L’intérêt d’utiliser des marqueurs de relations conceptuelles pour élaborer des ressources terminologiques à maintes fois été souligné, car ils permettent de passer d’un triplet repéré en corpus comme « Terme1 – Marqueur – Terme2 », à un triplet interprété comme « Terme1 – Relation – Terme2 » permettant une représentation sous forme relationnelle des connaissances. Le passage d’un triplet à l’autre soulève néanmoins la question de la stabilité d’un tel lien, indépendamment de tout corpus. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la variation du fonctionnement des candidats-marqueurs de relation en prenant en compte le domaine et le genre textuel. Pour cela, nous avons constitué la liste des marqueurs des relations d’hyperonymie, de méronymie, et de cause en français et avons analysé le fonctionnement de chacune des occurrences de ces candidats-marqueurs dans un corpus traitant de deux domaines (volcanologie et cancer du sein) et relevant de deux genres textuels (scientifique et vulgarisé). La description systématique des contextes comportant un candidat-marqueur nous a permis de mesurer la précision de chacun des candidats-marqueurs, c’est-à-dire sa capacité à indiquer la relation attendue. Les analyses menées démontrent finalement la pertinence d’intégrer ces paramètres dans la description linguistique des candidats-marqueurs de relations. / The use of markers of conceptual relation for building terminological resources has been frequently emphasized. Those markers are used in corpora to detect “Term1 – marker – Term2” triple, which are then interpreted as “Term1 - Conceptual Relation – Term2” triple allowing to represent knowledge as a relational system model. The transition from one triple to another questions the stability of this link, regardless of corpora. In this thesis, we study the variation of the “candidate-markers” of relation taking into account the domain and the text genre. To this end, we identified the French markers for the hyperonym, the meronym and the causal relation, and systematically analyzed their functioning within corpora varying according to the domain (breast cancer vs. volcanology) and the text genre (popular science vs. specialized texts). For each context containing a candidate-marker, we evaluated the capacity of the candidate-marker to really indicate the required relation. Our researches attest to the relevance of taking into account the domain and the text genre when describing the functioning of conceptual relation markers.

<p>The concept of equivalence has for many years attracted attention of researchers in variousdisciplines: from mathematics to philosophy to translation theory to terminology. This thesisintends to survey the concept of equivalence in three subject fields all of which focus onlanguages and communication, namely: translation theory, lexicography and terminology. Thepurpose of the paper is twofold: to investigate the theoretical grounds of equivalence in thesethree disciplines and to survey the methods and practices of establishing equivalence inmultilingual terminology work. The results of the theoretical investigation are summed up onthe basis of the terminological concept analysis. Four concepts systems are structured andpresented in the form of concept diagrams (two for translation theory, one for lexicography andone for terminology). The concept systems give an overview of the current understanding ofequivalence in the three subject fields and expose the relations between equivalence and anumber of related concepts. The central theoretical question of the thesis whether equivalencecould be considered the same concept in all three disciplines is answered on the basis of theresults of the terminological concept analysis. The empirical investigation is carried out in theform of case studies in the frame of multilingual terminology work. It focuses on the problemsof establishing equivalence, of determining the degree of equivalence as well as on the methodsand practices of presenting equivalents in various terminological resources.</p>

Multilingual terminological resources do not always include valid equivalents of legal terms for two main reasons. Firstly, legal systems can differ from one language community to another and even from one country to another because each has its own history and traditions. As a result, the non-isomorphism between legal and linguistic systems may render the identification of equivalents a particularly challenging task. Secondly, by focusing primarily on the definition of equivalence, a notion widely discussed in translation but not in terminology, the literature does not offer solid and systematic methodologies for assigning terminological equivalents. As a result, there is a lack of criteria to guide both terminologists and translators in the search and validation of equivalent terms. This problem is even more evident in the case of predicative units, such as verbs. Although some terminologists (L‘Homme 1998; Lerat 2002; Lorente 2007) have worked on specialized verbs, terminological equivalence between units that belong to this part of speech would benefit from a thorough study. By proposing a novel methodology to assign the equivalents of specialized verbs, this research aims at defining validation criteria for this kind of predicative units, so as to contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of terminological equivalence as well as to the development of multilingual terminography in general, and to the development of legal terminography, in particular. The study uses a Portuguese-English comparable corpus that consists of a single genre of texts, i.e. Supreme Court judgments, from which 100 Portuguese and 100 English specialized verbs were selected. The description of the verbs is based on the theory of Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985; Fillmore and Atkins 1992), on the FrameNet methodology (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010), as well as on the methodology for compiling specialized lexical resources, such as DiCoInfo (L‘Homme 2008), developed in the Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte at the Université de Montréal. The research reviews contributions that have adopted the same theoretical and methodological framework to the compilation of lexical resources and proposes adaptations to the specific objectives of the project. In contrast to the top-down approach adopted by FrameNet lexicographers, the approach described here is bottom-up, i.e. verbs are first analyzed and then grouped into frames for each language separately. Specialized verbs are said to evoke a semantic frame, a sort of conceptual scenario in which a number of mandatory elements (core Frame Elements) play specific roles (e.g. ARGUER, JUDGE, LAW), but specialized verbs are often accompanied by other optional information (non-core Frame Elements), such as the criteria and reasons used by the judge to reach a decision (statutes, codes, previous decisions). The information concerning the semantic frame that each verb evokes was encoded in an xml editor and about twenty contexts illustrating the specific way each specialized verb evokes a given frame were semantically and syntactically annotated. The labels attributed to each semantic frame (e.g. [Compliance], [Verdict]) were used to group together certain synonyms, antonyms as well as equivalent terms. The research identified 165 pairs of candidate equivalents among the 200 Portuguese and English terms that were grouped together into 76 frames. 71% of the pairs of equivalents were considered full equivalents because not only do the verbs evoke the same conceptual scenario but their actantial structures, the linguistic realizations of the actants and their syntactic patterns were similar. 29% of the pairs of equivalents did not entirely meet these criteria and were considered partial equivalents. Reasons for partial equivalence are provided along with illustrative examples. Finally, the study describes the semasiological and onomasiological entry points that JuriDiCo, the bilingual lexical resource compiled during the project, offers to future users. / Les ressources multilingues portant sur le domaine juridique n‘incluent pas toujours d‘équivalents valides pour deux raisons. D‘abord, les systèmes juridiques peuvent différer d‘une communauté linguistique à l‘autre et même d‘un pays à l‘autre, car chacun a son histoire et ses traditions. Par conséquent, le phénomène de la non-isomorphie entre les systèmes juridiques et linguistiques rend difficile la tâche d‘identification des équivalents. En deuxième lieu, en se concentrant surtout sur la définition de la notion d‘équivalence, notion largement débattue en traductologie, mais non suffisamment en terminologie, la littérature ne propose pas de méthodologies solides et systématiques pour identifier les équivalents. On assiste donc à une absence de critères pouvant guider tant les terminologues que les traducteurs dans la recherche et la validation des équivalents des termes. Ce problème est encore plus évident dans le cas d‘unités prédicatives comme les verbes. Bien que certains terminologues (L'Homme, 1998; Lorente et Bevilacqua 2000; Costa et Silva 2004) aient déjà travaillé sur les verbes spécialisés, l‘équivalence terminologique, en ce qui concerne ce type d‘unités, bénéficierait d‘une étude approfondie. En proposant une méthodologie originale pour identifier les équivalents des verbes spécialisés, cette recherche consiste donc à définir des critères de validation de ce type d‘unités prédicatives afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de l‘équivalence et aussi améliorer les ressources terminologiques multilingues, en général, et les ressources terminologiques multilingues couvrant le domaine juridique, en particulier. Cette étude utilise un corpus comparable portugais-anglais contenant un seul genre de textes, à savoir les décisions des cours suprêmes, à partir duquel 100 verbes spécialisés ont été sélectionnés pour chaque langue. La description des verbes se base sur la théorie de la sémantique des cadres (Fillmore 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985; Fillmore and Atkins 1992), sur la méthodologie de FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010), ainsi que sur la méthodologie développée à l‘Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte pour compiler des ressources lexicales spécialisées, telles que le DiCoInfo (L‘Homme 2008). La recherche examine d‘autres contributions ayant déjà utilisé ce cadre théorique et méthodologique et propose des adaptations objectives du projet. Au lieu de suivre une démarche