abstract: Drinking vinegar is a popularly discussed remedy for relieving heartburn symptom, as can be read on many websites; however, there has been no scientific research or theory to support its efficacy. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over research study tested the efficacy of the organic apple cider vinegar, with mother, on alleviation of the heartburn symptom related to Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). A minimum of one week separated the four trial arms: chili (placebo), antacid after chili meal (positive control), vinegar added to chili, and diluted vinegar after chili meal. Twenty grams of vinegar were used in both vinegar treatments, and 10 grams of liquid antacid were used in the antacid trial. A five-point Likert scale and a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to assess heartburn severity during a 120 minutes testing time. Seven of 15 recruited subjects' data was usable for statistical analysis (age: 39.6 ± 12.2 y, body mass index (BMI): 29.4 ± 4.2 kg/m2, waist circumference: 36.4 ± 4.1 inch). There was no statistically significant difference among the mean and incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC) heartburn scores among different trials (Likert scale questionnaire p= .259, VAS questionnaire p= .659, iAUC Likert scale p= .184, iAUC VAS p= .326). Seven participants were further divided into antacid responder (n=4) and antacid non-responder groups (n=3). Likert scale mean heartburn score and iAUC data in antacid responder group had significant finding (p= .034 and p= .017 respectively). The significance lay between antacid and 'vinegar added to chili' trials. Effect size was also used to interpret data due to the small sample size: Likert scale: mean heartburn score= .444, iAUC= .425; VAS mean heartburn score= .232, iAUC .611. Effect size for antacid responder group was Likert scale: mean heartburn score= .967, iAUC= .936. Future research is needed to examine whether ingesting organic vinegar benefits alleviation of heartburn symptom related to GERD for people who do not respond well to antacid. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2016

Devido ao aumento do consumo de sucos de uva, o controle da qualidade é uma realidade em todos os países produtores e consumidores desse produto. A forma mais comum de adulteração é através da substituição por suco de maçã. As amostras adulteradas podem ser identificadas através de análises específicas, pois o suco de maçã possui alguns compostos que a uva não apresenta ou possui pequenas quantidades, como a florizina e o sorbitol. Portanto, métodos analíticos capazes de identificar a composição de sucos de uva e determinar sua autenticidade são necessários para garantir um controle eficaz da qualidade dos sucos de uva. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar os métodos analíticos da florizina e do sorbitol para detectar adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. Inicialmente, foram validados os métodos para análise de florizina e sorbitol, realizados em cromatografia líquida. Após a validação dos métodos, foram realizados testes de adições de suco de maçã das cultivares Gala e Fugi em sucos de uva das cultivares Concord, Isabel e Bordô, e, foram analisados sucos de uva e maçã comerciais. Todos os sucos de uva que apresentaram concentração elevada de sorbitol também apresentaram concentração elevada de florizina. Através dos resultados deste estudo, observou-se que os métodos da florizina e do sorbitol são eficazes para detectar a adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-16T13:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Rodrigues Spinelli.pdf: 1344721 bytes, checksum: 0bc678dfb56889bf18f2bec97cb8c74e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-16T13:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Rodrigues Spinelli.pdf: 1344721 bytes, checksum: 0bc678dfb56889bf18f2bec97cb8c74e (MD5) / Due to the increased consumption of grape juice, quality control is a reality in every country producers and consumers of this product. The most common form of adulteration is by substitution with apple juice. The adulterated samples can be identified by specific analyzes, as apple juice has some compounds that the grape does not have or has in small amounts, as phlorizin and sorbitol. Therefore, analytical methods capable of identifying the composition of grape juices and determine its authenticity are needed to ensure effective control of the quality of the grape juices. For this reason, the present study aimed to validate the analytical methods of phlorizin and sorbitol to detect addition of apple juice in grape juice. Initially, the methods were validated for the analysis of phlorizin and sorbitol, carried out in liquid chromatography. After validation of the methods, tests were conducted additions of apple juice cultivars Gala and Fugi in grape juices from cultivars Concord, Isabel and Bordô, and were analyzed grape and apple commercial juices. All grape juices show that high concentrations of sorbitol also showed high concentration of phlorizin. Through this study, it was observed that the methods of phlorizin and sorbitol are effective to detect the addition of apple juice grape juice.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O trabalho objetivou o estudo dos efeitos do ultrassom, como prÃ-tratamento na secagem convectiva de maÃÃ Fuji, sobre a perda de Ãgua, perda de sÃlidos, difusividade efetiva da Ãgua, tempo de secagem, cor e atividade enzimÃtica de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. A partir dos resultados obtidos, determinou-se a melhor condiÃÃo para substituiÃÃo dos aÃÃcares naturais da fruta por estÃvia (aÃÃcar nÃo calÃrico). Observou-se perda de Ãgua, perda de sÃlidos, aumento de 85% da difusividade efetiva da Ãgua, reduÃÃo de 45% no tempo de secagem, reduÃÃo de 39% das alteraÃÃes de cor e reduÃÃo da atividade enzimÃtica de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da maÃÃ Fuji. Estabeleceu-se como melhor condiÃÃo para substituiÃÃo de aÃÃcares naturais por estÃvia aquela onde a fruta foi sonificada por 20 minutos na proporÃÃo entre Ãgua e fruta de 6:1 (p/p). O uso de estÃvia como aÃÃcar nÃo calÃrico substituto dos aÃucares naturais da maÃÃ Fuji, aliado ao processo de sonificaÃÃo, gerou um produto com valor energÃtico final 12% menor do que a fruta in natura, com tempo de recuperaÃÃo da doÃura inicial da fruta estimado em 13 segundos de sonificaÃÃo em soluÃÃo de estÃvia 10%. Dessa forma, a sonificaÃÃo figura como alternativa tecnolÃgica para a obtenÃÃo de maÃÃ Fuji desidratada, com tempo de secagem reduzido, baixo valor energÃtico, baixa alteraÃÃo de cor e menor atividade enzimÃtica de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. / The work aimed to study the effects of ultrasound as a pretreatment on convective drying of Fuji apple, about the loss of water, loss of solid, effective diffusivity of water, drying time, color and enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. From the results obtained, it was determined the best condition for replacement of the natural sugars of the fruit by stevia (no-calorie sugar). There was loss of water, solids loss, 85% increase of the effective diffusivity of water, 45% reduction in drying time, a 39% reduction of the color changes and reduction in enzymatic activity of peroxidase and apple PPO Fuji . Set up as best condition for replacement of natural sugars stevia by one where the fruit was sonicated for 20 minutes in water and fruit ratio of 6:1 (w / w). The use of stevia as a non-caloric sugar substitute for the natural sugars of Fuji apple, along with the sonication process, generated a product with the final energy value 12% lower than the fresh fruit, with a recovery time of the initial sweetness of the fruit estimated 13 second sonication in a solution of 10% stevia. Thus, the sonication figure as an alternative technology for obtaining dried Fuji apple with reduced drying time, low energy, low color shift and reduced enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase.

Devido ao aumento do consumo de sucos de uva, o controle da qualidade é uma realidade em todos os países produtores e consumidores desse produto. A forma mais comum de adulteração é através da substituição por suco de maçã. As amostras adulteradas podem ser identificadas através de análises específicas, pois o suco de maçã possui alguns compostos que a uva não apresenta ou possui pequenas quantidades, como a florizina e o sorbitol. Portanto, métodos analíticos capazes de identificar a composição de sucos de uva e determinar sua autenticidade são necessários para garantir um controle eficaz da qualidade dos sucos de uva. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar os métodos analíticos da florizina e do sorbitol para detectar adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. Inicialmente, foram validados os métodos para análise de florizina e sorbitol, realizados em cromatografia líquida. Após a validação dos métodos, foram realizados testes de adições de suco de maçã das cultivares Gala e Fugi em sucos de uva das cultivares Concord, Isabel e Bordô, e, foram analisados sucos de uva e maçã comerciais. Todos os sucos de uva que apresentaram concentração elevada de sorbitol também apresentaram concentração elevada de florizina. Através dos resultados deste estudo, observou-se que os métodos da florizina e do sorbitol são eficazes para detectar a adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. / Due to the increased consumption of grape juice, quality control is a reality in every country producers and consumers of this product. The most common form of adulteration is by substitution with apple juice. The adulterated samples can be identified by specific analyzes, as apple juice has some compounds that the grape does not have or has in small amounts, as phlorizin and sorbitol. Therefore, analytical methods capable of identifying the composition of grape juices and determine its authenticity are needed to ensure effective control of the quality of the grape juices. For this reason, the present study aimed to validate the analytical methods of phlorizin and sorbitol to detect addition of apple juice in grape juice. Initially, the methods were validated for the analysis of phlorizin and sorbitol, carried out in liquid chromatography. After validation of the methods, tests were conducted additions of apple juice cultivars Gala and Fugi in grape juices from cultivars Concord, Isabel and Bordô, and were analyzed grape and apple commercial juices. All grape juices show that high concentrations of sorbitol also showed high concentration of phlorizin. Through this study, it was observed that the methods of phlorizin and sorbitol are effective to detect the addition of apple juice grape juice.

Entre os problemas fitossanitários da maçã (Malus spp) estão o superbrotamento e o lenho mole, doenças associadas a fitoplasma. Para o caso do lenho mole, ainda não é totalmente aceito que um fitoplasma seja o agente causal. No entanto, vários trabalhos, usando microscopia eletrônica e enxertia de tecidos, têm apontado para a natureza fitoplasmática da doença. Mais recentemente, um fitoplasma do grupo 16SrI foi detectado em plantas de maçã cultivadas no Canadá e na República Checa. No Brasil, o lenho mole ocorre em vários estados do sul do país, sendo que pesquisas conduzidas com microscopia eletrônica e testes biológicos de transmissão por enxertia também têm evidenciado um possível fitoplasma associado à doença. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi contribuir para o conhecimento da etiologia destas doenças. Para isto, três plantas de maçã com sintomas de lenho mole, cultivadas em pomar instalado na região de Vacaria/RS, foram amostradas visando a detecção de fitoplasma, bem como a sua identificação e posterior classificação. Para detecção, foi empregada a técnica de PCR duplo com os oligonucleotídeos R16mF2/mR1 e R16F2n/R2. A identificação foi através de PCR com os oligonucleotídeos R16(III) F2/R1 e da técnica de RFLP com as enzimas de restrição AluI, HhaI, KpnI, HinfI, HpaII, MseI, RsaI e Sau3AI. Os resultados mostraram a presença de fitoplasma em 29 das 54 amostras coletadas durante o ano de 2000. As amostras de ramos e raízes coletadas no período de janeiro – abril e setembro – outubro apresentaram consistentemente fitoplasma em seus tecidos. Nas amostras colhidas em junho – agosto não houve detecção do microrganismo. A identificação molecular revelou que o fitoplasma presente em plantas sintomáticas pertencia ao grupo 16SrIII, sendo os resultados de PCR confirmados pela aplicação de RFLP. As análises de RFLP permitiram também determinar que este fitoplasma é, possivelmente, um membro do sub-grupo B. A constatação de um fitoplasma de grupo 16SrIII associado ao lenho mole em plantas de maçã cultivadas no Brasil, reforça as evidências relatadas em outros trabalhos, de que um fitoplasma seja o agente causal da doença. O fato de um fitoplasma diverso do grupo 16SrI estar associado ao lenho mole no Brasil pode ser justificado pela diversidade destes molicutes, em função da região geográfica e da variedade do hospedeiro. / The proliferation and rubbery wood diseases which are associated with phytoplasma are some of the diseases that occur in apple trees (Malus spp). In the case of rubbery wood disease, phytoplasm is not totally accepted as its causal agent. However, several researches by using electron microscopy and tissue grafting, have been able to show the phytoplasma associated with that disease. Recently, a phytoplasma from group 16SrI was detected in apple plants grown in Canada and Czech Republic. In Brazil, rubbery wood occurs in several states of the south region. Results obtained through electron microscopy and transmission biological tests using grafiting have shown a possible phytoplasma associated to the disease. The purpose of the present work was to contribute for the knowledge of that disease aetiology. Thus tissue samples from three apple plants exhibiting rubbery wood symptoms, grown at an orchard installed in the region of Vacaria/RS, were obtaind for phytoplasma detection, identification and classification. Nested PCR technique with R16mF2/mR1 and R16F2n/R2 primers was emploed to detect phytoplasma. PCR with R16(III) F2/R1 primers and RFLP technique with the restriction enzymes Alu I, Hha I, Kpn I, Hinf I, Hpa II, Mse I, Rsa I and Sau 3AI were used to phytoplasma indentification. The results showed that phytoplasma occurred in 29 of the 54 samples collected in the year of 2000. Branches and root samples obtained from January to April and from September to October exhibited phytoplasma in their tissues. In tissue samples collected from June to August, the microorganism has not been detected. The molecular identification revealed that the phytoplasm from symptomatic plants belonged to the group 16SrIII and the PCR results were confirmed by RFLP technique. Based upon the RFLP analyses it can be suggested that this phyoplasma is a member of the sub-group B. The occurrence of a phytoplasm of group 16SrIII associated to rubbery wood in apple plants grown in Brazil, reinforces the evidences related in other works, that a phytoplasm is the causal agent of that disease. The fact that a phytoplasm diferent from 16SrI group is associated to rubbery wood diseases in Brazil can be justified for the diversity of these mollicutes, due to geographical area and host.

Detta arbete är en undersökning om vad en Jailbreaking av iPhone OS kan tillföra för en vanlig användare och även de utökade möjligheterna för utvecklare. Det syftar till att ge en lätt överskådlig förklaring om hur jailbreaking fungerar och vilka fördelar och nackdelar som följer med det valet. Det var ett personligt intresse för modifikation av operativsystem som gav grunden för valet av denna undersökning. Efter det egna införskaffandet av en iPhone 3Gs i slutet av 2009 utvecklades intresset för jailbreaking, något som successivt byggdes upp till en passion att vilja undersöka en iPhones fulla potential. I rapporten kommer ett antal jämförelser att göras mellan ett native iPhone OS och ett Jailbreakat iPhone OS. Versionen är 3.1.3, vilken är den senaste stabila. Det presenteras viktiga paket som bevis för vad de extra funktioner som kan uppnås genom användandet av jailbreak. Det kommer även att beskrivas hur Jailbreak utförs. De paket som presenteras i arbetet kommer att vara de mest populära, funktionsrika och pålitliga utav de som finns tillgängliga inom jailbreak communityn. Detta arbete resulterade i en redan förväntad bekräftelse att jailbreak har mycket att tillföra både normalanvändare för att utnyttja sin enhet med iPhone OS till sin fulla potential, men även för utvecklare som blivit nekade av Apple att få sälja sina produkter på AppStore eller helt enkelt bara vill utveckla utan Apples restriktioner och regler. Pengar finns absolut att tjäna genom Cydia Store eller liknade, vilket bevisas genom statistik och estimeringar.

Masters of Science / Genetic analysis for resistance to Woolly Apple Aphid in apple rootstock breeding populations MC Selala MSc Thesis, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of the WesternCape. The Woolly Apple Aphid (WAA) Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is economically one of the most important pests in apple commercial production in the Western Cape province, South Africa. The apple cultivar Northern Spy possesses a single major gene (Er1) responsible for E. lanigerum resistance. This cultivar has been used as a commercial rootstock in apple breeding programmes. There are other genes also implicated in resistance to E. lanigerum from other cultivars. Manipulation and pyramiding of the E. lanigerum resistance genes (Er1, Er2 and Er3) might provide a necessary control for commercial apple production. The aim of this study was to construct a genetic linkage map for apple using microsatellite markers. The use of marker-assisted selection would greatly benefit local apple breeding programmes. Ninety six seedlings from a Northern Spy × Cox Orange Pippin mapping population were used for genetic linkage construction. Phenotypic data collection and analysis were performed to determine the E. lanigerum infestation patterns and the levels of resistance conferred by the Er1 gene from Northern Spy using 52 in vitro propagated seedlings in the greenhouse. Classification and quantification analysis showed association patterns between first assessments (30 days) to second assessment (60 days) in all replicate blocks. Roots and shoots data showed that it could be useful in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, but may be used in different QTLs beingidentified due to the variations between roots and shoots data. A preliminary linkage map was constructed using a mapping population from Northern Spy × Cox Orange Pippin (96 seedlings).Fluorescently labelled published and predicted microsatellite markers were used in map construction. Primers were optimised using single apple cultivar and the detection of polymorphisms using nine apple cultivars. Optimised markers were multiplexed for high throughput data generation using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Multiplexed PCR products were pooled and analysed on an ABI 310 PRISM™ Genetic Analyser to determine allele fragment sizes, and the inherited segregation types in the seedlings. Computer software GenoTyper® 2.5.2 and JoinMap® 3.0 was used in data analysis from ABI 310 PRISM™Genetic Analyser and linkage map construction. Seventy two markers were used in linkage map construction, which produced nine linkage groups with some segments from the same linkage group. Twenty-one markers were aligned on the map 20 published and one predicted. Only one linkage group consisted of five markers while other linkage groups had two markers each. This study has proved that th preliminary linkage map could be used as the basis of a complete linkage map of Northern Spy × Cox Orange Pippin.

This is a reflexive documentary on the Open School in Los Angeles, an elementary school which is a field research site for Apple Computer, Inc. This videotape explores filmmaker/subject relationships, media perception by children, and issues of representation. An accompanying production book describes the grantwriting process, the pre-production, production, and post-production stages, as well as theoretical implications of the documentary.

The purpose of this thesis is to design and build mobile application for iPhone by Apple. Application is placed and sold in the online store App store. Work contains several marketing campaigns for sales support.

Digital marknadsföring möjliggör nya sätt att sprida information. Ett problem för företag som erbjuder teknologiska produkter är däremot den stora konkurrensen. Innehållsmarknadsföring ses som ett bättre sätt att nå ut med sitt varumärke till potentiella kunder. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka innehållsmarknadsföring i relation till branding, och dessa områdes påverkan påproduktvärde, värde samt lojalitet. Metoden som använts är djupintervjuer av Apple-användare. Studiens resultatet visar främst hur betydelsefull branding är för att skapa en positiv uppfattning av ett varumärkes produkter. Resultatet visar även att innehållsmarknadsföring har en positiv påverkan, men det lyfts inte fram i resultatet som lika viktigt. Främst är det olika former av brandingaktiviteter så som innovation och nya lösningar som ger högt värde. Slutsatsen är att Apple är ett företag som har lyckats skapa premiumprodukter med ett högt produktvärde vilket bidrar till att Apples användare blir lojala kunder.