Since 2007 the EU commission has been investigating Sweden regarding their implementation of the Council's directive 1999/70/EC concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work into Swedish law after a report to the commission from a Swedish confederation of officials, TCO. After many years and turns back and forth between the commission and the Swedish government with several failed suggestions of changes to the Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term contracts, the government presented a final suggestion that was successfully voted through and thereby new rules regarding fixed-term contracts applies in Sweden from 1 May 2016.During this whole process, and before it as well, there has been a discussion between the parties of the labour market on whether fixed-term contracts are being misused or not in Sweden. The main purpose of this essay is to shed some light on the question of this misuse of fixed-term contracts and to see what consequences such misuse, if it exists, could have on the society and specifically on the labour market integration of newly arrived citizens.If misuse of fixed-term contracts exist or not is a question of interpretation and is depending on how the labour market is viewed. There are different perspectives and different theories on how the labour market should function to best profit the society. What effects the new Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term contracts will have on the society and on the integration of newly arrived citizens in the future is yet to be shown. If the new rules regarding fixed-term contracts fulfill their purpose in strengthening the employee protection that could have a positive outcome for both newly arrived citizens and the society at large.

This thesis examines the moderating role of trade union representation in addressing the gap in employer-provided training between permanent workers and workers with fixed-term contracts (FTCs) from a cross-country, comparative perspective. The impact of trade union representation is measured on two different levels: (1) access to trade union representation at the workplace at the individual-level (2) average trade union representation at the country-level, measured as trade union power. The statistical analyses are performed using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and multilevel modelling. Our result suggests that, across the European countries, workers with FTCs receive less employer-paid training than permanent workers. Regarding the impact of trade union representation, statistically significant result is found only at the individual-level, where access to trade union representation increases employer-paid training regardless of employment contract. For the interaction between access to trade union representation at the individual-level and FTC, no significant relationship is found. However, the models with the cross-level interaction between trade union power and FTC indicate that employer-paid training increases for permanent workers only. Our findings suggest that trade union representation at the workplace could operate as an equalizer between permanent workers and FTC workers, while at the country-level, their lobbying effect is beneficial for permanent workers only

This paper aims to study, from a legal dogmatic method, the Swedish legislation on fixed-term work related to the EU directive 99/70/EC 1. In particular, the directives demand to prevent abuse of frequent temporary employment. An employer may, in agreement with the Swedish legislation combine different types of temporary employment, to prolong the time in the temporary employment. In this proceeding an employer can avoid employing an employee in a permanent position. For example, an employee can be employed in a probationary period of six months, in a general temporary employment for a maximum of 24 months, and thereafter in a temporary position for a maximum of 24 months before the employment turns into a permanent position. This provided that the employments were made by the same employer, and within five years. The EU Commission has requested Sweden to change its legislation in harmony with the fixed-term work directive requirements to prevent abuse of repetitive fixed-term contracts. Sweden now has two months to implement the Directive otherwise the Commission may bring an action against Sweden at the European Court of Justice. The Ministry of Employment and the TCO have presented a legislative draft on how the Swedish law should instead be designed. In 2012 there were 661,000 people with fixed-term contracts in Sweden, 288,000 of them were men and 373,000 were women. There are mostly women who have fixed-term employments. This may result in women being more vulnerable than men in terms of for example the economy. Fixed-term employments can cause difficulties in obtaining loans or gaining access to the housing market. For society, temporary jobs lead to higher costs compared to permanent employment. If fixed-term employments are increasing, it will lead to more short periods of unemployment and rising costs including unemployment insurance.

No description available.

