement in the investment environment in China. A high percentage of large-scale infrastructure projects in China – particularly in “basic industries” such as energy and natural resource extraction, but also in the transportation, communications, transportation and environmental sectors – have benefited from Japanese ODA, while Yen-denominated loans constituted a vital source of funding for China’s economic construction. From Japan’s point of view, the granting of ODA to China by Japan not only helped to facilitate Japanese exports to (and imports from) China, indirectly encourage Japanese firms to invest in China, and strengthen bilateral economic ties between Japan and China, it also served to promote an intensification of interchange between the two countries’ citizens, and to bring about an improvement in bilateral relations at the governmental level.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAO.pdf: 1931713 bytes, checksum: 715979b0e2a07a88c914afb68d880684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / This discourse analyzes the technical assistance concerning the rural settlement, which is seen as a demand of the social movement that claims for agrarian reformation, and is a goal of II PNRA, launched in may 2004, as a essential national public politics on process of building and consolidation of settlement and familiar agriculture, proposing the return of technical assistance service and rural extension in Brazil, which were started in the and of 1940 s. We analyze, in particular, the technical assistance program, social and environmental agrarian reformation, on model settlement, a program created, especially, to the rural settlements, coordinated by INCRA. Based on the documental analyze and local study, it is noticed that the experience of technical assistance implemented on model settlement shows the non continuation and fragility on technical assistance actions to rural workers. This context goes against the lately technical assistance governmental apparatus, which ensures to make settlements stronger, to support and to get important the familiar agriculture system. This way, technical assistance execution, trough the tertiary service, follows the neoliberal strategy and, the State, besides decreases the estimate to public politics, takes its actions control from the State to the shared control through partnership and transferring of responsibility, expressing its historic lack of attention to the worker class demands. In spite of workers resistance, expectative and hope, the lack of these services, as well as the other politics deficiencies, which are necessary to the settlements, are endangering its activities and threatening its survival in the settlement / Essa disserta??o analisa a assist?ncia t?cnica no contexto dos assentamentos rurais, vista como parte das reivindica??es dos movimentos sociais que lutam por reforma agr?ria, e se constitui meta do II PNRA, lan?ada em maio de 2004, como uma Pol?tica P?blica Nacional priorit?ria no processo de constru??o e consolida??o dos assentamentos e da agricultura familiar, propondo uma retomada dos servi?os de Assist?ncia T?cnica e Extens?o Rural no Brasil, iniciados no final da d?cada de 1940. Analisamos, em particular, o Programa de Assessoria T?cnica, Social e Ambiental ? Reforma Agr?ria, no Assentamento Modelo, um programa criado, especificamente, para os assentamentos rurais, coordenado pelo INCRA. A partir da an?lise documental e da pesquisa de campo, percebemos que a experi?ncia de Assessoria T?cnica implementada no Assentamento Modelo sinaliza a descontinuidade e as fragilidades nas a??es de assist?ncia t?cnica aos trabalhadores rurais. Contexto que contraria o atual aparato governamental de assist?ncia t?cnica, pois este assegura fortalecer os assentamentos, apoiar e priorizar o regime de agricultura familiar. Assim, a execu??o da assist?ncia t?cnica, atrav?s da terceiriza??o dos servi?os, segue a estrat?gia neoliberal e, o Estado, al?m de reduzir o or?amento para as pol?ticas p?blicas desloca a gest?o de suas a??es da esfera estatal para a gest?o compartilhada por meio de parcerias e transfer?ncia de responsabilidades, expressando sua hist?rica desaten??o ?s demandas da classe trabalhadora. Apesar da resist?ncia, expectativas e esperan?a dos trabalhadores, a descontinuidade desses servi?os, bem como a defici?ncia das demais pol?ticas necess?rias aos assentamentos v?m comprometendo suas atividades e amea?ando sua sobreviv?ncia no assentamento

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Except for the local structures such as the market of firewood and small sawmills, the Brazilian forest complex is supplied almost entirely by wood from medium and large enterprises. This work had the assumption that family lands can also be a competitive source of forest products for wood production chain. To support this hypothesis a diagnosis of forest production on family lands from southern Brazil was carried out, and was based on two sample groups. In the first group were evaluated both the productive structure of the lands and families, the relationship of the rural producers with foresting and the use of wood, and the existing forestry base. In the second group, that comprised the rural lands that have implemented foresting, it was assessed the current state of forestry. Small lands possess area to expand the forest production without impairing the productive activities that have already been undertaken, but present restrictions on labor availability. Family farmers have a wide tradition in forest cultivation, however it does not reflect in a deep technical knowledge about this subject. In addition, the contribution of the technical assistance institutions on forestry is deficient. The wood consumption is significant in lands due its use for drying agricultural products. Therefore, the lands can not manage to supply itself and need to turn to the market. Besides the most of the lands have forestation, in many cases these forests present low quality and multiple cutting cycles. Family forests have increment consistent with the average of the forest sector, but this growth