<p>NR 20140804</p>

<p>NR 20140804</p>

<p>NR 20140804</p>

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

As buildings are built more and more energy-efficient, precision of energy calculations needs to increase as the error decrease and the requirement to calculate “correctly” increases. At the beginning of a construction project, a builder must show that the building will comply with the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's regulations when the project is completed in order to start the project. When the building is finished, it is tested through different feeds to investigate whether the building meets the requirements that the builder has claimed in the design step. The difficulty of calculating the energy requirement of a building so that it corresponds to the measured energy requirement is well known in the construction industry. In a school, heating of premises and tap water accounts for two thirds of the energy use and one third consists of lighting, kitchens and fans for ventilation. In a study with 7 newly built Swedish schools calculated and measured energy was examined, it was found that calculated and measured energy needs differed between -44% to + 28%.  To make it easier to produce calculations of schools energy needs that correspond to real energy needs, this report examines which parameters are important for a school's energy needs and which parameters that makes the calculated and measured energy needs differ profoundly. Two preschools and two primary schools were examined in this study. A calculation model was built to examine which parameters have the greatest impact on a school's energy needs and to calculate the schools' energy needs.  The measured and estimated heat energy requirements in the examined schools had a deviation of -3% and -16%. The measured and calculated electricity energy needs in the schools had a deviation of -2% and + 28%. The parameters that were important when calculating a school's energy needs turned out to be the efficiency of ventilation, tap water consumption, g-value, room temperature, supply air temperature, operating time of ventilation, operating time of commercial kitchens and electricity requirements for commercial kitchens.  The result showed that when making energy calculations and trying to adjust and match it as closely as possible to the real measured values, the parameters with the most impact on this were efficiency of ventilation, g-value, supply air temperature, electricity demand for the commercial kitchen and the operating times of both the ventilation and the commercial kitchen.

The Air Force's fighter squadrons are characterized by high precision and quick decisions in all stages of daily operations. In the planning of flight sorties, a weather plan needs to be made where the weather forecasts for the landing air base and diversion air bases are examined to determine whether the weather limits are within the set limit values ​​according to the regulations. JAS 39 Gripen has several different landing aid systems that guide the pilot down through bad weather for landing. The different systems have different limit values ​​as a minimum. Varying availability and limitations have been tried to be solved with an increasingly complex set of rules so as not to lose operational effect. The consequences are that weather planning has become so complicated that it has created a bottleneck that steals valuable time from mission planning with regulations that have become difficult to comply with and threaten flight safety when limit values ​​are missed. Today, users often need to review difficult-to-interpret weather forecasts in TAF format and get through a complicated set of rules with only a written guide for cloud and visibility calculations and an excel program for wind calculation to assist. The project has through Dynamic product development and Agile project management together with user studies developed a prototype of a complete software called AutoTAF which automatically decodes TAF forecasts, calculates cloud, visibility and wind limits with applied regulations and presents the weather limits at air bases in a timely and color-coded manner. With the help of the focus group, the project has been able to ensure that the function and interface met the users' requirements. The test result shows higher accuracy in weather decisions and two to four times faster decision time compared to current methods. / Flygvapnets stridsflygdivisioner kännetecknas av hög precision och snabba beslut i alla led av den dagliga verksamheten. I planeringen av flygpass behöver det göras en väderplanering där väderprognoserna för landningsflygplatsen samt alternativflygplatser granskas för att avgöra om vädergränserna är inom de satta gränsvärdena enligt regelverken. JAS 39 Gripen har flera olika landningshjälpsystem som guidar piloten ner genom dåligt väder för landning. De olika systemen har olika gränsvärden som minima. Varierande tillgänglighet och begränsningar har försökts lösas med ett allt mer invecklat regelverk för att inte tappa operativ effekt. Konsekvenserna är att väderplaneringen har blivit så komplicerad att det skapat en flaskhals som stjäl värdefull tid ur uppdragsplaneringen med ett regelverk som blivit svårt att efterleva och hotar flygsäkerheten när gränsvärden missas. Idag behöver användarna granska ofta svårtolkade väderprognoser i TAF-format och ta sig igenom ett snårigt regelverk med endast en lathund för moln- och siktberäkning samt ett excelprogram för vindberäkning till hjälp. Projektet har genom Dynamisk produktutveckling och Agil projektledning tillsammans med användarstudier utvecklat en prototyp av ett komplett datorprogram kallat AutoTAF som automatiskt avkodar TAF-prognoser, beräknar moln-, sikt-, och vindgränser med applicerat regelverk och presenterar vädergränserna på flygplatserna tidsöverskådligt och färgkodat. Med hjälp av fokusgrupp har projektet kunnat säkerställa att funktion och gränssnitt mötte användarnas krav. Testresultatet påvisar högre träffsäkerhet i väderbesluten samt två till fyra gånger snabbare beslutstid jämfört med nuvarande metoder.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how SMEs can promote the efficiency of their waste management processes. In particular, to identify the causes of employee non-compliance within waste management procedures. This overarching purpose of identifying causes of non-compliance and improving the process is reflected in the following research questions. RQ1: What are the causes of procedural employee non-compliance within current waste management processes? RQ2: How can current waste management processes be improved? Method – A single case study was carried out in order to answer the research questions. To gain insight in relevant theory supporting both the qualitative and quantitative data gathered in the case study, a literature review was conducted and acted as the foundation for the theoretical framework. The data was collected through means of observations and interviews. Results – The interviews revealed a moderate degree of non-compliance of employees in the waste process in SMEs. The factors influencing this non-compliance are primarily a lack of knowledge, brought on by improper introduction process and a general high degree of complexity. In order to improve the handling of waste, there should be a larger focus on a thorough introduction process in order to reduce the amount of short-term memory processing by employees. As for process specific improvements, removing wastes and standardization should be of primary concern. Lastly, in order to maintain social sustainability, the needs and experience of the employees should be considered before making improvements to waste management processes. Implications – This case study offers insights into what drives acts of non-compliance in waste management processes and possible improvements that can be derived from studying them. Therefore, this thesis can be used as a foundation for SMEs seeking to improve their waste management processes. Keywords – Waste, Waste Management, Social Sustainability, Processes, Process Improvement, Cognitive Ergonomics, Improvement Work, Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME).