The problem is to determine if identifiable factors influence selection of soft news for coverage on television newscasts. Data were obtained from news releases, newscast scripts, and interviews with participating practitioners and editors. Chapter I presents the problem; Chapter II contains an analysis of news releases submitted to editors; Chapter III presents analysis of techniques and attitudes of practitioners and editors; Chapter IV presents conclusions and guidelines. The study indicated practitioners could influence selection of their items through attention to certain factors and techniques: elements of newsworthiness, personal contact, method of item dissemination, quantity of items submitted, and professionalism and credibility. Specific guidelines were developed for practitioners to follow in dealing with television news editors.

Thesis advisor: William Stanwood / Television news provides information to audiences that help them create meaning from the world around them. This paper explores the relationship between television news and social protest, specifically how television news frames might shape audience perception of social protest as a form of democratic participation. This study utilizes a textual analysis of news stories from NBC, CBS, and Al-Jazeera English in order to compare coverage of social protest in the United States and internationally. Two separate protest issues were studied: Occupy Wall Street and the Arab Spring protests in Tahrir Square in Egypt. Using framing as a theoretical framework, I utilized the three codes of the protest paradigm – narrative structure, official sources, and invocation of public opinion – to analyze thirty news stories about Occupy Wall Street and the Arab Spring. Two codes – the circus and disorganization – emerged during the research. With support from other relevant scholarship, this study concludes that United States network television news acts as a voice of hegemony in the coverage of social protest, framing protest in ways that benefit elites and uphold the status quo. Protest is often delegitimized by news frames that portray protest as a violent activity and protestors as counter-cultural, social outsiders. Al-Jazeera English, in contrast, provides a counter-hegemonic perspective that legitimizes protest as a form of democratic participation used by a diverse cross-section of citizens. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Communication Honors Program. / Discipline: Communication.

News provides us with information about our world so we can make decisions about the matters that affect our daily lives—both for our personal and the public good. Television news is a pervasive force in our society, and it is important to study because of the influence it exerts on human action. But news is produced by human beings, and those human beings must make selections and rejections regarding what makes it into a newscast and what doesn’t. In addition, decisions have to be made on how to frame, present, order, word, edit, shape what news items are included. Many forces influence these decisions throughout the complex television news process. Media sociology scholars urge researchers to examine these influences at five levels: the individual, newsroom, organization, extra-organization and societal or cultural levels. This gatekeeping study examined this complex news process at work and revealed the complex set of forces that influence news decisions by news producers at CNN, a global 24-hour news network. By exposing the processes by which the news is made, one can better understand the influences that shape the end product—the news.

Contributing to the broader debate on the nature and identity of the European Union (EU), this thesis is a study of the EU from the outside looking in: an examination of how this novel process of integration among the nations of Europe is viewed by its partners around the world, in particular in New Zealand through its television news media. While there are many studies which examine how the EU is understood and represented within its borders, there is an absence of parallel studies which consider the image of the EU from an external perspective. Recognising that the television news media plays a particularly important role in influencing the knowledge and perceptions of people on foreign matters, the thesis presents an analysis of the entire EU television news coverage in New Zealand's two prime-time television news bulletins throughout 2004. The primary research question that the thesis investigates is, how is the EU framed in the television news media of New Zealand, an external 'Other' of the EU? The study was multi-methodological in nature and analysed each of the relevant news items using content analysis, as well as undertaking deeper analysis of the metaphorical categorisations and the visual images of the EU, to detect the entire range of EU representations and the overall image of the EU these created for New Zealand television news audiences. These findings were then compared against corresponding research from Australia, South Korea and Thailand, as well as to the perceptions of New Zealand's leading newsmakers, in order to account for the most important trends in EU image formation in New Zealand. In particular it was found that the EU was often entirely absent from the New Zealand television news space, and when it was visible, was often presented in a way which ignored the extensive domestic relevance of the Union for New Zealand and its immediate region.

Thesis (M.A. (Journalism and Media Studies))--Rhodes University, 2005. / "Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Journalism and Media Studies)" -T.p.

