The rural-urban interface (RUI) is a complex landscape impacted by a variety of social and economic processes. Substantial U.S. agricultural production occurs at the RUI despite non-farm development pressure. Notably, at a time when U.S. farming is increasingly dominated by a shrinking number of large scale operations, RUI agricultural production occurs primarily on small and medium farms. Importantly, RUI farms exhibit greater diversity in terms of operator demographics, production type, and marketing channels, than their large-scale counterparts. A critical resource in the persistence of diverse RUI farms is Technical Assistance (TA). While TA is provided by a number of different institutional actors, the focus here is restricted to the Extension Service, United States Department of Agriculture backed Natural Resource Conservation Service and Soil and Water Conservation District programs, and nonprofit sector organizations whose mission is focused on supporting U.S. agriculture. Through an analysis of qualitative and quantitative data collected as part of a multi-state study, the goal of this work is twofold. In the first place, this work seeks to assess the utilization of the different sources of TA by farmers operating at the RUI. Subsequently, the work investigates the resulting attitudes farmers hold about the TA they use. As such, this analysis is intended to examine how TA contributes to the persistence of the diverse agriculture operating at the RUI and to explore possible ways in which these critical resources can be further enhanced in order to support RUI farms and farmers.

This study sought to determine whether phase 1 early childhood classrooms receiving classroom resources and technical assistance for early childhood teachers through the Allies for Quality Care project would have greater improvements in process quality than phase 2 classrooms receiving only technical assistance. Process quality refers to what children experience in the early childhood classroom that directly impacts their development and was assessed through the Environment Rating Scales (ERS). Classroom resources were provided to improve the quality of the environment that children experience. The technical assistance was one-on-one to help early childhood teachers understand developmentally appropriate practices. The study examined whether the following variables impacted quality: accessibility of materials; field technical assistant; total number of early childhood teachers, total at pre-assessment, total at post-assessment, and same teacher at pre- to post-assessment; classroom and teacher technical assistance hours; teacher turnover; early childhood teachers’ level of education, child development credentials, position, years of experience, and race; number of children present at post-assessment; and days between pre- and post-assessment. To determine if the variables were correlated with the ERS post-assessment scores bivariate correlations were generated. While level of education, child development credentials, years of experience, race, and total number of early childhood teachers at pre-assessment had strong correlations with the post-assessment scores, further analyses of accessibility of materials, or missed accessibility, was the only extraneous variable to remain strongly associated with the dependent variable in ITERS-R classrooms. A Factorial Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to study the differences between the phases of early childhood classrooms. When findings revealed differences between the groups, another ANCOVA was used to evaluate group differences for each scale (ITERS-R for infant and toddler classrooms and ECERS-R for preschool classrooms) separately. Both phase and scale impacted the ERS post-assessment scores for the overall sample. For differences between the phases for the individual scales, no significant differences were found. However, infant and toddler classrooms that missed accessibility of materials had significantly lower ERS post-assessment scores than classrooms that did not miss accessibility.

The primary purpose of this study is to describe the evolution and activity of the Chile-California Program from its inception as an experiment to its status in January, 1966. The author will attempt to analyze the objectives and the organization of the program, indicating the nature of the various projects implemented in Chile. In discussing and evaluating the problems and programs of the program the author will make special mention of what he considered to be erratic and illogical statements and point out certain discrepancies in the ideas and practices of the Chile-California Program. The author does not feel qualified to criticize projects in certain technical areas such as hydraulic methods. The findings, suggestions, and implementation of projects in the various specialized and technical fields will be presented in the various specialized and technical fields will be presented as described by the personnel involved in the program.