is a result of the employment of high densities. The low quality displayed by these forests is repeated in the new plantations, which are quite dense and present deficiencies in the practices of implementation of silviculture resulting in a high mortality rate. To these lands insert themselves into the market, it is necessary an effective performance of the assistance institutions in order to reverse this technological gap frame. It is also essential to increase the production capacity both by the expansion of the forest base and by the increase of the productivity in the areas that have been forested. The diagnosis herein presented indicates that the current models of foment are not suitable to the reality of the small rural lands. Due the high demand for wood, it is necessary that producers have greater autonomy over the offered products, and that the incentive of forest production should be mainly based on a guarantee of the access to the market, more than in the funding of production. / A exceção de estruturas locais, como o mercado da lenha e pequenas serrarias, o complexo florestal brasileiro é abastecido quase em sua totalidade por madeira de médios e grandes empreendimentos. Este trabalho foi construído considerando o pressuposto de que as propriedades familiares também podem ser uma fonte competitiva de produtos florestais para cadeia produtiva da madeira. Para fundamentar esta hipótese foi feito um diagnóstico da produção florestal nas propriedades familiares do Sul do Brasil, baseado em dois grupos de amostras. No primeiro foi avaliado a estrutura produtiva das propriedades e das famílias, a relação dos produtores com os florestamentos e com o uso da madeira, e a base florestal instalada; e no segundo grupo, que consistiu em propriedades que implantaram florestamentos na safra de coleta de dados, foi avaliado o estágio atual da silvicultura. As pequenas propriedades possuem área para ampliar a produção florestal sem prejudicar as atividades produtivas já realizadas, contudo apresentam restrição na disponibilidade de mão de obra. Os agricultores familiares tem longa tradição com o cultivo florestal, mas isso não reflete em um conhecimento técnico profundo acerca da cultura, e a contribuição das instituições de assistência técnica a respeito da silvicultura é deficiente. É expressivo o consumo madeireiro nas propriedades para secagem de produtos agrícolas, de modo que as propriedades não conseguem se auto abastecer tendo de recorrer ao mercado. A grande maioria das propriedades contam com florestamentos, porém em muitos casos são florestas de baixa qualidade com vários ciclos de corte. Os florestamentos apresentam incremento compatível com a média do setor florestal, contudo este crescimento é resultado das altas densidades empregadas. Esta baixa qualidade se repete nos plantios novos, que são excessivamente adensados e com deficiências nas práticas de implantação florestal, resultando em alta taxa de mortalidade. Para que as propriedades insiram-se no mercado, é necessário uma atuação mais eficiente das instituições de assistência de modo a reverter este quadro de defasagem tecnológica; também é imprescindível aumentar a capacidade produtiva, tanto pela ampliação da base florestal como pelo aumento da produtividade das áreas já florestadas. O diagnóstico aponta que os atuais modelos de fomento não se adequam a realidade das pequenas propriedades; devido à alta demanda é necessário que os produtores tenham maior autonomia sobre os produtos ofertados, e o estímulo à produção florestal deve ser pautado sobretudo numa garantia de acesso ao mercado, acima do financiamento à produção.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2364083 bytes, checksum: ad0763e8cc3c62c84ad0b5eeb088dba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / This research aimed to detect the limits and potential of the public and free technical assistance for design, construction and improvement of housing in the city of Viçosa. To this end, we sought to identify factors that affect the implementation of a Program of Public Engineering and Architecture and the effectiveness of the implementation of Federal Law no 11.888/08 in Viçosa that ensuring public and free technical assistance for design, construction and / or renovation of housing for families earning less than three minimum wages. For directing the implementation of the Program of Engineering and Public Architecture in Viçosa, it was analyzed the Federal Law no 11.888/08 and Municipal Law no 1.637/05 - which aims to institutionalize the program of Public Architecture and Engineering Viçosa, not yet implemented -, ascertaining the line between them and the applicability of its guidelines. It was also necessary to understand the administrative and financial structure of the municipality; understand and analyze some examples of experiences of engineering and technical architecture for public housing in the country and the city and investigate the availability of engineers and architects in town to play in guiding the construction of affordable housing, through the Program of Public Architecture and Engineering. The following methodological procedures were used: bibliographical and documentary research on the issue; case studies regarding the practice of technical assistance for affordable housing; questionnaires and structured interviews among professionals and public servants involved in the implementation of this law in the city. The research enabled us to verify that the implementation of a Program of Public Architecture and Engineering in the city of Viçosa in accordance with Federal Law no 11.888/08 depends on a number of factors arising from the municipal administrative structure, interest and availability of professionals in architecture and engineering, land ownership, conditions of use and occupation of urban land for low-income population, besides the presence of UFV. In the limits and potential to supply engineering services and architecture for each of them were listed. Among the limitations found, highlights the lack of effective support of the municipal government, which is expressed by the