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韓國技術移轉商品化創新制度與政策研究 / The Research on Korean Innovation System, Policy and Technology Transfer Commercialization徐志姈, Seo Ji Young Unknown Date (has links)
在知識掛帥的社會裡,技術創新極具重要性,無論是個人、學術機構、研究機關、企業團體或政府組織,技術創新是成長發展與面對競爭的原動力,同時也是國家於國際競爭中,賴以存活的力量。
有鑑於1980年美國制定拜杜法案(Bayh-Dole Act)推動技術創新,台灣於1999年跟進制定「科技基本法」,而韓國亦於2000年制定「技術移轉促進法」,但根據統計資料顯示,韓國與台灣無論在技術移轉比例或技術資金規模皆不比美國拜杜法案帶來的經濟成效顯著。技術移轉收入,也較研究開發費用為低,技術移轉與推及商業化之預期效益,仍相當有限,顯見由於文化及產業環境上的差別,美國經驗在韓國、台灣並不能全然適用。
現今台灣的學術研究機構及民間技術交易機關,仍試圖迴避技術移轉的相關活動,對市場動向抱持著觀望的態度;相反地,需要技術的中小企業,卻依舊在探索新亮點技術,期盼增快技術移轉商品化的腳步。在供需高度失衡的現況之下,可以想見該市場仍有龐大的發展空間;反觀韓國,在相關輔導政策與執行成效上,似有較詳盡之規劃與成果。
本研究藉由分析韓國相關的技術移轉政策與制度,綜合相關內容提出以下建議:首先,台灣技轉單位強化技術移轉後之管理並提高專任組織之能力與競爭力、善用外部專業能力協助遴選優良技術;研發單位亦須更注重市場端的技術需求;政府則應合併改組重複的部門、協助提供客製化教育訓練、培養技術商品化專家,並依技轉實績進行獎勵或支援,最後,大學、政府與產業界之間應加強溝通交流,方可解決技術及市場間的供需失衡議題。
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大學技術授權契約設計之研究 / A Study on Designing University License Agreement翁千惠 Unknown Date (has links)
知識經濟時代的來臨,財富的創造已不是來自土地與勞工等傳統生產要素,而是在於知識的創造與累積,台灣土地貧瘠、缺乏天然資源,但擁有豐富的科技人力資源,能有效運用這些知識資本,將是台灣經濟發展的重要關鍵。大學研究經費豐足、聚集博士級以上頂尖研究人才、其研究領域多屬前瞻、初期階段的發現,雖具開發成為新產品或服務之潛力,但現階段未必為業界所青睞的應用科技解決方案。如何尋求具備遠見,願擔風險投入早期技術研發的合作廠商,建立長期的合作關係,將大學強大的研發能量擴散、釋放到民間,有效地將政府資助大學所得的研發成果,移轉予產業界進行商業化的步驟,是促進產業升級經濟發展的重要機制。
是以近年來各國極力推動產學間的合作,希冀在大學知識傳授與探索研究之基本任務仍得確保的前提下,建立有效的技術授權機制,將學界創新研發的能量,引導入產業界,協助產業提升創新研發之競爭力,同時也能為學校的研發成果創造新的價值,而達產學雙贏的局面。
授權契約是技術移轉流程的最後一步,但往往為人忽視,前階段的評估協商與最後的擬約訂約被切割處理,特別在欠缺法務資源的大學技轉單位,簽訂授權契約時,僅使用制式、簡陋之契約範本,填入授權時間、授權金、權利金、授權標的等項目,少就契約文字進行訂正,並檢視契約範本設計之用字遣詞是否符合該次授權協議談判之內容。在此背景下,本研究即欲將策略思考帶進契約的設計,探討大學技術授權之策略考量,以及如何將之轉化成契約文字,使技術授權之目的能被落實。
本研究試圖從探討產學合作之機制與困難、大學技術移轉模式相關之豐富文獻中,整理出大學技術移轉授權的策略考量,並進一步分析在確定策略考量與策略目標之下,可能的授權模式為何,各種授權模式在實際運用時常遭遇何種的困難,這些困難是否能透過契約設計之安排,使技術移轉的策略目標順利達成。接著將進一步以美國技轉績效傲人的史丹福大學,與台灣研發能量最豐、學術資源最足的台灣大學兩校之授權契約範本作為研究個案,比較契約設計的應然與實然。
本研究透過對我國與美國技術授權相關文獻的分析,並以美國史丹佛大學與國立台灣大學之契約範本作為個案研究對象,歸納整理後得出結論為台灣各大學因為技轉的風氣未盛,契約的使用量與重要性自然被嚴重低估,我國大學並未設計與其策略與發展領域、特色相符的契約範本,大部分都直接沿用國科會提供之契約範本,契約條款的設計不夠細緻,容易流於只是策略的宣示,未能透過交易條件的安排達到授權策略預設的目標。相較美國史丹福大學因技轉風氣興盛,契約的類型發展成熟,契約內容與授權策略高度呼應,使授權的進行與大學原始的教學研究使命可以相輔相成。我國大學之技術授權契約存在很大的改善空間。
本研究建議大學應制訂明文之技轉策略書,向廠商宣傳大學技術授權之使命,並儘快對現行使用契約之契約進行撤底檢視與修正,完備契約範本的內容,可以有效增進締約的效率,同時可以思考契約作為宣傳性質的工具,例如因應技術特性,設計技術移轉的定型化契約,讓潛在被授權人清楚瞭解大學技術授權契約的交易條件,透過網路將完整的資訊揭露與友善便宜的締約程序,以有效提高的授權活動的效率與成功率。 / In knowledge based economy, how to create and accumulate knowledge assets dominates the fortune-making. Taiwan is short of natural resources but full of technology human reseources. Hence, how to apply knowledge adequately become the key factor to improve Taiwan’s economic growth. The abundant funds and outstanding research professionals are the advantages of university. However, the researches usually belong to early-stage ones and hardly meet the practical needs of industries. Universities need foresighted industry partners who is willing to risk investing in technology commercialization. University-Industry Cooperation is the important mechanism that helps the industry development through knowledge transfer.
