Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV08MA071.pdf: 1225933 bytes, checksum: cac05331f9f8408e3041c9d8b75dd641 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / In this work were used 3 isolates of C. gloeosporioides from different apple producer places, and 245 access belong to the Active Germoplasm Banc Apple Tree Estação Experimental da EPAGRI de Caçador, Santa Catarina . Among the tested access, 185 were resistant and 32 susceptible. From those susceptible, there was not difference in the severity degree of the MFG attack. The data obtained in this study can help in the choice of resistant access, what could be used like parentage in the genetic breeding programs of the apple tree, in order to obtain the resistance to this pathogen.The genetic diversity characterization of the access by means of molecular marker studies, has been used like an important tool to maximize the maintenance work of the germoplasm banks. In this way, the objective of this study was characterize genetically the active germoplasm bank of the apple tree making use of 12 primers of SSR. The analysis of genetic diversity was realized through the DNA extraction of the 169 access, using young leafs. The extraction protocol used was the CTAB, and the estimation of the DNA concentration was done in agarose gel 0,8% coloured with bromide ethidium (0,3 μg/ml), with DNA Fago Lambda (20, 50, 100 e 200 ng/μl) like pattern. A total of 197 alleles were encountered, and the medium number of alleles by locus of SSR was 16,4. The medium heterozigosity expectation was 84%, and the revealed polimorphism by number of the alleles by locus had a high percentage (82%). The genetic similarity analysis showed two distinct groups. The gotten results had demonstrated the existence of high genetic variability in the bank of germoplasma of apple trees, salient for the raised number of alelos for I lease and high level of heterozigosidade. This knowledge will contribute with the improvement in the efficiency of the identification of combinations that will serve of base for the genetic improvement of the apple tree / No presente trabalho foram utilizados 245 genótipos pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de macieira BGM, da Epagri / Estação Experimental de Caçador - EECd, SC. Para identificar os genótipos portadores de resistência à mancha foliar de glomerela - MFG, doença essa causada principalmente pelo fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Os genótipos foram inoculados com 3 isolados de C. gloeosporioides provenientes de diferentes regiões produtoras de maçã. Entre os genótipos testados, 187 (76,3%) manifestaram resistência e 58 (23,7%) manifestaram suscetibilidade à MFG. Entre as cultivares suscetíveis, não houve diferença no grau de severidade de ataque da MFG. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo têm, dentre outras, a finalidade de subsidiar os programas de melhoramento genético da macieira na seleção de parentais, objetivando a incorporação de resistência genética à MFG nas futuras novas cultivares. Para caracterizar os genótipos do Banco de Germoplasma de macieiras foram utilizados 12 primers de SSR. A análise de diversidade genética foi realizada através da extração do DNA de 169 genótipos, utilizando-se folhas jovens. O método de extração utilizado foi CTAB e a estimativa da concentração de DNA extraído foi feita em gel de agarose 0,8% com brometo de etídeo (0,3 μg/ml), tendo como padrão DNA Fago Lambda (20, 50, 100 e 200 ng/μl). Foi obtido um total de 197 alelos, sendo que o número médio de alelos por loco SSR foi de 16,4. A expectativa média de heterozigosidade foi de 84%, o polimorfismo revelado pelo número de alelos por loco teve uma percentagem alta de 82%. Pela análise de similaridade genética foram observados dois grupos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a existência de alta variabilidade genética no banco de germoplasma de macieiras, ressaltado pelo elevado número de alelos por loco e alto nível de heterozigosidade. Esse conhecimento contribuirá com a melhora na eficiência da identificação de combinações que servirão de base para o melhoramento genético da macieira

The aim of this master‘s thesis was to determine the aroma active compounds and monitor the sensory quality of apples. The theoretical part deals with the description, composition and properties of apples, information about the aroma compounds, their determination and possibilities for sensory evaluation of apples is also given. The gas chromatography method combined with the solid-phase microextraction, utilized for the specification of aroma compounds, is described. In the experimental part, the SPME-GC-FID method was applied on selected cultivars of apples specially cultivated against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), i.e. 24 genotypes and Golden Delicious as the control variety. In total 60 various aroma compounds were identified, 22 alcohols, 12 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 10 esters and 5 organic acids. The number and concentration of compounds identified differed according to the cultivars. Sensory analysis was performed using category ordinal scales and the profile test.

