In the master thesis a terminological glossary of energy economics was developed. Actuality of the research is determined by the necessity to compile a logically structured glossary of the energy economy, corresponding to the current developmentsin this industry, and very fragmented information relating to it. The object of the research is the German-language terminological units of the subject area energy economy (Gr.: ENERGIEWIRTSCHAFT) with translation into Russian. Theoretical significance: extensive materials related to the problems of the classification of terminology and the development of a glossarywas analyzed and systematized, a sequential algorithm for working on its compilationwas also described. Practical significance is based on the fact that the developed glossary performs both informational and educational functions, so it can be used in working with students of language specialties in practical classes on the translation of special texts. / В магистерской диссертации разработан терминологический глоссарий экономики энергетики. Актуальность темы определяется необходимостью составления логически структурированного глоссария экономики энергетики, соответствующего актуальному развитию данной отрасли, и весьма разрозненной информацией, относящейся к ней. Объектом исследования являются немецкоязычные терминологические единицы предметной области ENERGIEWIRTSCHAFT/ ЭКОНОМИКА ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ с переводом на русский язык. Теоретическая значимость: в работе произведены анализ и систематизация обширного материала, связанного с проблемами классификации терминологии и разработки глоссария, а также описан последовательный алгоритм работы над его составлением. Практическая значимость основана на том, что разработанный глоссарий выполняет как информационную, так и учебную функции, поэтому он может быть использован в работе со студентами языковых специальностей на практических занятиях по переводу специальных текстов.

Магистерская работа посвящена систематизации терминологической системы молекулярной генетики агрономии и зоотехнии и созданию англо-русского глоссария терминологии данной области знания. В работе представлена теоретическая база исследования, включающая публикации в области терминоведения и терминографии; проведена классификация терминологической системы и описан алгоритм разработки глоссария. / The master's thesis is devoted to systematization of terminological system of molecular genetics in agronomy and zootechnics and development of English-Russian glossary of terminology in this field. The paper presents the theoretical basis of the study, including publications in the field of terminology and terminography; a classification of the terminological system is made and the algorithm for developing a glossary is described.

The notion of a most specific consequence with respect to some terminological box is introduced, conditions for its existence in the description logic EL and its variants are provided, and means for its computation are developed. Algebraic properties of most specific consequences are explored. Furthermore, several applications that make use of this new notion are proposed and, in particular, it is shown how given terminological knowledge can be incorporated in existing approaches for the axiomatization of observations. For instance, a procedure for an incremental learning of concept inclusions from sequences of interpretations is developed.

Description logic knowledge bases can be used to represent knowledge about a particular domain in a formal and unambiguous manner. Their practical relevance has been shown in many research areas, especially in biology and the semantic web. However, the tasks of constructing knowledge bases itself, often performed by human experts, is difficult, time-consuming and expensive. In particular the synthesis of terminological knowledge is a challenge every expert has to face. Because human experts cannot be omitted completely from the construction of knowledge bases, it would therefore be desirable to at least get some support from machines during this process. To this end, we shall investigate in this work an approach which shall allow us to extract terminological knowledge in the form of general concept inclusions from factual data, where the data is given in the form of vertex and edge labeled graphs. As such graphs appear naturally within the scope of the Semantic Web in the form of sets of RDF triples, the presented approach opens up the possibility to extract terminological knowledge from the Linked Open Data Cloud. We shall also present first experimental results showing that our approach has the potential to be useful for practical applications.

Probabilistic interpretations consist of a set of interpretations with a shared domain and a measure assigning a probability to each interpretation. Such structures can be obtained as results of repeated experiments, e.g., in biology, psychology, medicine, etc. A translation between probabilistic and crisp description logics is introduced and then utilised to reduce the construction of a base of general concept inclusions of a probabilistic interpretation to the crisp case for which a method for the axiomatisation of a base of GCIs is well-known.