This thesis presents a critical evaluation of the Alliance for Progress. Particular emphasis is placed on the main difficulties and failures that the Alliance has had during its first years of existence. However, certain specific advances occurring during this first period of the Alliance deserve mention. Attention is given to the relationships between economic assistance and economic growth, and to the reasons for the failure of the Alliance. The first part of the thesis gives the adequate background for a better understanding of the second part, which makes a severe examination of the accomplishments of the Alliance. / Master of Arts

La R&D interne coûte de plus en plus cher et son efficacité en termes de succès commercial est limitée. Lalicence de brevet constitue incontestablement un outil décisif pour maintenir la compétitivité des entreprises,notamment dans les secteurs de haute technologie, telles que les biotechnologies et les nanotechnologies. Lapratique révèle que, pour assurer un réel transfert de technologies, l’invention concédée est le plus souventaccompagnée par des prestations complémentaires portant sur le savoir-faire, les perfectionnements etl’assistance technique. L’interprétation et les modalités d’exécution de ces prestations sont à l’origine denombreuses questions d’importance pratique et théorique. D’une part, l’appréhension des notions de savoir-faire,de perfectionnement et d’assistance technique est délicate. D’autre part, l’étendue des obligations du concédantet du licencié à l’égard des compléments de l’invention concédée est incertaine. La prise en compte del’économie du contrat de licence de brevet s’avère essentielle pour apporter des solutions juridiques et pratiquesappropriées. Il s’agit de déterminer la destination du brevet concédé, telle qu’elle a été convenue par les parties.Celles-ci envisagent-elles une simple autorisation visant l’exécution de l’invention selon la description ?Cherchent-elles, au contraire, un transfert de maîtrise de la technologie brevetée permettant une exploitationoptimale ? En droit américain, en l’absence de clauses portant sur les compléments de l’invention concédée, leconcédant ne doit rien d’autre que la délivrance du brevet à son licencié. En revanche, force est de constaterqu’en droit français, sauf stipulations contraires, le donneur de licence est tenu de délivrer, en cas d’inégalitéd’information entre les parties, tous les compléments indispensables à « l’exploitation effective et sérieuse » del’invention concédée. / The internal R&D is increasingly expensive and its effectiveness in terms of commercialization success islimited. Patent licenses are undoubtedly a powerful tool to maintain business competitiveness, especially in hightechnology sectors such as biotechnology and nanotechnology. The practice shows that, to ensure effectivetechnology transfers, patent licenses are most often accompanied by accessory obligations on know-how,improvements and technical assistance. Interpretation and implementing rules of these obligations are the sourceof many issues of practical and theoretical importance. On the one hand, the notions of know-how, improvementand technical assistance are difficult to define. On the other hand, the extent of the parties’ obligations as to the“complements” of the licensed invention is uncertain. It is crucial to understand the economics of patentlicensing agreements to provide legal solutions and practical measures. This is to determine the legal purpose ofthe license, as it has been agreed by the parties. Do they contemplate a simple authorization for the “execution”of the invention according to the description? Do they seek, instead, a transfer of control of the patentedtechnology allowing optimum “exploitation” of the invention? Under U.S. law, in the absence of an expresscontractual stipulation, rights to know-how, improvements and technical assistance cannot be taken for granted.According to French law, unless otherwise provided in the contract, the licensor is obligated to supply, in case ofinequality of information between the parties, all “complements” which are indispensable for “an effective andserious exploitation” of the licensed invention.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-05T17:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Jaqueline da Luz Ferreira.pdf: 1165394 bytes, checksum: 070be4cb2b1887d709e6272f02554b70 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T17:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Jaqueline da Luz Ferreira.pdf: 1165394 bytes, checksum: 070be4cb2b1887d709e6272f02554b70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This work aims to describe and reflect on the experience of implementing the Program of Technical Assistance to Social and Environmental Reform (Ates) in some settlements in the northern region of Esp?rito Santo by a cooperative established and managed by members of the Landless Workers Movement. The institutional format of the program enabled entities other than public agencies to receive resources for service provision in the settlements, under the coordination of the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA). Since then, many expectations about how to provide assistance appear everyday during the provision of services in the settlements. In the case of Espirito Santo, for instance, the LWM takes on the task of providing technical assistance in settlements where it is present through Cooptraes. With this, the movement brings in the subject of political activism, which becomes the characteristic of the work of the cooperative's technical staff. Thus, this setup