Buscando compreender a vivência do climatério realizei pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem fenomenológica. As entrevistas foram realizadas com sete mulheres, entre 48 e 55 anos de idade, que apresentaram menopausa espontânea. Para desvelar a essência do fenômeno ser mulher vivenciando o climatério elaborei a questão norteadora: Fale-me, como é para você estar vivenciando o climatério? Dos depoimentos emergiram as Unificações Ontológicas: percebendo mudanças no seu corpo, vivenciando sentimentos de ambigüidade, conscientizando-se do mundo por meio do corpo no tempo e no espaço, refletindo sobre a sexualidade e reconhecendo novas maneiras de co-existir no mundo, que foram analisadas e interpretadas à luz do referencial teórico filosófico de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Os resultados do estudo culminaram na elaboração de pressupostos para a pesquisa, o ensino e a assistência à mulher climatérica, que vão além do biológico, contemplando a dimensão humana existencial. UNITERMOS:Assistência de enfermagem. Climatério. Menopausa. Meia-idade. Saúde da mulher. Fenomenologia. / Trying to understand the climacteric experience, I have accomplished qualitative survey of phenomenological approach. The interviews were accomplished with seven women, aged between 48 and 55, who have presented spontaneous menopause. In order to unveil the essence of the phenomenon "being woman experiencing the climacteric", I have prepared the guiding question: Tell me, how it sounds to you to be living the climacteric? Ontological Unifications arose from the testimonies: realizing changes in her body, experiencing feelings of ambiguity, becoming aware of the body in space and time, bethinking about the sexuality and recognizing new ways to co-exist in the world, which were analyzed and interpreted under the light of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophical theoretical referential. The results of the study have culminated in the elaboration of presuppositions for the survey, the teaching and support to the climacteric woman, that go beyond the biological, contemplating the existential human dimension.

Le développement des comptabilités monastiques au XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècle s’inscrit dans le phénomène d’essor de l’écrit qui accompagne les transformations sociales du Moyen Âge central. Les comptes du prieuré cathédral de Norwich se décomposent en plusieurs séries de comptes manoriaux – les comptes des domaines – et de comptes d’obédienciers – les comptes « domestiques » - qui permettent, à travers une analyse fine de l’organisation et de l’évolution des comptes, d’étudier la façon dont le recours au nouveau medium de l’écrit a catalysé une formalisation et une désambiguïsation des termes de la comptabilité et, à travers cela, a contribué à la naissance d’une pensée comptable. Le rôle de la hiérarchie ecclésiastique dans la diffusion et l’imposition de normes comptables a été réévalué, ainsi que la spécificité des pratiques monastiques, influencées par le développement concomitant de la fiscalité royale et pontificale sur les revenus monastiques. Enfin, tout au long du XIIIe et de la première moitié du XIVe siècle, les moines élaborent différents types de calculs agricoles permettant de contrôler les pratiques des officiers manoriaux à travers une meilleure connaissance des valeurs de l’agriculture. Le développement de ces valeurs reflète une logique économique médiévale, qui repose sur la comparaison entre des valeurs réelles et des valeurs de référence. La notion de valeur est centrale, à la fois pour la comptabilité seigneuriale et pour le calcul des assiettes fiscales, d’où des transferts notionnels entre les pratiques administratives seigneuriales et la mise en place d’une fiscalité institutionnelle. / The spread of monastic accounting in the 13th and early 14th centuries is one aspect of the development of pragmatic literacy and of the social transformations of the High Middle Ages. The accounts of Norwich Cathedral Priory are series of manorial and obedientiary accounts. The detailed study of their evolution and organisation reflects how the transfer of oral accounts to the written record has stimulated the specification of the field of accounting. The role of the ecclesiastical hierarchy in spreading norms of accounting has been reassessed, as well as the specificity of monastic accounting practices, which were influenced by the simultaneous development of the royal and papal taxation on ecclesiastical income. In the course of the 13th and early 14h centuries, monks have also developed calculations on agriculture which were meant to control manorial officers through a more accurate knowledge of the value of agricultural produce. The development of these calculations and values illustrates a medieval approach to the economy, founded on the comparison of real and ideal values for the produce of agriculture. The notion of value is central to seigniorial administration, but also to taxation and there have been transfers of logics between these fields.

Esta dissertação se constitui em uma revisão bibliográfica dos Libri Carolini, tratado escrito no século VIII em nome de Carlos Magno, em resposta ao concílio de Nicéia II, que restabeleceu no Oriente o culto de imagens no ano 787. Os Libri Carolini são um tratado no qual os francos se colocam contra o culto de imagens oriental, este apoiado pelo papa Adriano I. O estudo deste tratado demanda o conhecimento das questões que cercaram as imagens nos mundos latino e bizantino ao longo dos séculos VIII e IX, bem como das relações entre os três principais poderes envolvidos nesta questão, carolíngios, império bizantino e Roma. A pesquisa buscou observar, a partir de estudos anteriores, como as imagens foram entendidas entre Oriente e Ocidente, e como estiveram no centro de questões teológicas e políticas. / This research is a bibliographic review of the Libri Carolini, treatise written during the VIIIth century under Charlemagnes name as an answer to the II council of Nicaea, 787, where the image-worship was reestablished in the East. The Libri Carolini are a work in which the Carolingians deny the decision taken on the Eastern council, that had the support of the pope, Hadrian I. This study can only be done if we consider the question about images that took place between the Latin world and Byzantium during the VII and IXth centuries, as well as the relations between the three main powers involved in this matter, Carolingians, the Eastern empire and Rome. This research had the will to observe, after the reading of other studies, how images were understood between East and West, and how they were in the center of theological and political matters.

Depuis les travaux menés à l'époque coloniale, Tlemcen (Algérie) n'a plus été prise comme objet d'étude à part entière, l'historiographie ayant privilégié une perspective d'histoire politique et événementielle à l'échelle d'un royaume. Ce travail replace la ville au cœur de la réflexion et l'envisage d'abord et avant tout comme un construction sociale. Il s'agit ainsi d'interroger les catégories spatiales utilisées dans les sources mais également de mettre à l'épreuve nos concepts contemporains, et tout particulièrement celui de capitale. En effet, la chute de l'Empire almohade dans la première moitié du VIIe-XIIIe siècle entraîne l'émergence de nouveaux pouvoirs au Maghreb et Tlemcen devient alors la capitale du royaume abdelwadide. Ce nouveau statut est d'abord appréhendé, dans une première partie, à travers les représentations dont la ville est l'objet dans l'historiographie abdelwadide mais aussi dans celles des autres dynasties maghrébines et, au-delà, en al-Andalus, dans les États latins de la péninsule Ibérique ou dans l'Orient islamique. La seconde partie de l'étude se penche ensuite sur les pratiques et les acteurs sociaux qui façonnent au quotidien la capitale : le pouvoir politique, les saints et les savants et, à travers l'étude d'un traité de hisba, certains groupes sociaux tels les femmes ou les dimmi-s. La troisième et dernière partie replace enfin la capitale dans un espace régional puis global afin de préciser de quel royaume Tlemcen a été la capitale et d'analyser les réseaux méditerranéens et transsahariens au sein desquels elle est parvenue à s'insérer. / Tlemcen (Algeria) has not been studied in its own right since the colonial era, as recent historiography focused primarily on the kingdom's political and factual history. This work aims therefore at bringing the city to the. fore. lt considers it principally as a social construction and questions the spatial categories used in the sources. lt also leads us to test our contemporary concepts, especially the concept of capital. The fall of the Almohad Empire in the first half of the 7h/13th century resulted indeed in the emergence of new powers in the Maghreb and Tlemcen then became the capital of the new Abdelwadid kingdom. We will try to understand this new status in the first part of this work, studying the way the city was represented in Abdelwadid historiograph as well as in the historiography of the other Maghrebian dynasties and further away, in al-Andalus, the Christian Kingdoms of the lberian Peninsula or the lslamic East. Then, the second part of this work will focus on the social practices and actors that were shaping the capital on a daily basis: the political power, the saints the scholars, and through the study of a hisba treatise, some of the social groups such as women or dimmi-s. Finally, the third part will address Tlemcen in its regional and global environment in order to understand which territory it controlled and to analyze the Mediterranean and trans-Saharan networks the capital integrated.

This thesis employs a star study of Meryl Streep, incorporating pertinent feminist, reception and culture-studies theories, to investigate biases within the Hollywood film industry. The actress has enjoyed a resurgence as a leading lady at age 61. Streep's star persona, acting prowess and career arc are examined across three theoretical platforms - production of culture, textual analysis, and audience analysis - or clues as to why she has been singled out among her peers. This thesis posits that Streep's unique star image and surge in popularity have helped her break out of hegemonic articulations of gender and aging that privilege youthful beauty, putting female stars at a disadvantage within the capitalistic film industry. Also considered is the cultural significance of Streep's late-life success: Does she represent new openings for older actresses (and concomitantly, an increase in film representations of aging women), or is she merely an anomaly within the entrenched patriarchal system? / by Tracy Allerton. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif d’identifier entre le second Âge du Fer et le haut Moyen Âge les occupations et les activités humaines d’un territoire de marge aux confins des cités arvernes, vellaves et ségusiaves, le Livradois-Forez, puis d’apporter des éléments de réflexion sur leur intégration régionale. Elle est menée dans une perspective dynamique, diachronique et systémique. Cette approche d’archéologie du paysage met au centre des préoccupations les relations entre les sociétés et leur milieu, et tout particulièrement l’économie. Cette recherche est volontairement à la croisée de l’archéologie et des sciences de l’environnement afin de mieux cerner le milieu dans lequel les sociétés passées ont évolué et les éventuelles influences humaines sur celui-ci, mais aussi d’identifier les processus socio-économiques et culturels. Cette recherche a nécessité une approche en trois étapes : intégrer les travaux et les synthèses développés dans le cadre de programmes de recherche auxquels je participe ; établir une synthèse des données archéologiques ; acquérir de nouvelles données par des prospections archéologiques et des analyses des macrorestes végétaux en milieu tourbeux. L’utilisation de quatre fenêtres d’études, reflet des différentes entités paysagères, a été privilégiée. Autant qu’il fut possible, chaque fenêtre comportait des prospections archéologiques et des données paléoenvironnementales. Le croisement des données archéologiques, paléoécologiques, géoarchéologiques et l’utilisation d’un SIG ont permis d’identifier une hétérogénéité du développement qu’il faut replacer dans deux cycles économiques : le premier du second Âge du Fer au Haut-Empire, le second du Bas-Empire au haut Moyen Âge. Pour chaque cycle, les occupations humaines et les mises en valeur du milieu reflètent des stratégies et des choix socio-économiques : le relief et son climat, les ressources disponibles (agricoles mais aussi vraisemblablement le bois et la présence de minerai), la proximité de voies de communication, de bassins de peuplement importants et des différents centres des trois cités. Chaque nouvelle étape dans la mise en valeur des terroirs est accompagnée par une hausse de l’érosion, la mise en place de tourbières et de modifications dans le fonctionnement des tourbières plus anciennes. Enfin, cet espace semble être intégré à l’économie régionale. / The purpose of this thesis is to identify human occupation and exploitation of the environment of marginal territories in the Livradois-Forez, which include the cities of Arverne, Segusiave, and Vellave, and to investigate the regional integration of these localities from the second Iron Age to the Early Middle Age. This thesis is conducted from a dynamic, diachronic, and systemic perspective, and utilizes a landscape archaeology approach to explore the relations between societies, in particular their economies, and the environment. The research presented crosses archaeology and the environmental sciences in order to increase knowledge of the setting in which these societies evolved and the possible human influences on it, but it also identifies social-economic and cultural processes. The completion of this project required three stages: first, the integration of research and syntheses developed from research programs in which I collaborated; second, the synthesis of the archaeological data; third, the acquisition of new data through archaeological field surveys and through the analysis of plant macrofossils from peatlands. Four sectors that reflect key components of the landscape have been used. As far as possible, research in each sector included archaeological surveys and paleoenvironmental research. Interdisciplinary archaeological, paleoecological, and geoarchaeological studies, combined with GIS, exhibit a heterogenous development that can be seen in two economic cycles: the first, from the Second Iron Age to the High Roman Empire; the second, from the Late Roman Empire to the Early Middle Age. For each economic cycle, human land use and the exploitation of the environment reflect strategies and social-economic choices driven by topography, climate, and available resources (particularly agricultural resources, but also the presence of wood and ore). The proximity of routes of communication reflects important pools of population and the centers of the three cities. Each stage of environmental exploitation is marked by an increase of erosion, peat initiation, and changes in the use of the oldest peatland. Finally, this border area seems to be integrated into the regional economy