This research aims to explore and propose a more effective management of rail and road infrastructure and the possibility of a more resource-efficient road and rail infrastructure by applying business models based on performance and a life-cycle perspective. There is a lack of efficiency in the Swedish rail and road infrastructure industries - at the same time as the availability of the rail tracks and roads is essential. Rail and road infrastructure have long lifetimes, around 40-60 years, and during these decades regular maintenance and reconstruction are needed to ensure proper function. Large amounts of resources are required to construct the infrastructure, and the overall environmental pressure depends substantially on this. This research is largely based on interviews conducted with the buyer, contractors and design consultants for rail and road infrastructure in Sweden. Literature reviews have been conducted to develop the framework needed to analyze the empirical findings. This research contributes by building on theory in areas such as Integrated Product Service Offerings (IPSOs) and eco-design, and this abstract presents a brief summary of the overall conclusions. Several challenges for rail and road infrastructure in Sweden have been identified, such as the lack of information and knowledge transfer between different projects and actors. This is due to e.g. the use of traditional short-term contracts and conservative cooperate cultures, creating sub-optimizations in management. Increased collaboration, through e.g. partnering, seems to be a promising way to increase the information and knowledge transfer between actors by increasing trust and interaction. In this way, management would be more effective, and by involving contractors in the design phase, more efficient technical solutions could be developed and used. Additionally, increased involvement by the design consultants and an iterative information loop between design, construction and maintenance could also be beneficial. The research indicates that increased cooperation increases trust. In this way, there is a possibility to remove the detailed requirements that prevent new ways of working. Rail and road infrastructure have characteristics, such as the resources used and the importance of availability, that are well-suited for IPSOs. This performance-based business model with a life-cycle perspective provides incentives to optimize the use of resources and provide a holistic view for management that is lacking today for rail and road infrastructure. However, a long-term contract such as an IPSO creates uncertainties. The actors are risk-averse, which is an obstacle in the development of new business models and contract forms. Most of the risks and uncertainties identified are due to lack of experience. This implies that an implementation of IPSOs will have a steep learning curve. Additionally, risk allocation between the actors is important for effective management: too much risk for the suppliers will make them reluctant in developing new solutions, and they will use a risk premium to cover up for the risk.

L’assurance chômage (AC) est un dispositif central des politiques du marché du travail. Une revue de littérature détaille ce que l’on sait de la pertinence et de l’optimalité de ces régimes dans le contexte du marché du travail contemporain. Elle illustre que si la stabilisation de la consommation des chômeurs est le motif générateur de l’AC, peu de travaux ont évalué cet aspect ou les autres effets positifs de l’AC, se focalisant sur les effets pervers du dispositif, notamment l’alea moral des chômeurs, et sur l’optimisation des règles pour les contenir. Dans la dernière décennie, la prise en compte des firmes et de la dynamique économique a rendu la littérature plus fertile pour optimiser les dépensescomme les ressources de l’AC.Les régimes d’AC profitent-ils de ces enseignements ? L’évolution des règles du régime français depuis 50 ans, ainsi que l’extrême diversité de celles en vigueur dans 5 pays incline à douter que ces régimes sont optimaux, surtout si on se limite à l’AC plutôt que de tenir compte de l’ensemble des transferts aux chômeurs pour analyser leurs comportements.La situation du régime français montre que ses fréquentes évolutions n’ont pas résolu ses problèmes. Il a subi, mais aussi stimulé, la récurrence au chômage, au prix d’une pression fiscale accrue et d’une efficacité dégradée pour la majorité des salariés et des firmes. En France comme dans de nombreux autres pays, les ressources de l’AC sont un domaine de réformes délaissé, alors qu’à tous points de vue (équité, incitations, équilibre financier, etc.) les gains potentiels d’une révision de leurs modalités sont plus élevés que ceux à attendre d’un nouvel ajustement marginal des droits. / Unemployment Insurance (UI) is a key labour market policy.A comprehensive survey of UI literature assesses what we know about UI optimality and its relevance regarding present labour market conditions. Despite of being its founding rationale, jobseekers’ consumption smoothing is rarely assessed, as well as other UI gains. In contrast research has long focused on UI adverse effects, namely recipients’ moral hazard, and on benefits optimization to control it. Recent literature better integrates firm and economic dynamics, thus being richer regarding the way UI benefits and financing rules could be more optimal.Do UI regimes build on this knowledge? An historical approach of French UI rules, and up to date descriptions of 5 other UI regimes, show an extreme diversity of UI arrangements, raising doubts about their optimality. Comprehensive analysis of social transfers to unemployed should be preferred to analysis restricted to UI benefits, because less misleading about unemployed real situation and behaviour.An in depth analysis of French UI rules illustrates that numerous reforms didn’t solve structural problems. The regime suffered increasing spending due to labour market changes, but it also stimulated adverse expensive behaviours among specific groups and short term contracts, both leading to heavier taxes and reduced efficiency for the bulk of workers and firms. In France as elsewhere, UI systems’ funding is a forsaken part of reforms. Yet regarding justice, incentives, financial stability, etc. reviewing rules governing resources could be more rewarding than implementing usual UI benefits reforms.

