This thesis provides a qualitative research of asylum seeking of unaccompanied children in Sweden. Children who find themselves traveling borders without company of a family member are in a very vulnerable position. In this thesis, the experience of unaccompanied children undergoing an asylum process in the Swedish jurisdiction is presented and the consequences of this process are also presented. With the creation of territorial boundaries embodied with an institution of state sovereignty, unaccompanied children finds themselves in a position of statelessness which produces a situation of rightlessness as they find themselves outside their own territories. This research suggests that, the territorial system provides great examples of unaccompanied children in a situation of statelessness even when they find themselves inside a new community. Even in this new state they do not automatically gain access to the community, instead through migration system, they must undergo investigations and procedures to prove that they have the rights to belong to that current community, a procedure that contributes to stress and other negative factors to the health of these children. From the findings of the interviews with unaccompanied children undergoing the process of seeking asylum and also unaccompanied children in hiding, it is seen that the asylum seeking process in the condition of unaccompanied children is characterized by the paradoxical system of national states, territorialism, totalitarianism, state sovereignty and an effort of maintaining human rights. The suggestion is that, the paradigm of territorialism and state sovereignty deprives unaccompanied children from what one in the Arendtian sense would call the right to have rights. As their journey to a new community starts off as a position of statelessness and with a 50% chance of returning back to that position. Their position slowly emerges from unaccompanied children, to a stateless adultescence and lastly to a forgotten undocumented adult.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-16T13:02:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_FELIPE_Biblioteca.pdf: 2170000 bytes, checksum: af1703db79d97fbe8ce2535a90aa2574 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T13:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_FELIPE_Biblioteca.pdf: 2170000 bytes, checksum: af1703db79d97fbe8ce2535a90aa2574 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / CNPq / No Brasil os estudos um dos principais focos dos estudos etológicos com peixes recifais é a espécie Stegastes fuscus (Cuvier, 1830); a mais representativa em abundância e frequência nos recifes rasos de Pernambuco. Neste contexto, este estudo teve por objetivos; (1) descrever o repertório comportamental de S. fuscus, criando etogramas descritivos e ilustrados com todos os comportamentos observados, e (2) analisar o comportamento de defesa territorial da espécie. Dez horas de observações preliminares e 68h de observações ad libitum e animal focal, e 20h de experimento in situ foram realizadas nos recifes naturais da praia de Porto de Galinhas, Ipojuca. Três áreas foram escolhias por suas características diferentes: (1) ponto do Fundo Recifal, (2) ponto da Praia, (3) ponto do Topo Recifal. As observações geraram um etograma com nove categorias comportamentais motoras: natação, alimentação, defecação, limpeza de território, limpeza do corpo, saída do território, interação social, abrigo, agonístico; e duas sonoras: pop e burr. O ponto do fundo recifal foi o de menor densidade de S. fuscus, com 0,3 peixes/m², e onde se encontraram os maiores territórios (1,45 m² em média). Os maiores valores de densidade, cobertura e locas foram encontrados no ponto da Palythoa. As regressões obtidas para o comprimento dos indivíduos e as variáveis avaliadas mostraram tendência para a relação entre o comprimento dos indivíduos e o número de locas, no ponto do fundo. Provavelmente neste pontoo mais importante para os peixes é a presença de abrigo. Foram registrados peixes afastando-se quase 10 m de seus territórios. Pode-se afirmar que área de vida da espécie está associada ao ambiente ao redor. A taxa de alimentação diminuiu conforme aumentou o número de interações agonística. O número de atos alimentares por minuto só diminuiu de forma significativa quando houve mais de dois atos agonísticos. Este ponto representa um limiar que define até onde é vantajoso para o peixe manter a defesa de territórios. Durante as observações experimentaisforam identificados sete padrões de reação aos objetos. São elas: evitar, não interagir, observar e sair, observar e aproximar-se aos poucos, observar e examinar, observar e ameaçar com display, e observar e expulsar. As diferentes respostas demonstram como o comportamento territorialista da espécie está tão associado às variações individuais e às ambientais. O presente estudo identificou três padrões comportamentais que não foram descritos anteriormente em estudos comportamentais com a família Pomacentridae. / In Brazil the major focus of ethological studies on reef fishes is Stegastes fuscus (Cuvier, 1830); the most representative fish species in abundance and frequency in the shallow reefs of Pernambuco. In this context, this study aimed; (1) describe the behavioral repertoire of S. fuscus, creating descriptive and illustrated ethograms with all the observed behaviors, and (2) to analyze the territorial defense behavior of the species. Ten hours of preliminary observations, 68h of ad libitum and focal animal observations and 20h of in situ experiment were performed on the natural reefs of Porto de Galinhas, Ipojuca. Three areas were chosen by their different characteristics: (1) Reef bottom site, (2) Beach site, (3) Reef flat site. The observations resulted in an ethogram with nine motor behavioral categories: swimming, feeding, defecation, territory maintenance, chafe, leaving the territory, social interaction, shelter antagonistic; and 2 sound: pop and burr. The point of the reef bottom has the lowest density of S. fuscus, with 0.3 fish / m², and where the larger territories were found (1.45 m² on average). The highest density, coverage and hollows values were found at the reef flat. The regressions obtained for the length of the individuals and the variables evaluated tended to find a relationship between the length of individuals and the number of hollows the reef bottom. Probably it’s more important for the fish the presence of shelter. Fish were recorded almost 10 m away of their territories. The home range of the species is associated with the environment around. The feed rate decreased as the number of agonistic interactions increased. The number of feeding acts per minute only decreased significantly when there were more than two agonistic actions per minute. This point is a threshold that defines how far it is advantageous for the fish to keep the protection areas. During the experiment it were identified seven reaction patterns to objects. They are: prevent, not interact, observe and leave, observe and approach slowly, observe and examine, observe and frontal display, and observe and leave. The different responses demonstrate how territorial behavior of the species is associated with individual and environmental variations. This study identified three behavioral patterns that have not been described previously in behavioral studies with the Pomacentridae family.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The focus of this study is on territorialism and restructure of the capital in countryside and the way they have changed work relationships in rural zone of Itabaiana-SE. In order to carry out the research, we consider the historical process which help us understanding what we are living nowadays, and what is up to come, from our daily building of History. The development of Capitalism and its restructure have brought some changes in social and production relationships. The increasing of modernization in agriculture and the investments in technology have increased hardness for the countryman to keep in countryside only by his rural working. The capitalists, when do not pull countrymen up from their great mean of production, the earth, keep them on it, but without providing fair conditions of working, nor even supporting for the countrymen to cultivate in their own earth. However, there is a false idea of encouragement by the State, which shows up like support to the countrymen through public policies, but without bringing any effective benefits, just making them to search for other living strategies which are not their rural working. And in the face of the needing for searching alternatives to keep countrymen in their belonging place, we analyze the precariousness in work relationships and the exploration of familiar workforce they have to face, besides intensification of migration from rural to urban zones, from rural to rural ones and temporary migrations. For the ones who stay in countryside, facing the growing of misery, indigence and poverty levels, the alternative has been the helping working, specially non agricultural one. Through these changes, we try to understand, in the municipal district of Itabaiana, the resistance of campestral living, how they overcome crisis, even facing bad situations to its reproduction. In the face of this, the restructure of the capital changes, to a certain extent, the work relationship and the way the countryman deal with earth, but it does not change the particularities of the rural man who resists and keep himself active as a social subject. However, we see Geography as a science which is able to uncover the spaces between what is only appearance and what is real, no matter if it is in rural or urban areas. / O cerne deste estudo está na territorialização e reestruturação do capital no meio rural e as mudanças nas relações de trabalho que estes trouxeram para o campo, no município de Itabaiana-SE. Para realizarmos a pesquisa, levamos em consideração os processos históricos que dão respaldo para entendermos o que vivenciamos hoje, e o que está por vir, a partir da nossa construção diária da história. O desenvolvimento do capitalismo e sua re-estruturação no campo trouxeram, para este, algumas mudanças nas relações sociais e de produção. A crescente modernização agrícola e o investimento em tecnologia aumentaram a dificuldade do camponês para manter-se no campo apenas com seu trabalho na agricultura, pois, o capitalista, quando não os apartam do seu principal meio de produção, a terra, os mantêm na mesma, contudo, sem possibilitar condições dignas de trabalho, muito menos estímulo em relação ao cultivo na própria terra. Todavia, a falsa ideia de incentivo por parte do Estado, que se apresenta como o apoio ao camponês através das políticas públicas, não o beneficiando de fato, fazendo com que o mesmo busque outras estratégias de sobrevivência que não o trabalho agrícola. E, ante a necessidade de buscar alternativas para permanecer no campo, analisamos a precarização das relações de trabalho e a grande exploração da mão-deobra familiar vivenciada por estes, além da intensificação das migrações campo-cidade, campo-campo e migrações temporárias. Para os que permaneceram no campo, diante da miserabilidade cada vez mais crescente, com o aumento do nível de indigência e pobreza entre a população camponesa, a estratégia de reprodução social encontrada tem sido o trabalho acessório, em especial na forma de trabalho não-agrícola. A partir dessas mudanças ocorridas buscamos entender, no município de Itabaiana, a resistência do campesinato, como estes superam as crises mesmo diante de situações totalmente desfavoráveis à sua reprodução. Diante disso, a reestruturação do capital modifica, até certo ponto, as relações de trabalho e o modo do homem lidar com a terra sem, contudo, modificar as peculiaridades do ser camponês que resiste e mantêm-se ativo enquanto sujeito social. Contudo, vemos na geografia, uma ciência capaz de desvelar os espaços existentes entre o que são apenas aparências e o que de fato ocorre no meio, seja este urbano ou rural.

La faillite internationale est une matière complexe qui a donné lieu à un long et vif débat doctrinal entre les tenants des systèmes de la territorialité et de l'universalité. Une faillite est internationale lorsqu'elle met en présence un débiteur possédant des biens ou des créanciers dans plus d'un pays. Puisque la matière de faillite est souvent très différente d'un pays à l'autre, l'application du système de la pluralité, retenue dans la plupart des pays, soulève plusieurs problèmes particulièrement en ce qui concerne la coordination entre les diverses faillites et le manque de protection des créanciers, notamment parce qu'elle accorde des effets limités à la reconnaissance des procédures de faillite étrangères. En effet, en présence de procédures de faillite concurrentes il s'agit de répondre aux questions suivantes: quelle est la juridiction compétente pour ouvrir et organiser la faillite? Quelle est la loi applicable? Dans quels États cette faillite va-t-elle produire des effets? Dans le présent mémoire, il s'agit d'établir une comparaison entre le système canadien et le système européen en matière de faillite internationale. Le législateur canadien a récemment envisagé de modifier sa législation sur la faillite pour permettre une meilleure coopération internationale en matière de faillite internationale. Le projet canadien C-55 reprend pour l'essentiel les dispositions contenues dans la loi-type de la commission des Nations-Unis pour le droit commercial international (CNUDCI) sur «l'insolvabilité internationale». Ainsi, il permet de faciliter réellement la reconnaissance des décisions de faillite étrangères, il accorde une plus grande portée aux effets de cette reconnaissance et il prévoit une coordination des procédures multiples en établissant une «hiérarchisation» des procédures de faillite relativement semblable au système européen. Cependant, le projet canadien atteint moins bien l'objectif d'universalité que le Règlement européen 1346/2000 au niveau du traitement égalitaire entre les créanciers locaux et les créanciers étrangers. Si la loi-type offre à tous les États une utilité pratique considérable pour les nombreux cas de coopération internationale, l'harmonisation de la faillite internationale dépendra de son adoption dans les différentes législations. Bien que plusieurs pays aient inséré ce modèle dans leur législation sur la faillite, il n'est pas encore possible, à l'heure actuelle, de parler d'un droit international de la faillite. / International insolvency is a complex subject that has given rise to a long and sharp doctrinal debate between supporters of systems of territorialism and of universality. An insolvency is international where a debtor possesses goods or creditors in more than one country. Since the matter of bankruptcy is often very different from one country to another, the application of the system of plurality, which is retained in the majority of countries, raises several problems, particularly with regard to the coordination between several bankruptcies and the lack of protection of creditors, largely because plurality grants effects that are limited to the recognition of the foreign bankruptcy procedures. Indeed, in the presence of concurrent procedures of bankruptcy, the following questions must be addressed: Which is the court having jurisdiction to open and organize the bankruptcy? Which law is applicable? In which States will this bankruptcy produce effects? This thesis will establish a comparison between the Canadian system and the European system with respect to international bankruptcy. The Canadian legislator recently planned to modify its legislation on bankruptcy in order to better foster international co-operation in the realm of international bankruptcy. The Canadian Bill C-55 largely reiterates the provisions contained in the Model Law on cross border insolvency (UNCITRAL). Bill C-55 thus facilitates the recognition of foreign decisions of bankruptcy, it grants a greater scope to the effects of this recognition and it aims to coordinate multiple bankruptcy procedures by establishing a "hierarchisation" there of that is relatively similar to the European system. However, the Canadian project does not achieve the goal of universality as well as does the European regulation 1346/2000 with respect to equal treatment between local creditors and foreign creditors. If the Model Law offers all States the considerable practical utility for many incidences of international co-operation, the harmonization of international bankruptcy will depend on the adoption of the Model Law in various domestic legislations. Although several countries have inserted this model in their legislation on bankruptcy, it is not yet possible, at the present time, to speak of an international law of bankruptcy.

La faillite internationale est une matière complexe qui a donné lieu à un long et vif débat doctrinal entre les tenants des systèmes de la territorialité et de l'universalité. Une faillite est internationale lorsqu'elle met en présence un débiteur possédant des biens ou des créanciers dans plus d'un pays. Puisque la matière de faillite est souvent très différente d'un pays à l'autre, l'application du système de la pluralité, retenue dans la plupart des pays, soulève plusieurs problèmes particulièrement en ce qui concerne la coordination entre les diverses faillites et le manque de protection des créanciers, notamment parce qu'elle accorde des effets limités à la reconnaissance des procédures de faillite étrangères. En effet, en présence de procédures de faillite concurrentes il s'agit de répondre aux questions suivantes: quelle est la juridiction compétente pour ouvrir et organiser la faillite? Quelle est la loi applicable? Dans quels États cette faillite va-t-elle produire des effets? Dans le présent mémoire, il s'agit d'établir une comparaison entre le système canadien et le système européen en matière de faillite internationale. Le législateur canadien a récemment envisagé de modifier sa législation sur la faillite pour permettre une meilleure coopération internationale en matière de faillite internationale. Le projet canadien C-55 reprend pour l'essentiel les dispositions contenues dans la loi-type de la commission des Nations-Unis pour le droit commercial international (CNUDCI) sur «l'insolvabilité internationale». Ainsi, il permet de faciliter réellement la reconnaissance des décisions de faillite étrangères, il accorde une plus grande portée aux effets de cette reconnaissance et il prévoit une coordination des procédures multiples en établissant une «hiérarchisation» des procédures de faillite relativement semblable au système européen. Cependant, le projet canadien atteint moins bien l'objectif d'universalité que le Règlement européen 1346/2000 au niveau du traitement égalitaire entre les créanciers locaux et les créanciers étrangers. Si la loi-type offre à tous les États une utilité pratique considérable pour les nombreux cas de coopération internationale, l'harmonisation de la faillite internationale dépendra de son adoption dans les différentes législations. Bien que plusieurs pays aient inséré ce modèle dans leur législation sur la faillite, il n'est pas encore possible, à l'heure actuelle, de parler d'un droit international de la faillite. / International insolvency is a complex subject that has given rise to a long and sharp doctrinal debate between supporters of systems of territorialism and of universality. An insolvency is international where a debtor possesses goods or creditors in more than one country. Since the matter of bankruptcy is often very different from one country to another, the application of the system of plurality, which is retained in the majority of countries, raises several problems, particularly with regard to the coordination between several bankruptcies and the lack of protection of creditors, largely because plurality grants effects that are limited to the recognition of the foreign bankruptcy procedures. Indeed, in the presence of concurrent procedures of bankruptcy, the following questions must be addressed: Which is the court having jurisdiction to open and organize the bankruptcy? Which law is applicable? In which States will this bankruptcy produce effects? This thesis will establish a comparison between the Canadian system and the European system with respect to international bankruptcy. The Canadian legislator recently planned to modify its legislation on bankruptcy in order to better foster international co-operation in the realm of international bankruptcy. The Canadian Bill C-55 largely reiterates the provisions contained in the Model Law on cross border insolvency (UNCITRAL). Bill C-55 thus facilitates the recognition of foreign decisions of bankruptcy, it grants a greater scope to the effects of this recognition and it aims to coordinate multiple bankruptcy procedures by establishing a "hierarchisation" there of that is relatively similar to the European system. However, the Canadian project does not achieve the goal of universality as well as does the European regulation 1346/2000 with respect to equal treatment between local creditors and foreign creditors. If the Model Law offers all States the considerable practical utility for many incidences of international co-operation, the harmonization of international bankruptcy will depend on the adoption of the Model Law in various domestic legislations. Although several countries have inserted this model in their legislation on bankruptcy, it is not yet possible, at the present time, to speak of an international law of bankruptcy.