program Ates in Esp?rito Santo causes significant changes in the relationship between the actors involved, which can be seen everyday in services, either through dispute over material and symbolic resources, the appearance of new demands or through the actors' own adaptation to the dynamics of the program's execution. The aim of this study was to analyze the position and understanding of the actors on this process, and from this analysis, to examine the limits and possibilities of this experience. For both aims, we interviewed Incra employees, technicians, leaders and LWM settled families, and monitored the work of a technicians team of Cooptraes in four settlements in the northern region of the state. From the analysis of data and from the dialogue with the literature and policy documents of the Program (laws, operating manuals, executive standards, among others) we could identify a field of tensions between the actors, which is directly related to the fact that LMV is the executor of the Program, due to the way the movement operates. From this field research we could identify new practices and meanings in the relationship between the actors involved (especially Incra and MST). On one hand we observe that the the presence of LWM has enhanced the performance of the service (because of its proximity to the target population), on the other hand, we found there are also some continuities in the experience with regard to the history of technical assistance in the settlements, for example, the poor conditions in which the services are provided / Esta disserta??o buscou descrever e refletir sobre a experi?ncia de implementa??o do Programa de Assessoria T?cnica Social e Ambiental ? Reforma Agr?ria (Ates) em alguns assentamentos da regi?o norte do Esp?rito Santo por uma cooperativa criada e gerida por integrantes do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra - MST. O formato institucional do Programa Ates possibilitou que outras entidades al?m dos ?rg?os p?blicos recebessem os recursos para a presta??o do servi?o nos assentamentos, sob a coordena??o do Instituto Nacional de Coloniza??o e Reforma Agr?ria (Incra). A partir de ent?o, diversas expectativas sobre como prestar a assessoria s?o conjugadas no dia a dia da presta??o dos servi?os nos assentamentos. No caso do Esp?rito Santo, por exemplo, o MST toma para si a tarefa de prestar a assessoria t?cnica nos assentamentos em que se encontra presente por meio da Cooptraes. Com isso traz para esta experi?ncia a dimens?o da milit?ncia, que passa a ser a caracter?stica do trabalho da equipe t?cnica desta cooperativa. Dessa forma, essa configura??o do Programa Ates no Esp?rito Santo promove altera??es significativas nas rela??es entre os atores envolvidos, que podem ser percebidas no cotidiano da presta??o dos servi?os, seja por meio de disputa em torno dos recursos materiais e simb?licos, da gera??o de novas demandas, ou por meio da pr?pria adapta??o dos atores ? din?mica da execu??o do Programa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o posicionamento e compreens?o dos atores sobre este processo, e a partir desta an?lise pensar os limites e potencialidades desta experi?ncia. Para tanto, foram entrevistados servidores do Incra, t?cnicos, dirigentes do MST e fam?lias assentadas, assim como acompanhou-se o trabalho de uma das equipes t?cnicas da Cooptraes em quatro assentamentos da regi?o norte do estado. A partir da an?lise dos dados produzidos e do di?logo com a bibliografia e documentos normativos do Programa (leis, manuais operacionais, normas executivas, entre outros) foi poss?vel perceber um campo de tens?es entre os atores que est? diretamente relacionado ao fato do MST entrar em cena como executor do Programa, por conta de sua forma de atua??o. A partir deste campo de tens?es a pesquisa conseguiu identificar novas pr?ticas e significados nas rela??es entre os agentes envolvidos (em especial Incra e MST). Se por um lado observamos que a entrada em cena do MST potencializou a execu??o do servi?o (por conta da sua proximidade com o p?blico benefici?rio), por outro lado, observamos tamb?m existem nesta experi?ncia algumas continuidades, no que diz respeito ao hist?rico da assist?ncia t?cnica nos assentamentos, como por exemplo, a precariedade das condi??es de execu??o do servi?o.

A presente dissertação de mestrado constitui um inventário da produção institucional das Assessorias Técnicas paulistas em quatro importantes programas de habitação com autogestão da política habitacional brasileira. Apresentamos a trajetória e um panorama dessa produção desde o final da década de 80, até os dias atuais, na região metropolitana de São Paulo. A reunião do material parte do reconhecimento dessa atuação enquanto prática de defesa do direito à arquitetura na produção de habitação social. Ao compilarmos os projetos e experiências, possibilitamos a visualização dos caminhos percorridos e a reflexão sobre seus limites e possibilidades. / This dissertation consists of an inventory of the Technical Advisors institutional production from the state of São Paulo, divided into four important self-managed housing programs in Brazilian housing politics. We present the trajectory and an outlook of this production since the end of the 1980\'s, until present day, in the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. The gathering of the material comes from the acknowledgement of this performance as a practice in defense of the right to architecture in social housing production. In compiling the projects and experiences, we enable the visualization of traveled paths and the reflection upon their limits and possibilities.