descendante comme le font les lexicographes de FrameNet, la démarche que nous décrivons est ascendante, c‘est-à-dire, pour chaque langue séparément, les verbes sont d‘abord analysés puis regroupés par cadres sémantiques. Dans cette recherche, chacun des verbes « évoque » un cadre ou frame, une sorte de scénario conceptuel, dans lequel un certain nombre d‘acteurs obligatoires (core Frame Elements) jouent des rôles spécifiques (le rôle de juge, le rôle d‘appelant, le rôle de la loi). Mis en discours, les termes sont souvent accompagnés d‘autres renseignements optionnels (non-core Frame Elements) comme ceux des critères utilisés par le juge pour rendre une décision (des lois, des codes, d‘autres décisions antérieures). Tous les renseignements concernant les cadres sémantiques que chacun des verbes évoque ont été encodés dans un éditeur xml et une vingtaine de contextes illustrant la façon spécifique dont chacun des verbes évoque un cadre donné ont été annotés. Les étiquettes attribuées à chaque cadre sémantique (ex. [Compliance], [Verdict]) ont servi à relier certains termes synonymes, certains termes antonymes ainsi que des candidats équivalents. Parmi les 200 termes portugais et anglais regroupés en 76 cadres, 165 paires de candidats équivalents ont été identifiés. 71% des paires d‘équivalents sont des équivalents parfaits parce que les verbes évoquent le même scénario conceptuel, leurs structures actancielles sont identiques, les réalisations linguistiques de chacun des actants sont équivalentes, et les patrons syntaxiques des verbes sont similaires. 29% des paires d‘équivalents correspondent à des équivalents partiels parce qu‘ils ne remplissent pas tous ces critères. Au moyen d‘exemples, l‘étude illustre tous les cas de figure observés et termine en présentant les différentes façons dont les futurs utilisateurs peuvent consulter le JuriDiCo, la ressource lexicale qui a été compilée pendant ce projet.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia que agilize a construção de uma ferramenta no campo da Documentação. Trata-se da geração de uma base de dados terminológica com sustentação na terminologia utilizada pelo especialista em sua área de domínio. Ela se apóia nos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria da Enunciação, da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e da Socioterminologia. Com esse referencial acredita-se ser possível assegurar a efetiva comunicação entre os Sistemas de Recuperação de Informação e os usuários, sendo o bibliotecário o mediador do processo comunicativo que tem origem no autor do texto indexado. Buscou-se o suporte da Terminografia e da Lingüística de Corpus pela possibilidade de coletar, tratar e armazenar um grande volume de informações de uma determinada área do saber. / The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology by which the implementation of a tool in the field of Documentation can be optimized. It deals with a terminological database built on the terminology used by the specialist in his area. Its is backed by the underlying assumptions of the Theory of Enunciation, of the Communicative Theory of Terminology and of the Socioterminology. It is believed that, in this theoretical framework, it is possible to ensure effective communication between the Information Retrieval Systems and users, being the librarian the mediator of communicative process originated in the author of the indexed text. The research draws from resources of Terminography and Corpus Linguistics in order to operationalize the process of collecting, managing and storing a huge amount of information of a given knowledge field.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia que agilize a construção de uma ferramenta no campo da Documentação. Trata-se da geração de uma base de dados terminológica com sustentação na terminologia utilizada pelo especialista em sua área de domínio. Ela se apóia nos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria da Enunciação, da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e da Socioterminologia. Com esse referencial acredita-se ser possível assegurar a efetiva comunicação entre os Sistemas de Recuperação de Informação e os usuários, sendo o bibliotecário o mediador do processo comunicativo que tem origem no autor do texto indexado. Buscou-se o suporte da Terminografia e da Lingüística de Corpus pela possibilidade de coletar, tratar e armazenar um grande volume de informações de uma determinada área do saber. / The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology by which the implementation of a tool in the field of Documentation can be optimized. It deals with a terminological database built on the terminology used by the specialist in his area. Its is backed by the underlying assumptions of the Theory of Enunciation, of the Communicative Theory of Terminology and of the Socioterminology. It is believed that, in this theoretical framework, it is possible to ensure effective communication between the Information Retrieval Systems and users, being the librarian the mediator of communicative process originated in the author of the indexed text. The research draws from resources of Terminography and Corpus Linguistics in order to operationalize the process of collecting, managing and storing a huge amount of information of a given knowledge field.