In the realm of tree fruit cultivation, the management of various diseases affecting pome fruits like apples and pears is crucial for sustaining production. This study amalgamates findings from three distinct disease investigations to propose an integrated approach to their management. Firstly, in pursuit of mitigating shoot blight severity caused by Erwinia amylovora and preventing fire blight cankers on pear trees, a two-year evaluation was conducted. The study assessed the efficacy of preventive treatments, including foliar spray and trunk injection applications of Giant Knotweed Extract (RSE) alongside antibiotics. Results highlighted the effectiveness of RSE in controlling both shoot blight severity and canker incidence, offering a sustainable alternative to antibiotics. Secondly, in addressing the bitter rot of apples caused by Colletotrichum spp., eighteen fungicide treatments were evaluated over two years, focusing on newer fungicide options to mitigate fungicide resistance development. Fungicides such as Omega, Aprovia, Ferbam, Captan, Ziram, and Cabrio were proven reliable management tools, complementing the existing effective fungicides that growers heavily depend on. Lastly, the emergence of European canker (Neonectria ditissima) on cider apple cultivars was investigated. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of N. ditissima as the causal agent, posing a significant threat to cider apple production. Koch's postulates were fulfilled through various tests, proving the pathogenicity of N. ditissima. Further research avenues, including genome sequencing were conducted to enhance understanding and control of a devastating pathogen like N. ditissima. Integrating findings from these studies proposes a comprehensive management strategy incorporating preventive spray programs, alternative fungicides, and pathogen identification to combat these diseases effectively, ensuring sustainable production of apples and pears in orchards. This holistic approach offers growers a multifaceted toolkit to manage diseases effectively, safeguarding apple and pear orchards' productivity and economic viability. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / In the world of growing apples and pears, keeping diseases under control is crucial for keeping orchards thriving and productive. We conducted studies on three endemic and emerging diseases aiming to create a well-rounded approach to managing them. First, we looked into ways to reduce the impact of shoot blight and fire blight cankers on pear trees caused by a devastating bacterium Erwinia amylovora. We tested the efficacy of preventive spray applications of plant extract of giant knotweed alongside antibiotics and found more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics that effectively control this disease. Next, we studied bitter rot disease in apples caused by many different species of fungi in Colletotrichum genus. We determined the efficacy of eighteen different biorational and synthetic fungicide spray programs over two years to find new options that can help prevent fungicide resistance development against currently available fungicides in the market. Several fungicides showed promise in managing this disease including Omega, Aprovia, Ferbam, Captan, Ziram and Cabrio, adding to the effective materials that growers already rely on. Lastly, we investigated the emergence of European canker on cider apple trees. This disease, caused by a fungus Neonectria ditissima, poses a serious threat to cider production. We confirmed the pathogen's identity and its capability of causing the disease in controlled experiments. We propose a comprehensive strategy for managing these diseases by including preventive spray applications of alternative materials and classic fungicides, combined with accurately identifying the pathogens. Our holistic approach provides growers with a range of tools to effectively protect their orchards, ensuring sustainable production of both apples and pears.