The problem. --The problem in this study was to describe the issues arising in employment decisions appealed to the Texas Commissioner of Education. Decisions made in courts are binding on school officials, and they are published in law reporters found in most libraries. The Commissioner's decisions are also binding on school officials, but they are not published or widely reported. Thus, this important body of information may not reach those who are responsible for its application. Methods. --The decisions of the Commissioner were examined to determine the issues and the underlying rationale used by the Commissioner in the process of deciding the appeals. A series of data reductions allowed a determination of patterns found in the outcomes of the decisions which favored the employee and those which favored the school districts. The analysis produced a set of data from which implications for decision making could be drawn.

Submitted by FRANCIELE DEL VECCHIO DOS SANTOS null (fran.delvecchio@gmail.com) on 2016-04-16T00:38:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão parcial.docx: 121690 bytes, checksum: 71771164bea303feec2275861794f1c6 (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1º A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. 2º A versão do trabalho submetida ao Repositório Institucional UNESP deve conter o texto completo. 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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-18T20:33:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by FRANCIELE DEL VECCHIO DOS SANTOS null (fran.delvecchio@gmail.com) on 2016-05-02T11:53:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO ARQUIVAMENTO.pdf: 1418246 bytes, checksum: 2ae659b7daf6ca2fa6ef9700d01a4d5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-03T16:54:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fdv_me_arafc.pdf: 1418246 bytes, checksum: 2ae659b7daf6ca2fa6ef9700d01a4d5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T16:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fdv_me_arafc.pdf: 1418246 bytes, checksum: 2ae659b7daf6ca2fa6ef9700d01a4d5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O final do século XX, com o advento do neoliberalismo, a aceleração do tempo produtivo e a flexibilização do mundo do trabalho desencadeou profundas mudanças na organização social contemporânea. Neste contexto, a partir da década de 1990, a escola vivencia uma profunda reorganização quando um conjunto de reformas educacionais de viés gerencialista, impulsionado pela influência dos organismos multilaterais alterou suas práticas e condições de trabalho. No Brasil, essas reformas resultaram na prevalência da cultura do controle, da regulação e da demonstração de resultados da educação, fato que incidiu diretamente no processo de intensificação do trabalho docente, instaurando uma nova concepção acerca da escola e do papel de seus agentes sociais mais diretos, estudantes e professores. Os docentes viram-se diante de inúmeras alterações em seu processo cotidiano de trabalho sendo obrigados, cada vez mais, a desempenhar papeis que se distanciam da perspectiva didático-pedagógica da profissão. Além de modificações na realização do trabalho, alguns estados como São Paulo, passaram a flexibilizar sua forma de contratação, criando em seu sistema público de ensino contratos de trabalho temporários sem direitos assegurados. A presente pesquisa busca refletir sobre a prática de contratação por tempo determinado realizada na rede estadual paulista e sua relação com as condições de trabalho dos professores não efetivos (categoria O) contratos à partir da Lei Complementar N° 1.093/2009. Para tanto, optou-se pela realização de uma pesquisa empírica de natureza qualitativa complementada por levantamento bibliográfico documental. A técnica de coleta de dados adotada foi a entrevista semiestruturada com professores da categoria O representantes das áreas do conhecimento propostas na atual matriz curricular do Estado de São Paulo. As especificidades inerentes a essa forma de contratação evidenciam um contexto de fragilização da categoria docente explicitando que essa forma de contrato realizada pela rede estadual paulista contribui para a precarização das relações de trabalho na escola, com jornadas de trabalho extensas, desvalorização social da profissão, insegurança e instabilidade. / The end of the twentieth century, with the advent of neoliberalism, the acceleration of productive time and the flexibility of the labor market triggered profound changes in contemporary social organization. In this context, from the 1990s, the school experiences a major reorganization when a set of educational reforms of managerial bias, driven by the influence of multilateral organizations changed their practices and working conditions. In Brazil, these reforms have resulted in the prevalence of control culture, regulation and income statement of education, the fact that focused directly on the intensification of teaching process, establishing a new conception of the school and the role of their social agents more direct, students and teachers. The teachers were faced numerous changes in their daily work process being forced, increasingly, to play roles that differ from the didactic and pedagogical perspective of the profession. In addition to changes in the performance of the work, some states such as São Paulo, started to ease their way of hiring, creating in its public school system temporary employment contracts without guaranteed rights. This research seeks to reflect on fixed-term hiring practice held in São Paulo state network and its relationship to the working conditions of non-tenured teachers (category) contracts from the Complementary Law No. 1,093 / 2009. Therefore, it was decided to carry out an empirical research of qualitative complemented by documentary literature. The adopted data collection technique was the semi-structured interviews with Grade Teachers The representatives of the areas of knowledge proposed in the current curriculum of the State of São Paulo. The specificities of this form of employment show a context of weakening of the teaching category explaining that this form of contract held by the state public network contributes to the precariousness of labor relations at school, with long working hours, social devaluation of the profession, insecurity and instability.