Esta dissertação se constitui em uma revisão bibliográfica dos Libri Carolini, tratado escrito no século VIII em nome de Carlos Magno, em resposta ao concílio de Nicéia II, que restabeleceu no Oriente o culto de imagens no ano 787. Os Libri Carolini são um tratado no qual os francos se colocam contra o culto de imagens oriental, este apoiado pelo papa Adriano I. O estudo deste tratado demanda o conhecimento das questões que cercaram as imagens nos mundos latino e bizantino ao longo dos séculos VIII e IX, bem como das relações entre os três principais poderes envolvidos nesta questão, carolíngios, império bizantino e Roma. A pesquisa buscou observar, a partir de estudos anteriores, como as imagens foram entendidas entre Oriente e Ocidente, e como estiveram no centro de questões teológicas e políticas. / This research is a bibliographic review of the Libri Carolini, treatise written during the VIIIth century under Charlemagnes name as an answer to the II council of Nicaea, 787, where the image-worship was reestablished in the East. The Libri Carolini are a work in which the Carolingians deny the decision taken on the Eastern council, that had the support of the pope, Hadrian I. This study can only be done if we consider the question about images that took place between the Latin world and Byzantium during the VII and IXth centuries, as well as the relations between the three main powers involved in this matter, Carolingians, the Eastern empire and Rome. This research had the will to observe, after the reading of other studies, how images were understood between East and West, and how they were in the center of theological and political matters.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emmanuel Roberto Leal de Athayde.pdf: 643030 bytes, checksum: d17be0834930d49238a96a4bfea69da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anselm of Canterbury is a figure of the Middle Ages, considered the father of scholastic theology. As archbishop of Canterbury, he gained notoriety from his, later denominated, ontological argument, which presented, by use of philosophical concepts, a unique argument, capable of demonstrating the existence of God. This unique argument is found in the Proslogion, a book that addresses the existence of a being than which nothing greater can be conceived , considered a simplification of the Monologion, his previous work. By reading Anselm, his intension of addressing faith and reason is explicit, as, by working with a rational argument, he sought to explain something in which he previously believed. There is some research on Anselm and his argument, however, the main focus of these works lay on his philisofical reasoning, without exploring their theological matters. From this observation, the present research seeks to demonstrate the exposition of theological ideias in the Proslogion, expounding them under the comment of contemporary dogmatic theology. Also, consideration on the medieval context, the cultural, social, scholastic, theological and philosofical backgrounds and others, help comprehend the anselmian thought. / Anselmo de Cantuária é um personagem da Idade Média, considerado o pai da escolástica. Arcebispo da Catedral de Cantuária, que ficou conhecido basicamente pelo seu argumento denominado posteriormente de ontológico, que visava apresentar, valendo-se de conceitos filosóficos, um argumento único capaz de demonstrar a existência de Deus. Esse argumento único encontra-se no Proslogion, uma obra que trata da existência de um ser do qual é possível pensar nada maior , considerada uma simplificação do Monologion, seu escrito anterior. Ao ler Anselmo, observa-se explicitamente sua intenção de tratar da fé e da razão, pois, valendo-se de um argumento racional, buscou explicar aquilo que previamente já cria. Há algumas pesquisas sobre Anselmo e seu argumento, contudo, observou-se que seus pressupostos filosóficos são comumente ressaltados, sem, contudo, explorar as questões teológicas. Partindo dessa constatação, esta pesquisa objetivou demonstrar que o autor medieval expõe algumas ideias teológicas que estão presentes no Proslogion, e sob essa perspectiva deu-se a pesquisa, explicitando suas questões teológicas em sua obra específica, sob comentários da teologia dogmática protestante contemporânea. Além disso, refletir sobre o seu ambiente medieval, no que diz respeito à cultura, sociedade, contexto eclesiástico, pressupostos teológicos e filosóficos, enfim, entre outras questões, ajudam a compreender melhor o pensamento anselmiano.