[pt] Esta pesquisa pertence ao campo das relações entre a cultura de massa e identidade nacional e propõe uma análise de recepção das reportagens produzidas pela Caravana do Jornal Nacional, um projeto de telejornalismo executado pela Rede Globo, às vésperas das eleições presidenciais de 2006. Ao percorrer o Brasil de Sul a Norte, a Caravana JN foi ao encontro dos cidadãos que vivem em regiões afastadas dos grandes centros, com o objetivo de levantar os desejos dos brasileiros. Nosso desafio foi reencontrar as pessoas entrevistadas pela equipe de jornalistas, na época, e questioná-las sobre essa experiência de participar de um projeto de telejornalismo e de vivenciar um contato com os profissionais do meio. Vamos avaliar como esses grupos entenderam as representações feitas nas reportagens da Caravana JN, realizadas nas comunidades visitadas, investigar como foi o encontro dos profissionais do JN com o seu próprio público, de que forma as comunidades decodificaram a passagem da Caravana e que tipo de interações sociais o projeto foi capaz de promover. O trabalho de campo foi realizado em duas cidades da região Sul e uma do Sudeste do Brasil. Nossas análises se voltam para as rotinas produtivas do telejornalismo e ao que a Caravana JN significou, em termos de inovação, dentro da trajetória de um produto da comunicação de massa, líder de audiência há quase quatro décadas. / [en] This research belongs to the field of relationship between mass culture and national identity and proposes an assessment on how the special coverage produced by the Caravana do Jornal Nacional was received by the Brazilian communities. Caravana JN was a significant project on broadcast journalism executed by Rede Globo right before the national presidential elections. As it was traveling from south to north of Brazil, the Caravana JN went to the encounter of citizens that live in very remote areas with the objective of investigating what would be their wishes and dreams. One of the challenges of this study was to find the same people that were interviewed by the journalist team then, in order to inquire about the whole experience. More than an evaluation about the representations illustrated on this special coverage of the visited communities, this study also investigates how was the encounter between the television professionals and their audience, in what way the communities decoded the Caravana passage and what kind of social interactions the project was capable to promote. The field part of this research was done in two cities of the South and one of the Southeast regions of Brazil. Our analyses was focused on the production routines of broadcast news in which the Caravana JN made impact in terms of innovation, and on the trajectory of a mass communication product that maintains the highest and record audience ratings of the for more than four decades.

The term "young adults" is often used loosely without a clear definition of who this demographic is. This study defines young adults by examining generational differences, their beliefs, uses and nonuses of media, news interests, wants, values for following the news, and expectations and reading experiences of news stories. The uses and gratifications approach and expectancy-value theory provided a framework for this study. Three methodological approaches were used: a secondary data analysis of three national surveys, focus groups and an experiment. The secondary data analysis findings showed the youngest age group (18-24) is leading the new news routine online with news aggregator sites, major and local news sites. The two youngest age groups (18-24 and 25-29) differ from each other and older age groups in their worries, goals, perspectives, beliefs, news interests, media uses, nonuses and political knowledge, and should be studied separately. Stances on social issues and technology are not as clearly defined by age. The findings suggest one's life stage is behind some of the differences. Since no published study to date has conducted focus groups exclusively with nonreaders of print newspapers ages 18-29 to examine their news consumption and nonuses of print newspapers, the present study broke new ground. The findings showed these young adults want searchable, effortless, shorter, more local, accessible anytime news. Both groups (18-24 and 25-29) wanted less negative news, but the younger group justified crime coverage. A few younger group participants expressed a difficult time reading the news and a bias in coverage, especially politics. The experiment used storytelling devices in an attempt to make news writing more digestible, interesting, relevant to young adults' lives, and informative. The findings showed "chunking" text improved perceived comprehension. The device of adding background information, context and a definition improved text recall. The experiment also examined expectations that young adults have prior to reading hard news. For a politics story, experimental group participants expected to understand the story less and have less of an interest than they did. Using these findings, this study suggests ways to get more of this audience (18-29) to tune into the news. / text