Terminological equivalence is one of the central issues in translation. To secure equivalence in translations for special purpose languages, the translator has to structure the terms of a given text by reference to a conceptual system and thus identify - independently for both the source and target languages - the conceptual system in which a specific term is embedded. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are indispensable tools for any translator. However, due to the importance of the conceptual systems in specialised-language translation, a specialised dictionary has to fulfill higher requirements than general dictionaries. As a matter of fact, a dictionary suitable for specialised-language translation should follow an onomasiological rather than a semasiological approach to lexicography. In this paper, the author studies the basic requirements for a bilingual dictionary that is intended to be of practical use for specialised-language translation, taking a user's perspective when discussing the problem of equivalence between terms in two languages. This is based on selected concepts taken from the field of accounting (IAS/IFRS and national accounting rules) that are translated from German to Spanish and vice versa. While the dictionaries examined are generally well prepared, the study shows that none of them includes information necessary to a translator for ensuring a correct translation. / Series: WU Online Papers in International Business Communication

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia que agilize a construção de uma ferramenta no campo da Documentação. Trata-se da geração de uma base de dados terminológica com sustentação na terminologia utilizada pelo especialista em sua área de domínio. Ela se apóia nos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria da Enunciação, da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e da Socioterminologia. Com esse referencial acredita-se ser possível assegurar a efetiva comunicação entre os Sistemas de Recuperação de Informação e os usuários, sendo o bibliotecário o mediador do processo comunicativo que tem origem no autor do texto indexado. Buscou-se o suporte da Terminografia e da Lingüística de Corpus pela possibilidade de coletar, tratar e armazenar um grande volume de informações de uma determinada área do saber. / The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology by which the implementation of a tool in the field of Documentation can be optimized. It deals with a terminological database built on the terminology used by the specialist in his area. Its is backed by the underlying assumptions of the Theory of Enunciation, of the Communicative Theory of Terminology and of the Socioterminology. It is believed that, in this theoretical framework, it is possible to ensure effective communication between the Information Retrieval Systems and users, being the librarian the mediator of communicative process originated in the author of the indexed text. The research draws from resources of Terminography and Corpus Linguistics in order to operationalize the process of collecting, managing and storing a huge amount of information of a given knowledge field.

Em uma de suas definções, a Terminologia representa o conjunto de princípios e métodos adotados no processo de gestão e criação de produtos terminológicos, tais como glossários e dicionários de termos. A sistematização desses métodos envolve a aplicação de ferramentas computacionais específicas e compatíveis com as tarefas terminológicas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento desses produtos e a difusão de conhecimento especializado. Entretanto, principalmente no Brasil, a combinação da Terminologia e Informática é incipiente, e dentre as atividades do trabalho terminológico é comum a utilização de várias ferramentas não especializados para esse fim. Isso torna o trabalho dos terminólogos muito moroso, pois esse trabalho geralmente é feito por uma equipe multidisciplinar que deve ter acesso, a todo o momento, à versão mais atual das várias etapas da geração de um produto terminológico. Além disso, deixa o gerenciamento dos dados mais complicado, pois não existe um padrão de entrada e saída definido para os programas. Apoiado nos pressupostos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT), este trabalho apresenta a proposta de desenvolvimento e avaliação do e- Termos, um Ambiente ColaborativoWeb composto por seis módulos de trabalho bem definidos, cujo propósito é automatizar as tarefas de gestão e criação de produtos terminológicos. Cada módulo do e-Termos possui a responsabilidade de abrigar tarefas inerentes ao processo de criação das terminologias, sendo atreladas a eles diferentes ferramentas de apoio lingüístico, que possuem a função de dar suporte às atividades de Processamento de Língua Natural envolvidas nesse processo. Além delas, há também ferramentas colaborativas, designadas para dar apoio às necessidades comunicacionais e de interação da equipe de trabalho. Particularmente com relação ao processo de avaliação proposto, uma de suas