The Macintosh Hierarchical File System Plus, HFS +, or as it is commonly referred to as the Mac Operating System, OS, Extended, was introduced in 1998 with Mac OS X 8.1. HFS+ is an update to HFS, Mac OS Standard format that offers more efficient use of disk space, implements international friendly file names, future support for named forks, and facilitates booting on non-Mac OS operating systems through different partition schemes. The HFS+ file system is efficient, yet, complex. It makes use of B-trees to implement key data structures for maintaining meta-data about folders, files, and data. The implementation of what happens within HFS+ at volume format, or when folders, files, and data are created, moved, or deleted is largely a mystery to those who are not programmers. The vast majority of information on this subject is relegated to documentation in books, papers, and online content that direct the reader to C code, libraries, and include files. If one can’t interpret the complex C or Perl code implementations the opportunity to understand the workflow within HFS+ is less than adequate to develop a basic understanding of the internals and how they work. The basic concepts learned from this research will facilitate a better understanding of the HFS+ file system and journal as changes resulting from the adding and deleting files or folders are applied in a controlled, easy to follow, process. The primary tool used to examine the file system changes is a proprietary command line interface, CLI, tool called fileXray. This tool is actually a custom implementation of the HFS+ file system that has the ability to examine file system, meta-data, and data level information that iv isn’t available in other tools. We will also use Apple’s command line interface tool, Terminal, the WinHex graphical user interface, GUI, editor, The Sleuth Kit command line tools and DiffFork 1.1.9 help to document and illustrate the file system changes. The processes used to document the pristine and changed versions of the file system, with each experiment, are very similar such that the output files are identical with the exception of the actual change. Keeping the processes the same enables baseline comparisons using a diff tool like DiffFork. Side by side and line by line comparisons of the allocation, extents overflow, catalog, and attributes files will help identify where the changes occurred. The target device in this experiment is a two-gigabyte Universal Serial Bus, USB, thumb drive formatted with Global Unit Identifier, GUID, and Partition Table. Where practical, HFS+ special files and data structures will be manually parsed; documented, and illustrated.

Då marknaden för interaktiva applikationer till TV har blivit mer tillgänglig för utomstående utvecklare skapas en ny arena där nya interaktiva applikationer kan ta plats. Vid design och utveckling av digitala tjänster och produkter är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till det tänkta sammanhanget. I vår kandidatuppsats undersöker vi användarupplevelser av applikationer för TV i hemmiljö och utforskar egenskaper och uppfattningar vad gäller navigering och den sociala kontexten utifrån deltagarnas situation som kan vara viktiga att tänka på vid design av applikationer för TV. Detta gör vi med hjälp av sex användargrupper med två vuxna i varje grupp i blandad ålder och med varierande erfarenhet, genom observationer och intervjuer kring deras användning av utvalda applikationer till Apple TV. Undersökningen visar att kontexten har en avgörande roll och att intresset för applikationer och interaktiv TV främst ligger i gemensam användning medan mer individuella aktiviteter sker genom annan teknik så som datorer, smartphones och tablets. Upplevelserna av applikationer för TV visade sig påverkas av bland annat tidigare teknisk erfarenhet där även ålder inverkar. Men även om vissa moment upplevs som besvärliga var inställningen positiv, vilket betyder att det finns fler aspekter än bara användbarheten som påverkar upplevelsen. Viktiga faktorer för användarupplevelser vid design av applikationer för TV handlar bland annat om det varierande avståndet användare har till teven samt storleken på denna. / As the market for interactive applications for television has become more accessible for outside developers a new arena has been created where new interactive applications can take place. When developing digital services and products it is important to take into account the intended context. In our bachelor thesis, we examine the user experiences of applications for the TV in the home environment and explores the characteristics and perceptions regarding navigation and social context from the participants' situation that may be important to consider when designing applications for TV. We do this with the help of six user groups with two adults in each group of mixed ages and with varying experience, through observations and interviews about their use of selected applications for the Apple TV. The survey shows that the context has a crucial role and that the interest in applications and interactive TV is primarily in common use, while more individual activities are used by other technologies such as computers, smartphones and tablets. The experiences of applications for television proved to be affected by, among other things previous technical experience but also age. Even if some elements where perceived as cumbersome, users attitude was still positive, which means that there are more aspects than just usability affecting user experiences. Important factors for the user experience when designing applications for television include the varying distance users have to the TV, and the size of it.