absence in the Municipality of Viçosa institutional structure and administrative system to channel resources for solving the housing problems; by the lack of human resources and municipal budget for this purpose; the lack of a physical structure to perform the work demanded and the ineffectiveness of municipal overnment, which is not organized to seek the resources provided by the federal government. Among the capabilities found, there is the presence of the Federal University of Viçosa in the city. On the other hand it enables the formation of partnerships and the inclusion of students and teachers in the process of provision of free architectural and engineering resources to the poor. At the end, some recommendations to guide the implementation of the Program of Public Engineering and Architecture in the city of Viçosa were pointed out. / Esta pesquisa objetivou detectar os limites e potencialidades da assistência técnica pública e gratuita para projeto, construção e melhoria da habitação popular na cidade de Viçosa. Para tanto, buscou identificar os fatores que interferem na implantação de um Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública e na eficácia da aplicação da Lei Federal no 11.888/08 em Viçosa - que assegura assistência técnica pública e gratuita para projeto, construção e/ou reforma de habitações para famílias com renda inferior a três salários mínimos. Para direcionamento da implementação do Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública em Viçosa, analisou-se a Lei Federal no 11.888/08 e a Lei Municipal no 1.637/05 - que visa institucionalizar o Programa de Arquitetura e Engenharia Pública de Viçosa, ainda não implementado -, averiguando a consonância entre elas e a aplicabilidade de suas diretrizes. Também foi preciso compreender a estrutura administrativa e financeira da prefeitura; conhecer e analisar alguns exemplos de experiências da assistência técnica de engenharia e arquitetura para a moradia popular no país e na cidade e investigar a disponibilidade dos engenheiros e arquitetos da cidade para atuar na orientação à construção da moradia popular, via Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública. Para tanto, foram adotados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental relativa à problemática; estudos de caso referentes à prática da assistência técnica para a moradia popular; questionários e entrevistas estruturadas entre os profissionais e servidores públicos envolvidos com a aplicação desta lei na cidade. A pesquisa possibilitou verificar que a implementação de um Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública na cidade de Viçosa em consonância com a Lei Federal no 11.888/08 depende de uma série de fatores, decorrentes da estrutura administrativa municipal, do interesse e disponibilidade dos profissionais de arquitetura e engenharia, da estrutura fundiária, das condições de uso e ocupação do solo urbano pela população de baixa renda, além da presença da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Nas conclusões, foram enumerados os limites e as potencialidades para oferta dos serviços de engenharia e arquitetura referentes a cada um deles. Entre os limites encontrados, destaca-se a falta de apoio efetivo do poder público municipal, que se expressa pela inexistência na Prefeitura Municipal de Viçosa de uma estrutura institucional e administrativa eficaz para canalizar recursos destinados à solução dos problemas habitacionais; pela carência de recursos humanos e orçamentários municipais para este fim; pela falta de uma estrutura física para a realização dos trabalhos demandados e pela inoperância do poder público municipal, que não se organiza para buscar os recursos disponibilizados pelo governo federal. Entre as potencialidades encontradas, destaca-se a presença da UFV na cidade, que possibilita a formação de parcerias e a inclusão dos estudantes e professores no processo de oferta dos serviços gratuitos de engenharia e arquitetura à população carente de recursos. Ao final, foram apontadas algumas recomendações visando orientar a implantação do Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública na cidade de Viçosa.

Introdução: A educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) é campo de prática e reflexão de diversos atores sociais envolvidos na promoção da saúde, entre eles, os serviços de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, que se relacionam com ações de desenvolvimento local e promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável e de segurança alimentar e nutricional das populações rurais. Objetivo: Analisar percepções e práticas sobre o processo de educação alimentar e nutricional no contexto do Desenvolvimento Rural no RS. Metodologia: Artigo 1: Realizou-se análise do texto do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, discutindo-se os temas previstos e os temas emergentes a partir da intersecção dos conceitos de promoção da saúde e de desenvolvimento rural sustentável. Artigo 2: Investigaramse normas estabelecidas nos documentos de âmbito nacional e estadual e práticas executadas pelos extensionistas rurais a partir de busca em Sistema de Registros Administrativos que continham a descrição das atividades realizadas. Os dados foram tabulados e processados por meio da estatística descritiva, com o apoio do programa Microsoft Office Excel, versão 2007, em relação à produção e análise qualitativa dos dados; investigaram-se, na periodicidade histórica, rupturas e permanências contidas no material, com apoio do software NVivo 10 for Windows. Artigo 3: Realizaram-se 18 entrevistas individuais para produção de narrativas com os diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural no RS. Foi realizada a análise das narrativas a partir da perspectiva teórica e das categorias analíticas emergentes, sendo os dados interpretados, sistematizados e analisados em seu conjunto, com apoio do software NVivo 10 for Windows. Resultados: Artigo 1: Identificou 13 temas relacionados a quatro dimensões explicativas da interseção dos conceitos, os quais foram identificados a partir dos elementos constitutivos dos itens