電視新聞利用剪接將影像轉化成為敘述工具，由於剪接者手法上的差異，使得電視新聞可以利用不同的方式來敘述故事。這種多元的敘事風格，讓觀眾可以透過不同的影像形式抒發情感，其中「感動」是電視新聞中最常運用之情感效果。因此，本研究主要針對電視新聞中的影像與其引發感動的原因作為研究重點，以電視新聞專題做為研究對象，而發展出以下三個問題：一、電視新聞專題中的感動：要素為何？二、電視新聞專題畫面如何表現感動要素？三、電視新聞專題的剪接如何表現感動？ 由於感動是一個心裡描述的過程，任何的情緒皆無法透過數字來檢視它的強弱程度，因為它的形成過程中有許多複雜的因素，這些都必須藉由參與者的描述才可以得知。而感動的面貌隱藏於影像之中，電視新聞中的感動影像也不可能經由問卷中的量表來制定。因此本研究採用質性研究之深度訪談與文獻分析作為研究工具。 電視新聞中的感動藉由影像的敘述方式來呈現，透過訪談與分析，本研究得到以下結論：一、電視新聞以影像作為表達情緒的工具，利用既有的新聞故事，透過當中的人、事、物將情感展現出來，其中的感動來自於真實的情感與人物之間彼此的互動。二、影像利用剪接串聯情感時，必須強調其中的因果關係，沒有因果關係的影像，不會讓人感動。三、除了因果關係與共同經驗外，美也是造成感動的因素之一。在許多的藝術形式中，美經常被用來製造感動，影像當然也不例外，在電視新聞當中，美感的塑造是在既有敘事結構之外的影像運用。四、感動來自於一個有系統的故事，任何片段的感動，必定由其結構性的故事情節所引起，而一個故事能夠透過影像完整呈現，依賴的便是剪接。 關鍵字：電視新聞、影像、剪接、感動 / The image of television news is presented by editing. Because of the different techniques of editors, television news could be presented in various ways. The diversified modes of image allow the audience to off-load their feelings. To move them is the frequent technique used. This research focuses on the special television news subject.The researcher attempts to figure out the reasons that image evoke feeling. There are three main topics. One topic is to find out what is the element of touching in special television news subject. Then the following is to analyze the elements. Finally, the researcher tries to find out how the editing expresses affection. Touching is the process of inside description. The feeling is impossible to examine the degree by figures. The constructing process includes of many complicated factors, which have to be expressed by the actors. Furthermore, because the touching is concealed from the image, the touching image is not possible to quantify by questionnaire. The research proceeds by interview and document analyze. Touching of television news is presented by the expressing of image. By interview and analyze, this research concludes in four aspects. First, image is the instrument to express emotion in television news. A news story is constructed by the events, the actors, and the objects. The touching comes from the interaction of all the subjects. Second, editing has to emphasize on the cause and effect to connect the feeling. Without the emphasis, the image is not touchable. Third, in addition to cause and fact and the common experience, beauty is the important factor to touch people. In many forms of arts, beauty is applied to evoke emotion. Image is no exception. In television news, the application of beauty is beyond description. Finally, touching is evoked from a systematic story. Any part of touching must have arose from the constructive plots. A story which can be presented in complete relies on the editing. Keywords: television news、image、editing、touching

The study looks into the 2008 American Presidential Election from two sides; the way the news channels frame the event and the way a sample of the audiences interpret it. Drawing on literature concerning framing theory which describes the practices employed by mass media to present world events in familiar and understandable formats to audiences, the study examines the coverage of the 2008 American Presidential Election on three trans-border news channels broadcasting in Arabic. A number of stories covering the American election campaign broadcasted on Alarabiya, Alhurra and Aljazeera, are included. The study assesses general frames used to describe the event by each channel. The analysis reports the frames generally employed by the three channels are relatively similar, suggesting a global effect on the media in following the Anglo-American model of journalism when reporting international events. The differences appear when reporting regional issues between the two Arabic trans-border channels Alarabiya and Aljazeera on one side and Alhurra on the other suggesting a link between journalistic ideology and framing. The second part of this thesis is the exploratory audience study which attempts to provide insights into perception of Arab news coverage - particularly in Saudi Arabia. The audience study uses a questionnaire and focus group methodologies on a sample of participants with high television news consumption levels, measuring the perception of news channels credibility in specific and credibility of media in general, and exploring the possible presence of a link between consumption level of news and perceived news credibility. Moreover, examining how audience analyse news and how their opinions about the event have been shaped by media framing.

This study determined attitudes held by television reporters nationwide toward PR practitioners' demonstrated knowledge of the technical side of television news. Findings. that emerged from the study were: 1. Television reporters were undecided whether practitioners needed an educational background in PR, and believed they needed an educational but not a professional background in television reporting. 2. They believed practitioners knew too little and should improve their knowledge, and that practitioners' employers would benefit therefrom. 3. They valued the assistance of practitioners. 4. There were moderate degrees of off-the-job contact and interest therein. 5. They divided evenly on the question concerning practitioners' specific demonstrated knowledge of the technical side of television news.