Les centres de rayonnement synchrotron et les Lasers à Électrons Libres (LEL) sont des sources de rayonnement utilisant des Électrons relativistes. Les onduleurs en constituent un élément important : ces instruments qui génèrent un champ magnétique périodique le long de la trajectoire des électrons, guident ces derniers de façon à les faire rayonner ou à rendre l’onde lumineuse émise plus intense. Ce travail porte sur l’étude d’onduleurs de différents types appliqués au Synchrotron SOLEIL, et sur leur possible application sur un LEL. Une première partie du travail porte sur la réalisation pour SOLEIL de deux onduleurs de type APPLE-II. Ce type d’onduleurs permet d’émettre du rayonnement de polarisation variable et les deux onduleurs construits présentent certaines spécificités par rapport à la plupart des onduleurs de ce type. Le premier (HU36) génère un champ magnétique de courte période tout en conservant une valeur crête relativement importante, ce qui lui permet de rayonner sur une large gamme spectrale. Ces caractéristiques entrainent cependant une hystérésis expliquée par la déformation des supports. Les moyens mis en œuvre pour atteindre ces caractéristiques magnétiques et pour réduire l’hystérésis sont présentés. Le deuxième onduleur APPLE-II construit (HU64) présente la double particularité d’être quasipériodique (ou apériodique) afin de réduire la pollution rayonnée aux harmoniques de la longueur d’onde fondamentale, et de permettre l’accès à de la polarisation linéaire inclinée sur une plage de 180° grâce à son châssis étendu. L’optimisation magnétique de sa structure apériodique est détaillée et les difficultés découlant des configurations étendues sont expliquées. Dans un deuxième temps, la réalisation pour SOLEIL d’un troisième onduleur d’un tout autre type est présentée. Il s’agit d’un onduleur hybride sous-vide appelé U20. Des pôles intercalés entre les aimants guident les lignes de champ de façon à augmenter la densité de flux magnétique sur axe, et l’assemblage magnétique ainsi obtenu est installé dans la chambre à vide, ce qui permet de réduire l’entrefer minimum à 5.5 mm et donc, d’accroitre considérablement la valeur crête du champ magnétique généré. Compte-tenu des connaissances acquises pendant la construction des deux onduleurs APPLE-II et de l’onduleur sous-vide, l’étude d’un onduleur combinant ces deux aspects est ensuite proposée. Cet onduleur de tyoe « APPLE-II sous-vide » serait extrêmement polyvalent puisqu’il permettrait l’émission de rayonnement de différentes polarisations sur une large gamme spectrale. L’étude de principe menée ici met en évidence les nombreuses difficultés à surmonter et propose différentes solutions. La dernière partie du travail porte sur l’étude de l’interaction qui s’opère dans le cas d’un LEL au sein de l’onduleur entre les électrons et l’onde lumineuse, conduisant à l’amplification de cette dernière. Des expériences menées en configuration SASE et en mode injecté sur le SPARC (Italie, Frascati) sont rapportées, puis des calculs sont réalisés dans le cadre du projet LUNEX5, pour évaluer l’efficacité de cette interaction dans un onduleur apériodique, et dans l’onduleur APPLE-II sous-vide envisagé précédemment. / Storage rings and Free Electron Lasers (FEL) are relativistic electron based radiation sources, in which an important element is a device called undulator. This apparatus generates a periodic magnetic field along the electron trajectory, guiding the particles in such a way that they lose energy to the benefit of the radiation. This work deals with the study of several undulators of different types, and also their application on FEL sources. A first part of the work is dedicated to the construction of two APPLE-II type undulators for SOLEIL. Undulators of this type are able to emit radiation of variable polarization states, and the two studied devices present some special characteristics with respect to most of APPLE-II undulators. The first one (HU36) generates a short period high value magnetic field, leading to radiation emitted on a large spectral range. These parameters brought about a hysteresis explained by the deformation of the magnet supports, which was reduced. The second APPLE-II undulator (HU64) is characterized by two particularities: its field is quasi-periodic (or aperiodic) in order to reduce the pollution emitted at harmonics of the fundamental wavelength, and it is based on a special frame enabling radiation of tilted linear polarization on the full range of 180°. The optimization of the aperiodic structure is detailed and the difficulties brought about by the extended frame are explained. The third undulator built for SOLEIL is a hybrid in-vacuum one. Ferromagnetic poles guide the magnetic flux lines in order to increase the on-axis flux density, and the magnetic part of the undulator is included inside the vacuum chamber, which leads to a higher value of the generated field. Starting from the knowledge of both APPLE-II and in-vacuum undulators, the study of a device combining both characteristics is then proposed. Such an in-vacuum APPLE-II undulator would consist in a very performant and flexible apparatus because it could emit radiation of variable polarization on a large spectral range. The study points out the technical difficulties and suggests some solutions. The last part of the work deals with the study of the interaction realized in a FEL between electrons and radiation, resulting in the amplification of the light. Experiments performed in both SASE and injected configurations at the FEL SPARC (Italy, Frascati) are reported. Then calculations are made in the case of the FEL French project LUNEX5 to estimate the interaction efficiency when realized inside a quasi-periodic undulator and also through the previously studied in-vacuum APPLE-II one.