princípios e diretrizes do Guia Alimentar, dez passos para uma alimentação saudável; superação de obstáculos para realização dos dez passos. Artigo 2: Oito documentos e 212.502 atividades foram analisadas, sendo 11,13 por cento relacionadas à EAN. As normas determinaram número mínimo de atividades a serem realizadas por meio de metas estabelecidas nos contratos de serviços, em contrapartida, as práticas derivaram, majoritariamente, das demandas das famílias assessoradas ligados aos temas da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Produção de Cuidados em Saúde, e Alimentação Adequada e Saudável. Artigo 3: A compreensão e a estrutura de significações da EAN foram visualizadas sob três eixos: reconhecimento e não reconhecimento da EAN na ATES; a EAN como um dos temas da dimensão social; a EAN como sinônimo de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Conclusão: Existe uma polissemia de percepções sobre a educação alimentar e nutricional e um espaço permanente de tensões entre as normas e as práticas. Existe uma orientação normativa para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável, principalmente na perspectiva de relação com os sistemas alimentares locais. As práticas em educação alimentar e nutricional e as percepções sobre elas se estruturam em um conjunto de valores, signos e sentidos nos quais o alimento é visto como elemento aglutinador-compreensivo de um modelo de extensão rural que é reivindicado. / Introduction: Food and nutrition education (FNE) is a field of practice and reflection of various social actors involved in health promotion, including the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Services, which relate to local development actions and to the promotion of adequate and healthy food, as well as to food and nutrition security of rural populations. Objective: To analyze perceptions and practices about the process of food and nutrition education in the context of Rural Development in RS. Methodology: Article 1: We analyzed the text of the Food Guide for the Brazilian population, discussing the intended and the emerging themes from the intersection of the concepts of health promotion and sustainable rural development. Article 2: We investigated the rules established in the national and state level documents and practices implemented by rural extension agents from a search in Administrative Records System containing the description of activities. The data were compiled and processed through descriptive statistics, with the support of Microsoft Office Excel 2007 concerning the production and qualitative analysis; we investigated, in the historical basis, ruptures and continuities contained in the material, with the support of the software NVivo 10 for Windows. Article 3: We conducted 18 individual interviews to produce narratives with the different social actors involved in the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension in RS. The analysis of the narratives was performed from the theoretical perspective and emerging analytical categories; the data were interpreted, systematized and analyzed as a whole with the support of NVivo 10 for Windows. Results: Article 1: We identified 13 themes related to four explanatory dimensions of the intersection of the concepts, which were identified from the constituent elements of the items principles and guidelines of the Food Guide, ten steps to a healthy diet; overcoming obstacles to achieving the ten steps. Article 2: Eight documents and 212,502 activities were analyzed, being 11.13 per cent related to FNE. The rules determined minimum number of activities to be performed by goals established in service contracts, in contrast, the practices mainly come from the demands of advised families linked to the themes of Food and Nutritional Security, Care Production in Health, and Adequate and Healthy Food. Article 3: The understanding and the structure of meanings of FNE were viewed under three axes: recognition and non-recognition of FNE in TSEA; EAN as one of the themes of the social dimension; FNE as a synonym for Food and Nutrition Security. Conclusion: There is a polysemic perception about food and nutrition education and a permanent space of tensions between rules and practices. There is a normative guidance to promote adequate and healthy food, especially from the perspective of relationship with local food systems. The practices in food and nutrition education and the perceptions about them are structured in a set of values, signs and meanings in which food is seen as a unifying-understanding element of a claimed rural extension model.

This study provides a qualitative look at Texas' Professional Service Providers' (PSPs) strategies for supporting low-performing schools. Four PSPs were selected for participation based on the number of schools they helped exit the Texas Title I School Improvement Program from 2007-2012. Data collected and analyzed included provider and principal interviews, providers' progress reports documenting services, and principals' evaluations of provider services. Results indicated key support strategies in two of four cases were supporting and mentoring/coaching while communicating and building trust were important in the other two cases. Communicating, reviewing information, and planning were important across all cases. The quality indicators aligning with the PSPs' strategies were fit, comprehensiveness, and coherence. They were also the most common across all cases. Finally, analysis of the evaluation of provider services revealed PSP-1 with the highest ratings, followed by PSP-2, PSP-3, and PSP-4 respectively. The findings suggest, first, that PSP support has a dual nature. Contextual support was provided based on the campus leaderships' skills and requests. PSPs also ensured coherence among the strategies of all stakeholders. Secondly, a hierarchy of quality service indicators aligned to the PSPs' strategies: fit, comprehensiveness, and coherence. Finally relationships are vital to a successful provider-campus relationship. The findings have implications for PSP selection, professional development, and evaluation.