Submitted by Murilo Didonet de Moraes (murilonx7@gmail.com) on 2018-06-11T14:26:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Tese.pdf: 2249115 bytes, checksum: 1cf890165c130a3d65c1bbe73e37cb04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-06-11T22:18:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_md_dr_ilha.pdf: 2160749 bytes, checksum: c415df803d3a930a628fbf722f596712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T22:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_md_dr_ilha.pdf: 2160749 bytes, checksum: c415df803d3a930a628fbf722f596712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Historicamente, a extensão rural brasileira esteve orientada para contribuir com o desenvolvimento capitalista no campo. No entanto, a constatação dos impactos socioambientais advindos do modelo de agricultura convencional implicou em críticas que levaram, por sua vez, a um repensar sobre a orientação difusionista tradicionalmente adotada. Contrária a este modelo, a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER), criada em 2003 e institucionalizada em 2010, demonstrou uma mudança de postura do governo brasileiro, ao menos no nível do discurso, em querer implantar mudanças significativas nas bases filosóficas da prática extensionista, assim como concentrar seus esforços no público que ficou à margem do processo de modernização (os agricultores familiares). Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar quais são as relações que envolvem Estado/Organização/Agente, no sentido de compreender os limites e potencialidades relativos à prática extensionista e, mais especificamente, à implementação da PNATER na Empresa Mato-grossense de Pesquisa, Assistência e Extensão Rural (Empaer). Este trabalho, embora tenha envolvido coleta de dados quantitativos, deu ênfase à investigação do tipo qualitativa. Primeiramente, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a um dos dirigentes da Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura Familiar e Assuntos Fundiários (Seaf), assim como aos dois componentes da Diretoria Executiva (Diretor Presidente e Diretor de ATER) e aos nove coordenadores dos escritórios regionais da Empaer. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário, enviado por meio digital (e-mail), junto a 62 extensionistas locais da referida Empresa. Dentre as diferentes vertentes teóricas apresentadas sobre as políticas públicas, as abordagens do neoinstitucionalismo histórico e cognitiva demonstraram ser as mais adequadas para a análise da construção histórica da Lei de ATER, tendo como base a multiplicidade de atores, ideias e organizações implicados no processo. Os resultados empíricos obtidos evidenciaram uma complexa rede de desafios no que tange ao acompanhamento dos pressupostos da PNATER, de modo que em determinadas situações se percebem aderências e em outras divergências. Observou-se que os principais fatores facilitadores a uma atuação da Empaer mais próxima às diretrizes da PNATER foram a conscientização e a disposição dos agricultores em trabalhar com uma agricultura mais sustentável, as atividades de formação, capacitação e experiência dos extensionistas, assim como o seu bom relacionamento com os agricultores. Por outro lado, os principais aspectos restritivos encontrados referem-se às dificuldades de ordem financeira e de recursos humanos, à insegurança na comercialização, à não adesão dos agricultores em relação à proposta e às condições insatisfatórias de trabalho dos extensionistas. Constatou-se que o caminho para a concretização efetiva da Lei de ATER ainda está sendo construído, pois a Empaer atende apenas parcialmente os objetivos e diretrizes apontados na Lei, o que pode ser interpretado como um alinhamento moderado da Empaer com a política vigente de ATER. / Historically, the brazilian rural extension has been oriented to contribute with the capitalist development in the field. However, the realization of the social and environmental impacts from conventional farming model resulted in criticism that led, for yours time, to a rethink about the diffusionist orientation traditionally adopted. Contrary to this model, the National Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (PNATER), established in 2003 and institutionalized in 2010 (Law n. 12188 of January 11, 2010), has shown a change in the attitude of the Brazilian Government, at least on a theoretical level, in wanting to deploy changes significant in the philosophical bases of extensionist practice, as well as concentrate their efforts on the audience that stayed on the sidelines of the process of modernization (the family farmers). This research aimed to verify which are the relationships that involve State/Organisation/Agent, in order to understand the limits and potentials regarding the practice extensionist and, more specifically, the implementation of PNATER on Company for Agricultural Research, Assistance and Rural Extension of the State of Mato Grosso (Empaer). This work, although it involved collecting quantitative data, gave emphasis to research qualitative type. First, semi-structured interviews were carried out to one of the leaders of the State Secretariat for Family Farming and Land Affairs (Seaf), as well as the two components of the Executive Board (CEO and Director of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension) and the nine coordinators of regional offices of Empaer. In addition, a questionnaire was applied, submitted through digital (e-mail), along the 62 local extension workers of this Company. Among the different theoretical aspects presented on public policies, the historical neoinstitucionalism and cognitive approaches have shown to be the most suitable for the analysis of the historical construction of the Law n. 12188, known as Law of ATER (Law of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension), based on the multiplicity of actors, ideas and organizations involved in the process. The empirical results obtained showed a complex network of challenges with regard to the monitoring of assumptions of PNATER, so that in certain situations they realize adhesions and other differences. It was observed that the main factors that facilitated Empaer’s activities closer to Pnater’s guidelines were the awareness and willingness of family farmers in working with a more sustainable agriculture, the activities of training and experience of the extension workers, as well as your good relationship with farmers. On the other hand, the main restrictive aspects found refer to financial difficulties and human resources, insecurity in the marketing, the non-adherence of farmers in relation to the proposal and unsatisfactory conditions of work of extension workers. It was noted that the way to effectively achieve of the Law of ATER is still being built, because the Empaer only partially meets the objectives and guidelines aimed at Law, which can be interpreted as a moderate alignment of Empaer with the current ATER policy.