The necessity for a functional user friendly laboratory data management program has become evident as the quantity of information required for modern scientific research has increased to to titanic proportions. The required union of strong computer power, ease of operation, and adaptability have until recently been outside the realm of most research laboratories. Previous systems, in addition to their high cost, are necessarily complex and require software experts in order to effect any changes that the end user might deem necessary. This study examines the Apple Macintosh computer program Hypercard as an interactive laboratory information system that is user-friendly, cost effective, and adaptable to the changing demands within a modern molecular or microbiology.

Bakgrund: Vi utsätts för reklam dagligen och det är svårt för produkter att differentiera sig. Då vi även lever i ett förväntningssamhälle tror vi alltid att nästa produkt kommer vara bättre än den förra. Inom teknikområdet är det väldigt tydligt då vi ofta väntar på nästa lansering. Vilket gör att företagen marknadsför produkten långt innan den kommer ut. Det finns inte mycket forskning om produkter som inte lanserats men vi ser att det blir allt vanligare att man marknadsför sin produkt innan lansering. Syfte: Vi vill undersöka om teorierna gällande köpbeteende och kundvärde även är tillämpliga för produkter som ännu inte finns att köpa men marknadsförs innan lanseringen. Metod: Vi har studerat de teorier som idag finns etablerade avseende köpbeteende och kundvärde på marknaden. Vi har sedan använt oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in det empiriska materialet. Urvalet har gjorts med hjälp av det så kallade snöbollsurvalet och alla respondenter har anknytning till Högskolan i Jönköping. Vi analyserar vårt material utifrån hermeneutiken där vi använder vår egen förförståelse och kunskap i analysen. Teori: Vi utgår från teorier om köpbeteende och kundvärde i vår analys. Resultat: Det finns många olika bakomliggande faktorer till vad som påverkar konsumenten att köpa en produkt. Våra respondenter anger samma huvudsakliga faktorer som skäl till sitt köpbehov för den produkt som ännu inte fanns att köpa på marknaden, när studien påbörjades, som teorierna om köpbeteende och kundvärde anger för de produkter som redan har lanserats. Varumärket har lyckats kommunicera de värderingar som konsumenten uppskattar samt lyckats skapa lojalitet hos de flesta respondenterna. Vår slutledning är därför att teorierna gällande köpbeteende och kundvärde på marknaden även är tillämpliga för produkter som ännu inte finns att köpa men marknadsförs innan lanseringen. / Background: We are exposed to advertising on a daily basis and it is difficult for products to differentiate themselves. Since we also live in a expectation society, we believe that the next product will be better than the last. Within the technologic area, this is very clear: we often wait for the next launch. This leads to firms marketing their product long before it comes out on the market. There is not much former research on products that are not launched, but we see that it is increasingly common for people to advertise their product before launch. Objective: We want to examine if the theories regarding buying behavior and customer value are also applicable for products not yet available for purchase but are marketed before launch. Method: We have studied the theories that today are located on buying behavior and customer value in the market. We have then used the semi structured interviews to collect the empirical material. The selection was made using the so-called snowball sample, all respondents are related to Högskolan i Jönköping. We analyze our material on the basis of hermeneutics in which we use our own understanding and knowledge in the analysis. Theory: We start with the theories of buying behavior and customer value in our analysis. Results: There are many underlying factors that influence a consumer  to buy a product. Our respondents use the same main factors as reasons to their buying need for the product that was not yet available in the market, when the study began, that the theories of buying behavior and customer value indicates for the products that have already been launched. The brand has managed to communicate the values that consumers appreciate and managed to create loyalty among most respondents. Our conclusion is therefore that the theories concerning buying behavior and customer value in the market also apply to products that are not yet available for purchase but are marketed before the launch.