The concept of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has been promoted in the past few decades all over the world. Non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners play an important role in that aspect in the U.S. because of their number (about 16 millions), the size of forest land under their control (about half of all forest land in the continental US), and the dynamism of their population (increasing number of new owners). This study sought to better understand how NIPF owners come to a decision for adoption (or non-adoption) of SFM practices. We developed a theoretical model combining four theories (the Value-Belief-Norm theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Elaboration Likelihood Model, and the Innovation-Diffusion Process) to explain NIPF's decision making. Using multivariate analyses, we determined which elements of the developed theoretical model were significant in explaining adoption of eight groups of practices. Overall, some of the most significant predictors of adoption we identified were technical assistance, motivations for owning land and the use of a written management plan. Particular attention was also directed toward the eventual relationship between education and adoption of SFM practices and it was found that NIPF owners who attended educational programs tended to be likely adopters compared to those who did not attend any educational program. Since SFM was not limited to the US, we also analyzed the concept of SFM with the same goals as in the US, but under a completely different context (socio-cultural, economic and ecologic) in Africa, through the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) system. We used four case studies and focused on criteria such as participation, equity (both procedural and distributive, power devolution, trust, etc) to analyze how CBNRM works on the field, what lessons to take from the cases to better ensure the goal of sustainability of the resources. / Ph. D.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 diniz_rf_dr_prud.pdf: 10962603 bytes, checksum: 1036291f31d2f26c0af138df345f0474 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-21 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / طوال النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين، كانت عملية تحديث الزراعة البرازيلية موجهة بشكل أساسي نحو إدخال عقليات جديدة وعقلانية الإنتاج وتنظيم المجال الريفي، ترتبط ارتباطا وثيقا بنظام الهيمنة الرأسمالية العالمية. في هذا السياق، تم تسهيل إنتاج ونشر التكنولوجيات والمعارف العلمية من خلال المشاركة الفعالة للعديد من الفاعلين الجمعويين، من بينهم الاسم المختصر باللغة البرتغالية) ، وذلك كوسيط .بين معاهد البحوث ) ATER مؤسسة المساعدة التقنية والإرشاد الزراعي الزراعية والمنتجين الريفيين، فضلا عن تنفيذ سياسات القروض والتنمية الزراعية التي وضعتها الدولة البرازيلية. وبهذا المعنى، كان الهدف من هذا البحث هو تحليل وعكس وتنظير دور هذه المؤسسات في تأسيس مجال ريفي بشكل يكون فيه أكثر ترشيدا وموحد صناعيا داخل البلاد. ولهذا، من أجل تفسير ومناقشة هذه المسألة على الصعيد الوطني، اخترنا كمجال للبحث البلديات التي تنتمي إلى ثلاثة "التراب الوطني" )الأقاليم المواطنة، ترجمة حرة( وادي جيكويتنهونها، في ولاية ميناس جيرايس )البرازيل( . في هذه المنطقة، قد قمنا بتحليل التقدم المحرز والتحديات التي تواجهها مؤسسة المساعدة التقنية والإرشاد الزراعي في ولاية ميناس الاسم المختصر في اللغة البرتغالية( لتنفيذ السياسات العمومية للتنمية القروية والسياسة EMATER-MG( جيرايس الاسم المختصر في اللغة البرتغالية) . PNATER( الوطنية للمساعدة التقنية والإرشاد الزراعي ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف، بالإضافة إلى الدراسة الببليوغرافية حول الموضوع ، الهدف، ومجال الدراسة والمفاهيم الجغرافية المهيكلة للبحث، قمنا بجمع، تصنيف وتحليل البيانات والمعلومات المتحصل عليها من المصادر الأولية والثانوية، وهكذا نحاول ان ندافع عن الأطروحة التي مفادها أنه بالإضافة الى الممارسة الاجتماعية فالممارسة التمددية تشكل أيضا ممارسة مكانية، والتي تتجلى في بعض الأحيان كغياب الاستقلالية في خدمة الفاعلين المهيمنين وبناء البيئة التقنية- المعلوماتية في المناطق الريفية ، ويسعى أحيانًا إلى وضع استراتيجيات ثورية ، تهدف إلى استقلالية الأفراد والمجموعات الاجتماعية الفرعية لخلق فضاءات من التواصل والتعاون والتكامل و التضامن. أظهرنا أنه على الرغم من التقدم المحرز ،PNATER أما فيما يخص السياسة الوطنية للمساعدة التقنية والإرشاد الزراعي بين عامي 2004 و 2014 ، فإن الدولة لم تنجح بعد في التغلب على التحديات التاريخية لإدارة السياسات العامة في البرازيل، مثل التوزيع غير المتكافئ للموارد المالية بين مناطق البلاد وبين ولايتهم. استنتجنا في ولاية ميناس جيرايس وإقليم وادي جيكويتنهونها أن الخدمة العامة لمؤسسة المساعدة التقنية والإرشاد الزراعي تهدف في المقام الأول إلى تنفيذ جميع توجهات السياسة الزراعية للدولة واحترام الالتزامات المفترضة مع ،ATER الجهات المانحة لها، والتي قد تكون أو لا تتوافق مع رغبات ومتطلبات الفاعلين الجمعويبن والأهداف والتوجهات .PNATER الاستراتيجية للسياسة الوطنية للمساعدة التقنية والإرشاد الزراعي إلى تقدم اجتماعي-اقتصادي EMATER-MG أدى تنفيذ السياسات العامة والبرامج الحكومية من قبل وكلاء الإرشاد وبيئي كبير في هذه المنطقة، مما ساهم في تطور المؤشرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للبلديات التي تمت دراستها. ومع ذلك، هناك عدد من المشاكل التي لا تزال قائمة وتمنع الفاعلين الجمعويين القرويين من الحفاظ على المشاريع المنفذة وتحسينها وتطويرها، ودلك من خلال احترام جميع أهدافها والسماح باستعمال منافعها بفاعلية من طرف الفاعلين الجمعويين الاخرين. ولحل وتخفيف هذه المشاكل، اقترحنا ان الجهود الجماعية والتضامنية للفاعلين الجمعويين لوادي جيكويتنهونها، يجب أن تكون مدعومة عن طريق هيكلة الشبكات الفكرية الكثيفة والمتنوعة، إنها استراتيجية مناسبة لتوليد الممارسات المجالية الثورية وخلق مساحات من التواصل، متضامنة، أفقية، ومستقلة عوض واقع يتميز بقيم مثل الفردية والأنانية والمنافسة والجشع. / Tout au long de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, le processus de modernisation de l’agriculture brésilienne a été fondamentalement orienté vers l’introduction de nouvelles logiques et rationalités de production et d’organisation de l’espace rural étroitement liées à l’ordre hégémonique du capitalisme mondial. Dans ce contexte, la production et la diffusion de technologies et de connaissances scientifiques ont été facilitées par la participation active de plusieurs acteurs sociaux, parmi lesquels les institutions d’Aide Technique et Vulgarisation Agricole (ATER – acronyme en portugais), exécutant l’intermédiation entre les instituts de recherche agronomique et les producteurs ruraux, ainsi qu’en mettant en oeuvre des politiques de crédit agricole et de développement agricole élaborées par l’État brésilien. En ce sens, cette recherche avait pour but d’analyser, réfléchir et théoriser sur le rôle de ces institutions dans la construction d’un espace rural de plus en plus rationalisé, artificialisé et normalisé dans le pays. Pour cela, en plus d’interpréter et de discuter de cette question au niveau national, nous avons sélectionné comme espace de recherche les municipalités appartenant aux trois « Territórios da Cidadania » (Territoires de la Citoyenneté, traduction libre) de la Vallée du Jequitinhonha, dans l’état de Minas Gerais (Brésil). Dans cette région, nous avons analysé les progrès réalisés et les défis rencontrés par l’institution d’aide technique et vulgarisation agricole de l’état de Minas Gerais (EMATER-MG – acronyme en portugais) à mettre en oeuvre des politiques publiques de développement rural et de la Politique Nationale d’Aide Technique et Vulgarisation Agricole (PNATER – acronyme en portugais). Pour atteindre ces objectifs, outre l’étude bibliographique sur le thème, l’objet, le territoire d’étude et les concepts géographiques fondamentaux à la recherche, nous avons réalisé la collecte, la compilation et l’analyse des données et informations obtenues dans les sources primaires et secondaires. Ainsi, nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle, outre une pratique sociale, la pratique extensionniste constitue aussi une pratique spatiale, qui se manifeste, parfois comme hétéronomie, au service des acteurs hégémoniques et de la construction de l’environnement technico-scientifico-informationnel dans les espaces ruraux, et parfois cherche à engendrer des stratégies révolutionnaires, visant à l’autonomie des individus et groupes sociaux subalternisés et la création d’espaces de contiguïté, coopération et intégration solidaire. En ce qui concerne la PNATER, nous avons montré que malgré les progrès réalisés entre 2004 et 2014, l’État n’a pas encore réussi à surmonter les enjeux historiques de la gestion des politiques publiques au Brésil, tels que la répartition inégale des ressources financières entre les régions du pays et entre leurs états. Dans l’état de Minas Gerais et le territoire de la Vallée do Jequitinhonha, nous avons constaté que le service public d’ATER vise principalement à mettre en oeuvre toutes les orientations de la politique agricole de l’État et à respecter les obligations assumées avec ses bailleurs de fonds, lesquelles peuvent ou non correspondre aux souhaits et demandes des acteurs sociaux et aux objectifs et orientations stratégiques de la PNATER. La mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques et des programmes gouvernementaux par les agents de vulgarisation de l’EMATER-MG a permis la réalisation d’importants progrès socio-économiques et environnementaux dans cette région, contribuant à l’évolution des indicateurs économiques et sociaux des municipalités étudiées. Cependant, un certain nombre de problèmes persistent et empêchent les acteurs sociaux ruraux de maintenir, d’améliorer et de développer les projets mis en oeuvre, de respecter de tous leurs objectifs et de permettre l’appropriation effective de leurs avantages par d’autres acteurs sociaux. Visant à résoudre/atténuer ces problèmes, nous avons proposé que l’effort collectif et solidaire des acteurs sociaux de la Vallée du Jequitinhonha soit soutenu par la structuration de réseaux pensants, denses et diversifiés, une stratégie susceptible d’engendrer des pratiques spatiales révolutionnaires et de créer des espaces de contiguïté, de solidarité, d’horizontalité, d’autonomie et d’espoir face à une réalité marquée par des valeurs telles que l’individualisme, l’égoïsme, la compétition et l’avidité. / Ao longo da segunda metade do século XX, o processo de modernização da base técnica da agricultura brasileira foi orientado à introdução de novas lógicas e racionalidades de produção estreitamente ligadas à ordem hegemônica do capitalismo global. Neste contexto, a produção e difusão de tecnologias e conhecimentos científicos foi viabilizada pela participação ativa de diversos agentes sociais, dentre os quais as instituições de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER). Tais instituições atuaram na intermediação entre os institutos de pesquisa e inovação tecnológica e os produtores rurais, assim como na execução de políticas agrícolas e de crédito rural elaboradas pelo Estado brasileiro. Neste sentido, buscamos com esta pesquisa analisar, refletir e teorizar sobre o protagonismo destas instituições na construção de um espaço rural cada vez mais racionalizado, artificializado e normatizado no país. Para isso, além de interpretar e discutir esta questão em âmbito nacional, selecionamos como recorte espacial de investigação os municípios pertencentes aos três Territórios da Cidadania (TCs) do Vale do Jequitinhonha-MG. Nesta região, nos dedicamos a analisar os progressos realizados e os desafios enfrentados pela Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do estado de Minas Gerais (EMATER-MG) em executar políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural e implementar a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER). Para consecução desses objetivos, além da revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, objeto, território de estudo e conceitos geográficos fundamentais à pesquisa, realizamos o levantamento, compilação e análise de dados e informações obtidas em fontes primárias e secundárias. A partir desse exercício, defendemos a tese de