Infrastructure—communications, energy, transport, waste, and water networks—is critical for economic activity and social well-being. Practitioners, politicians, and economists advocate high levels of investment in infrastructure under the rubric of 'planning for growth' (or the 'push' paradigm). This paradigm relies on complex public-private arrangements in the name of public interest. These seemingly reasonable arrangements are, however, not delivering their promise. Evidence shows that the needs of infrastructure users in rich and poor countries are not being met, many private providers of infrastructure earn rich returns, assets are rarely built in time or on budget, and there is tremendous waste in the operation of many infrastructure industries. No other sector could survive the profligacy and slack common in infrastructure. I distil the following primary propositions of the accepted wisdom, which is inspired by mainstream economics: First, infrastructure assets necessarily entail high sunk costs and large economies of scale. Consequently, assets last for very long periods of time, and they cannot be readily moved. Second, infrastructure outputs are homogeneous. Third, one network fits all users (large and small). Fourth, infrastructure users, even large ones, are likely to have weak bargaining power in procurement of infrastructure outputs. I challenge these four propositions of the conventional wisdom by putting forward alternative hypotheses. First, instead of being monolithic and costly, infrastructures can be assembled (and disassembled) as flexible modules for specific users in specific places. Drawing on option pricing theory in quantitative finance, I recast infrastructures as 'portfolios of real options'. Second, infrastructure outputs are, in fact, heterogeneous and differentiated services. Third, one infrastructure network cannot fit all users, either today or in the future. Users are remarkably heterogeneous, not only in terms of unique user preferences but also in terms of spatial location. Infrastructure networks need to evolve in tandem with user needs or risk spatial, temporal, and relational obsolescence. Finally, users, large and small, are adept at exerting strong bargaining power in procuring infrastructure both prior to and after rendering durable and immobile investments. Users also strategically deploy intermediaries, e.g. futures and Over-the-Counter (OTC) exchanges, and real estate developers, to negotiate private contracts for infrastructure services. These findings are supported by two case studies. The first case study details the process by which ThyssenKrupp, a large steel company, bargained for its infrastructure by locating to a manufacturing site in the U.S. The second case study focuses on residents of Lavasa, one of the largest property developments in India. Here, small users of infrastructure exert strong bargaining power with the aid of intermediaries—the real estate developer and the property asset manager. New departures in infrastructure provision are urgently needed at a practical level. Poor investments rendered today—particularly if costly, inflexible, and durable—will suffocate tomorrow’s possibilities. The spatial, temporal, and relational approach proposed in this dissertation begins to offer an alternative account of how tomorrow can be modularly shaped.

The essay analyzes the role that time plays in the single specific transaction, in order to revisit the classic category of long-term contracts. In this perspective, considering the variety of interests involved, the author reexamines the structuralist traditional concept of durable obligations related to a continuing and repeated prevision, aiming to associate long-term contracts mainly to the functional divisibility of the whole contract itself, to the concrete cause realized by negotiation through the time, to a dynamic consideration of the interests that parties would achieve through the duration. Therefore, the main idea of the proposed analysis is that a careful investigation only of the contractual interests of the parties, aside from any abstract and typological approach, can offer a convincing way of solving problems about the still discussed nature of long-term contracts. / El presente estudio analiza la función que cumple el tiempo en las transacciones contractuales específicas, con el fin de revisar la clásica categoría de los contratos de duración. En esta perspectiva, al considerar la diversidad de los intereses implicados, el autor reanaliza el tradicional concepto estructuralista de las obligaciones de duración referida a una prestación continuada y repetida, teniendo por objetivo asociar, principalmente, a los contratos de duración con la divisibilidad funcional del propio contrato, con la causa concreta realizada por la negociación a través del tiempo y con una consideración dinámica del interés que las partes pretenden satisfacer a través de la duración. Por tanto, la idea principal del análisis propuesto es que solo una atenta investigación del interés contractual de las partes, dejando de lado todo enfoque abstracto y tipológico, puede ofrecer una forma convincente de solucionar los problemas sobre la aún discutida naturaleza de los contratos de duración.