Thus, governments encourage enthusiastically the cooperation between university and industry. The target of Univeristy-Industry Cooperation is to assure the essential function of education and research of the university and build up an effective mechanism of technology licensing to introduce academic R&D energy into the industry. The cooperation can thus enhance the innovation competency of industry and create new value for the R&D results of academia, to build a win-win situation.
License agreement is the last mile of the whole technology transfer process but its importance is usually ignored. For the limited legal resources of university TTOs (technology transfer office), all Taiwan universities use a formulaic contract provided by NSC (National Science Council) and seldom amend the details to meet their own need for individual transactions. However, licensing approaches, even for comparable technologies, can vary considerably from case to case. This thesis will bring licensing strategy into contract design, analyze university licensing strategy, and elaborate the transformation from strategy to contract for the purpose of technology licensing.
This paper reviews literatures concerning university-industry cooperation and the technology transfer models and outlines university licensing strategy. The discussion further elaborate goals of licensing, possible licensing models and pathways, and find out the difficulties during license process. The design of contract also try to solve all these problems and fulfill the purpose of technology transfer. The thesis also compare the difference between the ideal and practice of licensing contract design through the study of contract format of Stanford University and National Taiwan University.
Through the studies, the thesis propose that the significance of licensing contract is much underestimated due to the immaturity of university-industry license transactions in Taiwan. Unlike universities in the U.S., Taiwan’s universities do not design licensing contracts according to their licensing strategy and academic developments. The disregard of contract design will cause the impracticality of licensing strategy and thus be unable to achieve the original goal of technology transfer. A mature contract design which corresponds to the licensing strategy will connect the technology transfer to the academic research purpose, which can be observed in the case of Stanford University.