que, além de uma prática social, a prática extensionista se configura numa prática espacial, que ora se manifesta enquanto heteronomia, a serviço dos atores hegemônicos e da construção do meio técnico-científico-informacional nos espaços rurais, ora busca engendrar estratégias insurgentes, voltadas à autonomia dos sujeitos e grupos sociais subalternizados e à criação de espaços de contiguidade, cooperação e integração solidária. No que concerne à PNATER, demonstramos que, apesar dos progressos realizados entre 2004 e 2014, o Estado ainda não foi capaz de superar problemas históricos da gestão de políticas públicas no Brasil, como a distribuição desigual de recursos financeiros entre as regiões do país e entre os estados que as compõem. Em Minas Gerais e no Vale do Jequitinhonha, depreendemos que o serviço público de ATER visa atender, primordialmente, às diretrizes de política agrícola do Estado e às obrigações assumidas com seus agentes mantenedores, as quais podem ou não corresponder aos anseios e demandas dos sujeitos sociais rurais e aos objetivos e orientações estratégicas da PNATER. A implementação de políticas públicas e programas de governo pelos extensionistas da EMATERMG possibilitou a realização de progressos socioeconômicos e ambientais importantes nesta região, os quais resultaram, em seu conjunto, em contribuições para a evolução dos indicadores econômicos e sociais dos municípios pesquisados. No entanto, ainda persiste uma série de problemas que impedem aos sujeitos sociais rurais a manutenção, aprimoramento e expansão dos projetos implementados, o pleno cumprimento de seus objetivos e a apropriação efetiva de seus benefícios por outros sujeitos sociais. Para a resolução/mitigação destes problemas, propusemos que o esforço coletivo e solidário dos sujeitos sociais do Vale do Jequitinhonha-MG seja subsidiado pela estruturação de redes pensantes, densas e diversificadas, estratégia com considerável potencial de engendrar práticas espaciais insurgentes e instituir espaços de contiguidade, solidariedade, horizontalidade, autonomia e esperança frente a uma realidade marcada por valores como o individualismo, o egoísmo, a competição e a ganância. / Throughout the second half of the 20th century, the process of modernisation of Brazilian agriculture was orientated towards the introduction of new logics and rationalities of production and organization of rural space, closely linked to the hegemonic order of global capitalism. Within this context, production and diffusion of scientific technology and knowledge was made feasible through the participation of a diverse array of social agents. Amongst which existed the institutions of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER – acronym portuguese). These organisations acted as intermediaries between research institutes of technological innovation and rural producers, disseminating modernised agricultural practices, aided through the execution of rural credit and agricultural policies mandated by the Brazilian Government. In this sense, this study aims to analyse, reflect and theorise in regards to the role actuated by such institutions in the construction of a rural environment increasingly more rationalized, artificialized and normalized throughout the country. In order to achieve this, as well as to interpret and discuss this question on a national scale, case studies were carried out to act as spatial samples for investigation. The area of investigation selected pertains to the municipalities of the three Citizen Territories of the Jequitinhonha Valley - Minas Gerais. Within these territories, we focused on analysing the progress and challenges confronted by the state-owned Company of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension of the state of Minas Gerais (EMATER-MG). Assessed was its successful execution of rural development policies through the implementation of the National Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (PNATER). To achieve this analysis, a literature review on the theme, object, territory and geographic concepts fundamental to the study was completed. Also carried out was the collection, compilation and analysis of data obtained through sources both primary and secondary in nature. We defend the thesis that as well as a social practise, extensionism constitutes a spatial practise that is at times acquiesced to the service of hegemonic actors leading to the construction of a techno-scientific-informational environment within rural spaces. However, in other instances, the practise searches to promote innovative strategies directed towards the autonomy of subalternate subjects and social groups and the creation of spaces that represent solidarity, continuity, cooperation and integration. In relation to PNATER, we demonstrate that despite the progress achieved between 2004 and 2014, the state was unable to fully overcome historically persistent problems regarding the execution of public policy in Brazil. Perhaps principal among which being the unequal distribution of financial services among regions of the country and within the states that constitute them. In the State of Minas Gerais, including the Jequitinhonha Valley, based on our findings we argue that the public service ATER attends primarily to the agricultural policy guidelines of the State as well as the obligations assumed by its supporting agents, of which, may or may not correspond to the wishes and demands of the social subjects and strategic objectives and guidelines of PNATER. It can be said that, the implementation of public policies and government programs by the extensionists of EMATER-MG did enable important socio-economic and environmental progress to occur within the region. This contributed to the improvement of economic and social indicators of the municipalities surveyed. However, a series of hindrances persist that prevent the rural social subjects from maintaining, improving and expanding