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur entreprenöriell orientering kan mäta entreprenörskap inom branschen för mobiltelefoni. Förhållandet mellan entreprenörskap och ekonomiska utfall mäts med utgångspunkt i Millers resonemang om entreprenöriell orientering. Hur kan entreprenörskap operationaliseras? Hur ser förhållandet ut mellan entreprenörskap och ekonomiska utfall? Studien baseras på tidigare forskning, facklitteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar, årsredovisningar, branschartiklar, avhandlingar och andra relevanta underlag som belyser entreprenörskap. Både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod tillämpas för att åstadkomma triangulering. Entreprenörskap kan mätas utifrån hur pass radikal innovationen är. Den nya och tidigare okända innovationen kan resultera i positiva ekonomiska utfall som också mäter graden av entreprenörskap. Entreprenörskap kan mätas genom grad av riskaversion. Risktagande kan ge både positivt och negativt ekonomiskt utfall. Entreprenörskap kan mätas genom proaktivitet och begreppet first mover. Proaktivitet kan bidra till högre grad av entreprenörskap som i sin tur kan ge positiva ekonomiska utfall. Att vara proaktiv idag utgör ingen garanti för positiva ekonomiska utfall i framtiden. / The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge concerning how entrepreneurial orientation can measure entrepreneurship within the cellphone business. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic outcomes is measured using Millers arguments about entrepreneurial orientation. How can entrepreneurship be operationalized? How does the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic outcomes look like? The study is based on prior research, nonfictional literature, scientific articles, annual reports, business articles, theses and other relevant sources, which highlight entrepreneurship. Both qualitative and quantitative method is used to achieve triangulation. Entrepreneurship can be measured by how radical the innovation is. The new and earlier unknown innovation can result in positive economic outcomes, which can be used as a tool for measuring entrepreneurship as well. The level of risk aversion can measure entrepreneurship. Risk taking can result in both positive and negative economic outcomes. Proactiveness can be measured by using the term first mover. Proactiveness can contribute to higher level of entrepreneurship causing positive economic outcomes. Being proactive today does not guarantee positive economic outcomes in the future.

Denna rapport redovisar utvecklingen av en interaktiv e-bok med Apples program iBooks Author. E-boken, omnämnd som Retail Tour iBook, är avsedd för användande på Apples iPads och har skapats på uppdrag av företaget River Cresco AB för deras kund Nike. Den interaktiva e-boken beställdes av Nike för att användas vid ett återkommande internt möte som behandlar återförsäljningen av Nike-produkter i Stockholm. Utöver programmet iBooks Author har programmen Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator samt Apple iMovie använts i designprocessen för att skapa Retail Tour iBook. Resultatet av denna rapport är en färdig produkt, en interaktiv e-bok som användes av Nike för första gången i april 2014. / This report describes the process of creating an interactive e-book with Apple’s program “iBooks Author”. The e-book, referenced here as Retail Tour iBook, is intended for use on Apple’s iPad. The Retail Tour iBook was created in service of River Cresco AB for their client Nike. The Retail Tour iBook is intended for use at recurring internal meetings at Nike Sweden, which are attended by international representatives from Nike and concern the retail situation of Nike in Stockholm. In addition to iBooks Author; Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and Apple iMovie were used in the design process of the Retail Tour iBook. The result of this report is the end product, an interactive e-book, which was utilized for the first time by Nike Sweden in April 2014.