Orientador: Antonio Lázaro Sant'Ana / Resumo: Historicamente, a extensão rural brasileira esteve orientada para contribuir com o desenvolvimento capitalista no campo. No entanto, a constatação dos impactos socioambientais advindos do modelo de agricultura convencional implicou em críticas que levaram, por sua vez, a um repensar sobre a orientação difusionista tradicionalmente adotada. Contrária a este modelo, a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER), criada em 2003 e institucionalizada em 2010, demonstrou uma mudança de postura do governo brasileiro, ao menos no nível do discurso, em querer implantar mudanças significativas nas bases filosóficas da prática extensionista, assim como concentrar seus esforços no público que ficou à margem do processo de modernização (os agricultores familiares). Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar quais são as relações que envolvem Estado/Organização/Agente, no sentido de compreender os limites e potencialidades relativos à prática extensionista e, mais especificamente, à implementação da PNATER na Empresa Mato-grossense de Pesquisa, Assistência e Extensão Rural (Empaer). Este trabalho, embora tenha envolvido coleta de dados quantitativos, deu ênfase à investigação do tipo qualitativa. Primeiramente, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a um dos dirigentes da Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura Familiar e Assuntos Fundiários (Seaf), assim como aos dois componentes da Diretoria Executiva (Diretor Presidente e Diretor de ATER) e aos nove coordenadores dos es... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

This study aims to capture the challenges and tensions that arise in donor funded curriculum projects in Lesotho. Through an interpretive case study research design I investigated these challenges and tensions in two projects relevant to Education for Sustainable Development, namely the Lesotho Environmental Support Project (LEESP) and the Population/Family Education (POP/FLE) projects which are donor funded curriculum projects funded by DANIDA and UNFPA respectively. A review of donor funded curriculum projects in the field of environmental education/Education for Sustainable Development was undertaken to provide background and a theoretical context for the study. It highlighted different challenges and implementation tensions experienced by other similar projects in other countries. At the heart of such projects lies a particular political economy, which is based on development assistance to poor countries. Such development assistance is constructed around concepts of need, participation and innovation, and donor-recipient relationships. It is structured around a system of governance and management that normally uses logical framework planning as its main methodology. This political economy has shaped the two donor funded projects that were considered in this study, and has shaped many of the tensions and challenges identified in the study. To investigate the two projects, data for this study was generated through in-depth interviews, document analysis and focus group interviews, with people who had been involved with the projects at the national level. The data generation process did not involve the schools where the projects were ultimately implemented, as it was seeking to identify how local institutions such as the National Curriculum Development Centre could support better synergies between donor funded initiatives and the local context. The findings of the study revealed the ambivalent nature of donor initiatives, and identified that the political economy and donor-recipient relations influence the projects. Aspects such as the design and management of projects, the processes associated with introducing innovation in educational ideas and paradigms, pedagogical issues, and staff contributions and ownership were identified as some of the key tensions that existed in the projects. Other factors such as poor capacity levels of local staff, non-alignment with existing structures, inadequate sustainability mechanisms and the difficulty of the envisaged integration of new paradigm thinking (methods and approaches) into the existing curriculum framework were also significant tensions, given the positivist history of the Lesotho curriculum. The study recommends the need to establish mechanisms for working with donors to tackle the tensions that arise in such projects within longer-term donor assistance. It proposes that government should expedite the development of policy on donor coordination. Both donors and the NCDC need to put mechanisms in place to allow for debate and discussions on innovations brought in by the donors in relation to local needs. The study further recommends that in cases where more than one donor exists, the NCDC and the donors should work towards developing synergies between the different initiatives to avoid duplication and overlap. Finally, there is a need for projects to use bottom-up approaches for the design and formulation of projects to ensure ownership.