Title Regime intervention to influence aerobic fitness level of middle age women Objective The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of two-month physical intervention on the aerobic fitness level of middle-aged women and the influence of this intervention on the change of the body composition of individual study participants. Methods The tested group consisted of 5 middle-aged women with a sedentary occupation and no regular physical activity. The evaluation of their aerobic fitness and body composition was performed before the start of the intervention. These values were compared to the results of the same tests after the intervention. The values of VO2max measured before and after the intervention were used for the evaluation of aerobic fitness. The regression equation, based on the results of 2 km walking test (part of the UNIFITTEST 6-60), was used for the calculation of VO2max. The methods of bioimpedance (using the portable device Body stat 1500) and anthropometric measurement (body high, weight, circuits) were used for determination of body composition - mainly % FFM and% BF. The physical intervention itself was focused on walking for two months period. The form was used for monitoring of intervention individual exercise units. The group of middle-aged women performed the prescribed...

This is a study of martial material culture in the context of the Viking Age warrior of Birka, Sweden. The aim is to establish the role, function and affiliation of the Birka warrior and thereby place Birka on the power-political map of the 10th century. The study is based on the excavations of the fortified structures, particularly the Garrison, at the trading post of Birka as well as the extensive remains of material culture deriving from these investigations. A starting hypothesis is that an analysis of material culture constitutes a way of mapping social structures and that style and iconography reflect cultural groups, contacts and loyalties. Based on the case studies of six papers, the synthesis deals with questions of the work and world view of the warriors, as too their relation to their contemporary counterparts in eastern and western Europe. Questions are raised concerning the value and function of symbols in a martial context where material culture reflects rank, status and office. In defining the Birka warrior’s particular stylistic expression, a tool is created and used in the search for contacts and affiliations reflected through the distribution patterns. The results show close contacts with the eastern trading posts located on the rivers Volga and Dnjepr in Ancient Russia. It is stated that these Rus’ trading posts, essentially inhabited by Northmen, shared a common cultural expression that was maintained throughout a vast area by exceptionally close contacts. It is suggested that a particular stylistic expression developed in these Rus’ trading places containing elements of mainly Scandinavian, Steppe nomadic and Byzantine origin. In conclusion, the results of this thesis show that the warriors from Birka’s Garrison had a share in the martial development of contemporary Europe but with their own particular traits. Close relations with the eastern trade route and contact with the powerful Byzantine Empire were enjoyed. As a pointer for future research, it is wondered what organisational form the close-knit structure of the Rus’ trading posts actually took, keeping the subsequent guilds of medieval Europe in mind. The fall of the Garrison, as of Birka, corresponds with the establishment of Christianity in the region. Such changes were not limited to Central Sweden but part of a greater process where a new political structure was developing, better anchored in local concerns.