La representació conceptual en terminologia: l'atribució temàtica en els bancs de dades terminològiques, tesi doctoral defensada el desembre de 2005 a l'Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revisa la noció d'àrea temàtica i d'adscripció temàtica dels termes a través de la seva representació en els BDT; demostra, amb un treball empíric, les insuficiències d'aquesta representació, tant des del punt de vista de l'adequació als principis teòrics de la terminologia, com des del punt de vista de l'eficiència dels bancs per respondre a les consultes que reben; proporciona una explicació del funcionament de la variació conceptual de les unitats considerades homònimes en els BDT, i elabora una primera proposta de representació alternativa que dóna resposta a algunes de les insuficiències detectades. / La representació conceptual en terminologia: l'atribució temàtica en els bancs de dades terminològiques, tesis doctoral defendida en diciembre de 2005 en el Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revisa la noción de área temática y de adscripción temática de los términos a través de su representación en los BDT; demuestra, con un trabajo empírico, las insuficiencias de esta representación, tanto desde el punto de vista de la adecuación a los principios teóricos de la terminología, como desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia de los bancos para responder a las consultas que reciben; proporciona una explicación del funcionamiento de la variación conceptual de las unidades consideradas homónimas en los BDT, y elabora una primera propuesta de representación alternativa que da respuesta a algunas de las insuficiencias detectadas. / Conceptual representation in terminology - the attribution of subject field to specialized terms in terminological databanks is a Ph.D. read in December 2005 at the Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. This dissertation revisits the notion of subject field and the principles and criteria of thematic attribution of the concepts stored in TDB. The empirical work carried out in this dissertation has shown up the weaknesses of such issue, both from the standpoint of complying with the theoretical principles of terminology as well as that of the efficacy of databanks to answer the queries received. Furthermore, an explanation of conceptual variation of units considered homonymous in BDT is provided. Finally, a draft offering an alternative representation is put forward to rectify this situation.

Questo lavoro presenta uno studio comparativo dei principali caratteri della terminologia specialistica della Smart City in lingua francese, italiana e inglese, e si propone di approfondire la conoscenza dell’ambito disciplinare in analisi. Viene adottato un modello descrittivo ampio, fondato su diversi approcci metodologici. Lo studio è articolato in tre parti, precedute da una premessa dedicata all’analisi diacronica del termine urbanisme. La prima sezione ha lo scopo di delineare e definire il concetto di Smart City, con particolare riguardo alle motivazioni dell’emergere di tale modello urbano all’inizio del XXI secolo, ai principali soggetti coinvolti nella sua realizzazione e al contenuto semantico-retorico che nel tempo ha acquisito l’aggettivo smart, epiteto tutt’altro che neutro o alla moda. Successivamente vengono esaminate la neologia specialistica e le politiche linguistiche romanze: dopo i riferimenti teorici, si procede alla verifica delle potenzialità neologiche delle lingue francese e italiana in relazione alle neoformazioni inglesi nel settore specifico della Smart City. Infine, la terza parte è dedicata alla costruzione di una risorsa terminologica – un glossario plurilingue, allegato al lavoro – intesa come contributo alla definizione e alla divulgazione del concetto di Smart City. In conclusione, si ripercorrono i risultati salienti della ricerca e si delineano ulteriori prospettive di indagine. / This work presents a comparative study of the main features of Smart City terminology in French, Italian and English, and it aims at deepening the knowledge of the disciplinary field analysed. A broad descriptive model is adopted, based on several methodological approaches. The study is divided into three parts, preceded by a preface with the diachronic analysis of the French term urbanisme. The first section aims at outlining and defining the Smart City concept, with particular emphasis on the causes of the emergence of this urban model at the beginning of the 21st century, its main stakeholders, and the semantic-rhetoric content of the adjective smart, which is far from being a neutral or fashionable label. Then, terminological neology and normalization in the Romance languages are investigated: the theoretical framework is followed by the study of the neological potential of French and Italian compared to the new English terms appearing in the Smart City domain. Finally, the third part focuses on realizing a terminological resource – a multilingual glossary, in annex – which is designed as a contribution to the definition and dissemination of the Smart City concept. The conclusion includes the main research outcomes and further perspectives of study.

La description des termes dans les ressources terminologiques traditionnelles se limite à certaines informations, comme le terme (principalement nominal), sa définition et son équivalent dans une langue étrangère. Cette description donne rarement d’autres informations qui peuvent être très utiles pour l’utilisateur, surtout s’il consulte les ressources dans le but d’approfondir ses connaissances dans un domaine de spécialité, maitriser la rédaction professionnelle ou trouver des contextes où le terme recherché est réalisé. Les informations pouvant être utiles dans ce sens comprennent la description de la structure actancielle des termes, des contextes provenant de sources authentiques et l’inclusion d’autres parties du discours comme les verbes. Les verbes et les noms déverbaux, ou les unités terminologiques prédicatives (UTP), souvent ignorés par la terminologie classique, revêtent une grande importance lorsqu’il s’agit d’exprimer une action, un processus ou un évènement. Or, la description de ces unités nécessite un modèle de description terminologique qui rend compte de leurs particularités. Un certain nombre de terminologues (Condamines 1993, Mathieu-Colas 2002, Gross et Mathieu-Colas 2001 et L’Homme 2012, 2015) ont d’ailleurs proposé des modèles de description basés sur différents cadres théoriques. Notre recherche consiste à proposer une méthodologie de description terminologique des UTP de la langue arabe, notamment l’arabe standard moderne (ASM), selon la théorie de la Sémantique des cadres (Frame Semantics) de Fillmore (1976, 1977, 1982, 1985) et son application, le projet FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010). Le domaine de spécialité qui nous intéresse est l’informatique. Dans notre recherche, nous nous appuyons sur un corpus recueilli du web et nous nous inspirons d’une ressource terminologique existante, le DiCoInfo (L’Homme 2008), pour compiler notre propre ressource. Nos objectifs se résument comme suit. Premièrement, nous souhaitons jeter les premières bases d’une version en ASM de cette ressource. Cette version a ses propres particularités : 1) nous visons des unités bien spécifiques, à savoir les UTP verbales et déverbales; 2) la méthodologie développée pour la compilation du DiCoInfo original devra être adaptée pour prendre en compte une langue sémitique. Par la suite, nous souhaitons créer une version en cadres de cette ressource, où nous regroupons les UTP dans des cadres sémantiques, en nous inspirant du modèle de FrameNet. À cette ressource, nous ajoutons les UTP anglaises et françaises, puisque cette partie du travail a une portée multilingue. La méthodologie consiste à extraire automatiquement les unités terminologiques verbales et nominales (UTV et UTN), comme Ham~ala (حمل) (télécharger) et taHmiyl (تحميل) (téléchargement). Pour ce faire, nous avons adapté un extracteur automatique existant, TermoStat (Drouin 2004). Ensuite, à l’aide des critères de validation terminologique (L’Homme 2004), nous validons le statut terminologique d’une partie des candidats. Après la validation, nous procédons à la création de fiches terminologiques, à l’aide d’un éditeur XML, pour chaque UTV et UTN retenue. Ces fiches comprennent certains éléments comme la structure actancielle des UTP et jusqu’à vingt contextes annotés. La dernière étape consiste à créer des cadres sémantiques à partir des UTP de l’ASM. Nous associons également des UTP anglaises et françaises en fonction des cadres créés. Cette association a mené à la création d’une ressource terminologique appelée « DiCoInfo : A Framed Version ». Dans cette ressource, les UTP qui partagent les mêmes propriétés sémantiques et structures actancielles sont regroupées dans des cadres sémantiques. Par exemple, le cadre sémantique Product_development regroupe des UTP comme Taw~ara (طور) (développer), to develop et développer. À la suite de ces étapes, nous avons obtenu un total de 106 UTP ASM compilées dans la version en ASM du DiCoInfo et 57 cadres sémantiques associés à ces unités dans la version en cadres du DiCoInfo. Notre recherche montre que l’ASM peut être décrite avec la méthodologie que nous avons mise au point. / The description of terms in traditional terminological resources is limited to certain details, such as the term (which is usually a noun), its definition, and its equivalent. This description seldom takes into account other details, which can be of high importance for the users, especially if they consult resources to enhance their knowledge of the domain, to improve professional writing, or to find contexts where the term is realized. The information that might be useful includes the description of the actantial structure of the terms, contexts from authentic resources and the inclusion of other parts of speech such as verbs. Verbs and deverbal nouns, or predicative terminological units (PTUs), which are often ignored by traditional terminology, are of great importance especially for expressing actions, processes or events. But the description of these units requires a model of terminological description that takes into account their special features. Some terminologists (Condamines 1993, Mathieu-Colas 2002, Gross et Mathieu-Colas 2001 et L’Homme 2012, 2015) proposed description models based on different theoretical frameworks. Our research consists of proposing a methodology of terminological description of PTUs of the Arabic language, in particular Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), according to the theory of Frame Semantics of Fillmore (1976, 1977, 1982, 1985) and its application, the FrameNet project (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010). The specialized domain in which we are interested is computing. In our research, we compiled a corpus that we collected from online material and we based our method on an existing online terminological resource called the DiCoInfo (L’Homme 2008) in our pursuit to compile our own. Our objectives are the following. First, we will lay the foundations of an MSA version of the aforementioned resource. This version has its own features: 1) we target specific units, namely verbal and deverbal PTUs; 2) the developed methodology for the compilation of the original DiCoInfo should be adapted to take into account a Semitic language. Afterwards, we will create a framed version of this resource. In this version, we organize the PTUs in semantic frames according to the model of FrameNet. Since this frame version has a multilingual dimension, we add English and French PTUs to the resource. Our methodology consists of automatically extracting the verbal and nominal terminological units (VTUs and NTUs) such as Ham~ala (حمل) (download). To do this, we integrated the MSA to an existing automatic extractor, TermoStat (Drouin 2004). Then, with the help of terminological validation criteria, we validate the terminological status of the candidates. After the validation, we create terminological files with an XML editor for each VTU and NTU. These files contain elements, such as the actantial structure of the PTUs and up to 20 annotated contexts. The last step consists of creating semantic frames from the MSA PTUs. We also associate English and French PTUs to the created frames. This association resulted in the creation of a second terminological resource called “DiCoInfo: A Framed Version”. In this resource, the PTUs that share the same semantic features and actantial structures are organized in semantic frames. For example, the semantic frame Product_development groups PTUs such as Taw~ara (طور) (develop), to develop and développer. As a result of our methodology, we obtained a total of 106 PTUs in MSA compiled in the MSA version of DiCoInfo and 57 semantic frames associated to these units in the framed version. Our research shows that the MSA can be described using the methodology that we set up.