This paper suggests that universities should set up a clear licensing strategy book of their own and widely announce to industry. Taiwan universities should reform the contract format as soon as possible and learn to take licensing contracts as a marketing tool, to promote a model contract for special technology licensing with detail information on it, to help potential licensee to understand the bargaining condition of the contract. Universities can provide complete information and easier contracting process through the internet, to improve the efficiency and prosperity of technology transfer.
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生技製藥產學合作之研究-以陽明大學新藥中心、寶齡富錦為例 / The Academic-Industrial Collaboration in Biotechnology and Pharmaceuitical Industry鄭雅文 Unknown Date (has links)
生物科技產業,是一個被預期將於未來使人類在醫學、製藥、材料、糧食乃至於能源、生態等各方面所面臨的問題,獲得重大突破的產業;也是被公認為二十一世紀最具發展潛力的重點產業!世界上各個先進國家莫不競相投入大量資源,積極進行生技產業的培植與發展。研究單位與大專院校,一向被稱為所謂的「知識引擎」。照理說,在良好的智財管理之下,理當成為智慧財產生產之重鎮,並經由技術轉移實際地應用在產業界,協助提昇企業的競爭力,進而強化國家整體的經濟能量。
本研究藉由各方相關之文獻、著作加以分析,先從美國與我國在科技或技術移轉相關法規的介紹,再整理生物技術與生技製藥產業的特性,和我國目前的現況與問題,最後由商品化角度歸納出技術移轉在各階段的組成要素,再參考美國麻省理工學院技術移轉中心實例。與國內產學成功之案例-「寶齡富錦PBF1681專案」及「陽明大學新藥中心」對照,從中比較出國內學校與產業之間的交流,哪一環節出了問題?在探討我國大學生技製藥產學合作機制上,本研究採用的架構主要是從國內外大學負責產學合作單位的「運作流程」開始瞭解在智慧財產權、技術推廣、技術移轉過程與移轉後的回饋監控機制等。
交相比較之後,建議國內大學之技術移轉中心需擬定明瞭易懂之政策 設計簡單易填之表格、重視商品化流程、經驗豐富之授權人才引進、設置「成功故事」區,來激勵想要新創公司之人。另外,也對國內生技製藥產業建議,台灣的切入點以植物藥為迅速且花費少、成功機會高,這是值得投入之領域。而產業之結構也應有所調整,台灣藥廠規模小,無法與國外大廠競爭開發新藥。開發新藥需投入大量時間及金錢,故國外藥廠之產業結構為垂直整合,亦即是將上市前所有試驗及上市後行銷一手包辦。國內藥廠需仿照科技業一般,將整個產業作水平分工,將核心能力保留,其餘皆可外包。這樣不但節省時間,也可減少對不熟悉領域之摸索,由仿製之學名藥廠,走向新藥開發,進而與國外大廠相互抗衡。 / The universities are long taken as the “knowledge engine” for industries. Through a well-designed cooperation or licensing system, that is, the academic-industry liaison, those intellectual property produced from academic researches should be applied in the industry and industrial competency can thus be improved. However, the academic-industry liaison concerning biotechnology and drug in Taiwan is deficient.
This thesis compares the cases of “Panion & BF Biotech Inc. PBF1681 Project,” “Research Center for Drug Discovery in National Yang-Ming University” in Taiwan with the Technology Licensing Office (TLO) of MIT in the U.S. Through the comparison, it can be found that techonology transfer office of universities in Taiwan needs to design a more friendly procedesure for licensee applicants and focuses on technology commercialization. Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry needs to invest more in herbal drug development. The industry itself needs corporate reengineering. The structure of the industry should be a horizontal division instead of the vertical integration. They should focus on their core competency and strengthen the mutual cooperation between companies to form a network of efficient production divisions.
Key word: academic-industry liaison, biotechnology, drug discovery, pharmaceutical, Technology Licensing Office (TLO)
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