upon the projects implemented, as well as, the full accomplishment of their objectives and the effective appropriation of their benefits. In order to resolve/mitigate these problems, we propose that the solidarity and collective effort of the social subjects of the Jequitinhonha Valley be supported by the creation of dense, critical thinking and diversified networks of stakeholders. A strategy with considerable potential to engender insurgent spacial practices and establish spaces of contiguity, solidarity, horizontality, autonomy and hope in the face of a reality marked by values such as individualism, selfishness, competition and greed. / En la segunda mitad del siglo XX el proceso de modernización de la base técnica de la agricultura brasilera fue fundamentalmente orientado a la introducción de nuevas lógicas y racionalidades de producción y organización del espacio rural, las cuales están estrechamente ligadas a la orden hegemónica del capitalismo global. En este contexto, la producción y difusión de tecnologías y conocimientos científicos fue visibilizada por la participación activa de diversos agentes sociales, entre los cuales están las instituciones de Asistencia y Extensión Rural (ATER). Estas instituciones actuaron como mediadoras entre los institutos de investigación e innovación tecnológica y los productores rurales, así como en la ejecución de políticas agrícolas y de crédito rural elaboradas por el Estado brasilero. En este contexto, nuestra investigación busca analizar, reflexionar y teorizar sobre el protagonismo de estas instituciones en la construcción de un espacio rural cada vez más racionalizado, artificial y normativo en el país. Por lo tanto, además de interpretar y discutir esta cuestión en el ámbito nacional, seleccionamos como recorte espacial de investigación los municipios pertenecientes a los tres Territorios de la Ciudadanía del Valle do Jequitinhonha (Minas Gerais). En esta región analizamos los progresos realizados y los desafíos enfrentados por la Empresa de Asistencia Técnica y Extensión Rural del estado de Minas Gerais (EMATER-MG) para ejecutar políticas públicas de desarrollo rural e implementar la Política Nacional de Asistencia Técnica y Extensión Rural (PNATER). Para desarrollar tales objetivos, además de la revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, objeto, territorio de estudio y conceptos geográficos fundamentales a la investigación, realizamos un levantamiento, compilación y análisis de datos e informaciones obtenidas en fuentes de origen primario y secundario. A partir de este ejercicio, defendemos la tesis de que más allá de una práctica social, la práctica extensionista configura también una práctica espacial, que se manifiesta como heteronomía, tanto al servicio de los autores hegemónicos y de la construcción del medio técnico-científico-informacional en los espacios rurales, como una búsqueda de engendrar estrategias insurgentes, enfocadas a la autonomía de los sujetos y grupos sociales subalternos y a la creación de espacios de continuidad, cooperación e integración solidaria. En lo que tiene que ver con PNATER, demostramos que a pesar de los progresos realizados entre 2004 y 2014 el Estado todavía no fue capaz de superar problemas históricos de la gestión de políticas públicas en Brasil, como la distribución desigual de recursos financieros entre las regiones del país y entre los estados que las componen. En Minas Gerais y en el Valle do Jequitinhonha concluimos que el servicio público de la ATER busca atender, primordialmente, las directrices de política agrícola del Estado y las obligaciones asumidas con los agentes que las implementan, las cuales pueden o no corresponder a los deseos y demandas de los sujetos sociales rurales y a los objetivos y orientaciones estratégicas de la PNATER. La implementación de políticas públicas y programas de gobierno por los extensionistas de la EMATER-MG posibilitó la realización de progresos socioeconómicos y ambientales importantes en esta región, los cuales resultaron en su conjunto en contribuciones para la evolución de los indicadores económicos y sociales de los municipios investigados. Sin embargo, aún persiste una serie de problemas que impiden a los sujetos sociales rurales la manutención, mejoramientos y expansión de los proyectos implementados, el pleno cumplimiento de sus objetivos y la apropiación efectiva de sus beneficios por otros sujetos sociales. Para la resolución/mitigación de estos problemas, propusimos que el esfuerzo colectivo y solidario de los sujetos sociales del Valle de Jequitinhonha-MG sea subsidiado por la estructuración de redes pensantes, densas y diversificadas, estrategia con considerable potencial de engendrar prácticas espaciales insurgentes e instituir espacios de contigüidad, solidaridad, horizontalidad, autonomía y esperanza frente a una realidad marcada por valores como el individualismo, egoísmo, competencia y ganancia. / 2013/25725-8

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Laboratory of Native Development, Systems Analysis and Applied Technology (NADSAT) was established to provide technical assistance to southwestern Indian Tribes as an aid in the development and use of their natural resources according to their goals and objectives. NADSAT 's role is assistance and technology transfer, with an emphasis on alternative formulation and performance analysis and communicating the technological approach to tribal decision makers. The cost-effectiveness methodology provides a coherent framework and affords a mechanism for technology transfer, which makes it a useful tool in achieving tribal goals. This method was applied to the formulation of possible alternatives for use of the land and water resources of the Gila River Basin within the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. Criteria for devising various alternative utilization schemes are discussed, and the advantages of the cost effectiveness methodology.