This given thesis addresses the terminology of Visual Arts in the large bilingual dictionary and provides a reflection on the problem of terminology. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part gives definitions of language for special purposes, language for general purposes, term, terminology, synonymy, equivalence or terminological dictionary. The second part of the thesis analyses the given dictionary entries of the Visual Arts from the linguistic, terminological and lexicographical point of view in the large bilingual dictionary.

Aujourd'hui, la communauté scientifique a l'opportunité de partager des connaissances et d'accéder à de nouvelles informations à travers les documents publiés et stockés dans les bases en ligne du web. Dans ce contexte, la valorisation des données disponibles reste un défi majeur pour permettre aux experts de les réutiliser et les analyser afin de produire de la connaissance du domaine. Pour être valorisées, les données pertinentes doivent être extraites des documents puis structurées. Nos travaux s'inscrivent dans la problématique de la capitalisation des données expérimentales issues des articles scientifiques, sélectionnés dans des bases en ligne, afin de les réutiliser dans des outils d'aide à la décision. Les mesures expérimentales (par exemple, la perméabilité à l'oxygène d'un emballage ou le broyage d'une biomasse) réalisées sur différents objets d'études (par exemple, emballage ou procédé de bioraffinerie) sont représentées sous forme de relations n-aires dans une Ressource Termino-Ontologique (RTO). La RTO est modélisée pour représenter les relations n-aires en associant une partie terminologique et/ou linguistique aux ontologies afin d'établir une distinction claire entre la manifestation linguistique (le terme) et la notion qu'elle dénote (le concept). La thèse a pour objectif de proposer une contribution méthodologique d'extraction automatique ou semi-automatique d'arguments de relations n-aires provenant de documents textuels afin de peupler la RTO avec de nouvelles instances. Les méthodologies proposées exploitent et adaptent conjointement des approches de Traitement automatique de la Langue (TAL) et de fouille de données, le tout s'appuyant sur le support sémantique apporté par la RTO de domaine. De manière précise, nous cherchons, dans un premier temps, à extraire des termes, dénotant les concepts d'unités de mesure, réputés difficiles à identifier du fait de leur forte variation typographique dans les textes. Après la localisation de ces derniers par des méthodes de classification automatique, les variants d'unités sont identifiés en utilisant des mesures d'édition originales. La seconde contribution méthodologique de nos travaux repose sur l'adaptation et la combinaison de méthodes de fouille de données (extraction de motifs et règles séquentiels) et d'analyse syntaxique pour identifier les instances d'arguments de la relation n-aire recherchée. / Today, a huge amount of data is made available to the research community through several web-based libraries. Enhancing data collected from scientific documents is a major challenge in order to analyze and reuse efficiently domain knowledge. To be enhanced, data need to be extracted from documents and structured in a common representation using a controlled vocabulary as in ontologies. Our research deals with knowledge engineering issues of experimental data, extracted from scientific articles, in order to reuse them in decision support systems. Experimental data can be represented by n-ary relations which link a studied object (e.g. food packaging, transformation process) with its features (e.g. oxygen permeability in packaging, biomass grinding) and capitalized in an Ontological and Terminological Ressource (OTR). An OTR associates an ontology with a terminological and/or a linguistic part in order to establish a clear distinction between the term and the notion it denotes (the concept). Our work focuses on n-ary relation extraction from scientific documents in order to populate a domain OTR with new instances. Our contributions are based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) together with data mining approaches guided by the domain OTR. More precisely, firstly, we propose to focus on unit of measure extraction which are known to be difficult to identify because of their typographic variations. We propose to rely on automatic classification of texts, using supervised learning methods, to reduce the search space of variants of units, and then, we propose a new similarity measure that identifies them, taking into account their syntactic properties. Secondly, we propose to adapt and combine data mining methods (sequential patterns and rules mining) and syntactic analysis in order to overcome the challenging process of identifying and extracting n-ary relation instances drowned in unstructured texts.