características é a capacidade de ser executado em um tempo curto, viabilizando a avaliação controlada de vários grupos, mas executada no ambiente de trabalho do público alvo. As principais contribuições desta pesquisa são o aspecto colaborativo instanciado na prática terminológica, a criação flexível da Ficha Terminológica, a possibilidade didática de uso para o ensino de terminologia, lexicografia e tradução e o processo de avaliação para sistemas colaborativos desenvolvido para o e-Termos, que combina Cenários de Uso e um Questionário de Pesquisa. Utilizando tecnologias Web e da área de Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) para o desenvolvimento da sua arquitetura computacional colaborativa, o e-Termos apresenta-se como um ambiente inovador para a pesquisa terminolóogica assistida por computador, pois automatiza um método prático que exp~oe os postulados da terminologia de orientação descritiva e evidencia todas as etapas do processo de criação de produtos terminológicos com o inédito diferencial colaborativo. Para certificar este êxito, o e-Termos tem recebido um número crescente de novas propostas de projeto, tendo até Agosto de 2009 mais de 130 usuários cadastrados, alocados em 68 diferentes projetos terminológicos / In one of its definitions, Terminology represents the set of principles and methods adopted in the creation and management of terminological products as glossaries and dictionaries of terms. A systematization of these methods includes the application of specific computational tools, compatible with terminological tasks, which contribute to developing such products and disseminating expert knowledge. However, especially in Brazil, the combination of Terminology and Computer Science is still incipient, and to perform the tasks of a terminological work it is typical to employ several nonspecialized tools, which make terminologists\' work very time-consuming, since it is usually carried out by a multidisciplinary team that should have access, all the time, to the latest versions of the various stages of the generation of a terminological product. Moreover, it makes data management more complex, because there is no input/output standard defined for programs. Based on the presuppositions of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), this thesis proposes the development and evaluation of e-Termos, a Web Collaborative Environment composed of six well-defined working modules, whose purpose is to automatize tasks for creating and managing terminological products. Each module in e- Termos is responsible for tasks inherent to the process of creating terminologies. Linked to these modules, there are different linguistic support tools that assist the Natural Language Processing activities included in the process. Besides them, there are also collaborative tools for supporting the communication and interaction needs of team members. As far as the proposed evaluation process is concerned, one of its features is that it can be run in a short time, making viable a controlled evaluation of several groups that is, however, run in the work environment of the target audience. The main contributions of this research are the collaborative aspect instantiated in terminological practice, the exible creation of Terminological Records, the possibility of being used for teaching terminology, lexicography and translation, and the evaluation of collaborative systems developed for e-Termos, which combines Scenario-based Evaluations and Surveys. Using Web technologies and Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) to develop its collaborative computational architecture, e-Termos is an innovative environment for computer-assisted terminological research, since it automatizes a useful method that represents the postulates of descriptive terminology and highlights all stages of the process of creating terminological products with the unprecedented collaborative differential. Confirming its success, e-Termos has been receiving a growing number of new project proposals, and in August 2009 has more than 130 registered users in 68 different terminological projects

Le présent travail se donne comme objectif de proposer une méthode de description complète des unités terminologiques du domaine du droit de l’Internet. Il s’agit d’un modèle hybride permettant de refléter à la fois la dimension linguistique et conceptuelle des termes et plus précisément, les relations lexico-sémantiques et les liens conceptuels que ces derniers entretiennent avec d’autres unités terminologiques et lexicales appartenant au vocabulaire du domaine et ceci par le biais de leur comportement dans l’univers discursif. Le projet, que nous avons baptisé DITerm, s’inscrit donc dans une démarche résolument descriptive dont l’ambition est de rendre compte des usages observés dans la langue de spécialité donnée. Le modèle en question est créé à partir d’un corpus de textes juridiques d’environ 5 000 000 mots et doit servir de base à la conception d’un dictionnaire spécialisé d’encodage destiné aux traducteurs dont la langue de travail est le français. Le terme, tel qu’il est envisagé dans le cadre de cette étude, constitue une unité à dimensions multiples qui doit être considérée sous différents angles. Sa description est donc basée sur l’analyse de ses relations lexicales, conceptuelles et contextuelles et s’inspire largement des modèles lexicographiques. Le projet DITerm a pour arrière-plan théorique la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire, composante lexicologique de la théorie Sens-Texte (Mel’čuk et al. 1995) ainsi que la théorie des cadres et ses différentes applications (Minsky, Fillmore, Martin). La méthodologie adoptée dans ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre de la linguistique de corpus (Sinclair). Le modèle DITerm propose de décrire chaque terme comme le centre d’une constellation autour de laquelle gravitent de nombreux termes coordonnés formant ce que Cornu (2002) appelle des familles opérationnelles. Pour modéliser les relations que partage le terme vedette avec les unités qui ont tendance à apparaître dans son univers contextuel, nous avons recours à des formules explicites fondées sur un métalangage compréhensible pour tous. Ce formalisme, basé sur la paraphrase, correspond en partie à la vulgarisation des fonctions lexicales. Il présente par ailleurs l’avantage de pouvoir s’adapter à la représentation des liens d’ordre conceptuel. Deplus, la description est enrichie par la mise en place d’un modèle d’annotation des contextes au moyen des cadres sémantiques à la FrameNet permettant de mettre en évidence les liens indirects entretenus par les termes / The aim of this work is to propose a holistic description of terminological units in the field of Internet law, based on a hybrid model that reflectis both the linguistic and the conceptual dimension of terms. To be more precise, this model aims to point out the lexical-semantic relationships and conceptual links that those terms maintain with other terminological and lexical units belonging to the Internet law vocabulary, by studying their behavior in the discursive universe. The project (which we call DITerm) is part of a descriptive approach whose ambition is to explain observed usage in the specialized language at hand. The model was created using acorpus made up of legal texts which totals about 5 000,000 words. The model will be used as the basis for the conception of a specialized encoding dictionary. This dictionary is intended for translators with French language as their working language. The term, as it is viewed in this study, is a multi-dimensional unity which should be considered from many angles. Its description is hence based on the analysis of its lexical, conceptual and contextual relationships which is widely inspired by lexicographical models. Thetheoretical background of the DITerm project is Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, the lexicological component of Meaning-Text Theory (Mel’čuk et al. 1995). We also draw inspiration from the frame theory and its different applications (Minsky’s Frame System Theory,Fillmore’s Frame Semantics). The methodology adopted in this project fits into the framework of corpus linguistics (Sinclair).The DITerm model proposes to describe each term as the center of a constellation around which several coordinated terms gravitate, creating what Cornu (2002) calls operational families. In order to model the relationships the term shares with the units which tend to appear in its contextual universe, we rely on several explicit formulas based on a broadly comprehensible metalanguage. This formalism, which is based on paraphrase, correlates partly with the popularization of the lexical functions. On the other hand, it has the advantage of adapting to the representation of conceptual links. In addition, the description is enriched by the implementation of an annotation model of the contexts in which the terms occur, which makes it possible to account for indirect links that are maintained by terms. This annotation model is an application of the FrameNet methodology.

(in English) The presented master's thesis deals with the subject of terminology management and includes a case study carried out in collaboration with the professional association Jednota tlumočníků a překladatelů (Union of Interpreters and Translators, JTP). In the first part, the theoretical principles of terminology in general are described and the basic aspects of terminology management with the focus on terminological databases are presented. The reader is also briefly familiarized with terminology work at the EU level and some selected projects. The first part shall serve as the basis for the second part, which is of empirical nature and reflects findings discovered during the development of a database using the SDL MultiTerm 2015 software and glossaries provided by the JTP. In this part, the diploma candidate describes each step taken during the development and provides commentary on specific issues and their solutions. Finally, the experiences gained through the project are confronted with the theory and future prospects are outlined.