Cette thèse porte sur l'étude approfondie des représentations de l’un des plus grands rois de l’Ancien Testament : le Roi David. Ce travail doctoral s’efforcera d’étudier cette figure biblique dans les arts de la fin du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance en Europe. Les Saintes Écritures relatent la vie mouvementée de cet illustre homme et roi qui devint, au fil des siècles, un modèle de référence pour les souverains chrétiens. En effet, celui-ci correspondait parfaitement aux aspirations des princes qui souhaitaient prendre exemple sur ce royal personnage et s’approprier son prestige. Dans cette problématique, la figure de David s’est révélée être d’une incroyable richesse : successivement petit pâtre, oint du Seigneur, valeureux guerrier, musicien d’excellence et psalmiste, souverain d’Israël, amoureux transi, pécheur puis pénitent. Toutes les facettes de ce personnage si complexe ont inspiré, chacune à leur manière, la pensée spirituelle, politique et artistique. / This thesis focuses on the in-depth study of representations of one of the greatest kings of the Old Testament: the King David. This doctoral work will try to explore the biblical figure in the arts of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance in Europe.The Holy Bible recounts the eventful life of this famous king who became, through centuries, a model for the christian princes. In fact, it fit perfectly with the aspirations of the princes who wanted to follow the example of this royal personage and appropriate his prestige. In this issue, the figure of David appears to be incredibly wide, successively little shepherd, anointed, brave warrior, musician and psalmist, king of Israel, women lover, sinner and penitent. Every facets of this complex character inspired, each in its own way, spiritual, political and artistic thought.

Consacrée aux représentations de l’Ascension du Christ en Occident entre le 9e et le 13e siècle, la thèse entreprise propose une analyse de l’épisode de la montée du Christ au ciel d’après son iconographie. Cette analyse comporte plusieurs séquences. S’agissant d’un sujet religieux, nous avons d’abord présenté les sources canoniques, puis les commentaires qui en ont été faits. Une mise au point sur la liturgie a également été nécessaire. En méthode, selon les principes de l’analyse sérielle visant à repérer les récurrences et les particularités d’un sujet iconographique, un corpus de 325 œuvres a été constitué. Le nombre conséquent d’œuvres recensées a permis d’utiliser différentes méthodes statistiques, comme l’analyse factorielle multiple (AFM) et l’analyse statistique implicative (ASI) : combinant méthodes quantitative et qualitative, ces outils ont permis de mettre en lien des interactions entre les différents motifs de l’image. Nous avons ainsi dégagé plusieurs types iconographiques dans la manière de représenter le Christ, mettant en avant la mobilité iconographique du sujet. Cette méthode nous a permis de dégager les traits d’interprétation de l’image. Nous avons procédé à l’analyse de l’image à travers l’étude des motifs iconographiques, le schéma de composition du sujet, ou encore l’interprétation d’un programme iconographique. La mise en parallèle avec des commentaires de l’Ascension a offert un nouvel éclairage sur l’interprétation des images : reflet d’une époque, d’une pensée commune, il a été possible d’apporter de nouvelles clés de lecture de certaines représentations ou associations d’images. À travers l’étude de l’iconographie de l’Ascension du Christ, c’est toute la complexité de l’image médiévale qui est apparue. D’abord étudiée pour elle-même dans l’analyse des motifs, elle a mis en lumière la diversité du sujet, d’un point de vue tant iconographique que théologique. Replacée ensuite dans son contexte de création, elle a révélé de nouvelles combinaisons iconographiques, aboutissant à de nouvelles possibilités de comprendre l’image. / This thesis is dedicated to western representations of the Ascension of Jesus Christ between the IX and XIII Centuries and offers an analysis of this episode according to its iconography. This analysis consists of several sequences. As it is a religious subject, we have first the canonical sources, followed by the comments made on them. Clarification on the liturgy was also necessary. For the method, and according to the principles of serial analysis aimed at identifying the recurrences and particularities of an iconographical subject, a corpus of 325 works of art was constituted. The substantial amount of inventoried works of art permitted utilising different methods of statistics, such as the Implicative Statistical Analysis (ISA) and the Multiple Factorial Analaysis (MFA). These tools, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, permitted the establishment of connections between the images’ different motives. Several iconographical types in the representation of Christ were identified, showing the iconographical mobility of this subject.This method also allowed us to reach the main iconographical lines of the image. We proceeded to the images’ analysis through studying the iconographical motives, the subject’s composition and the interpretation of the iconographical programme. The parallel display with the comments on the Ascension shed new light upon those images’ interpretation: reflection of a time, a common belief; it was possible to bring new keys of understanding of certain representations or associated images. Through the iconographical study of Christ’s Ascension, the whole complexity of medieval image was brought highlighted. Firstly studied for itself during the motives analysis, it showed the diversity of the subject from iconographical and theological points of view. Later replaced in its context of creation, it revealed new iconographical combinations, leading to new possibilities of interpreting the image.

: Midlife Crisis is a very popular concept describing middle adulthood. Faced with imminent death, people stop on the way to achieve their goals, to review their achievements and to assess what you already have and what you still want to achieve to fulfill their dreams. The theoretical part deals mainly with the definition of middle adulthood, midlife crisis, life satisfaction and personal well-being and also presents an overview of basic theories and research on these topics. Empirical part is focused on finding how this concept is understood and whether their own lives and the lives of their loved ones this stage recognize as life stage specific symptoms within the definition of midlife crisis and how this developmental stage experience. The work also deals with the psychological differences in experiencing developmental stages middle-aged men and women and ways of coping. Key words: middle age, crisis, adulthood, life span development, individuation, life review

M.A. (Philosophy) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

This essay has analyzed and compared measurements of at least 41 dogs from seven different locations on Gotland ranging periods from Stone Age to Iron Age. This essay’s focus was on studying what kind of different types of dogs there are in the different time periods on Gotland, but also what their usage may have been. Type is not to be confused with breed as it is a modern concept and would give a faulty image, type indicate usage such as primed for i.e. hunting. The thesis also explores if the result differs from the mainland or preference of dogs compared to the island. Earlier studies have stated that during the Stone- and Bronze Age there are spitz type dogs, which usually varies between 30-60 cm. While during the Iron age more variety of different type of dogs were found such a greyhound type. Even larger dogs appear in the material with a height of 60-70 cm.   The Gotlandic dogs that were examined came from the locations Simunde, Lilla Vikers, Stora Källstäde, Hemmor, Gullrum, Ire, Vallhagar and Broa in Halla. Their sizes differed between 25-73 cm in height. The types of dogs that have been read out in the material are spitz, terrier, molosser types. The spitz and the terrier types indicate a usage as a farm dog raging to hunting, herding, guarding and as a companion. The molosser type and the other long-legged dogs in Broa in Halla show more specified hunting, high status and even hunting with horse. Nothing shows a different preference of type or size between the mainland and Gotland with the exception that the Gotlandic Stone age dogs were a little on the larger side than normal. The dogs were important in Gotland society and lived a good life with man as well as having the same diet which was proven by carbon-13 value analyzes from Ajvide. The dogs showed very few injuries and those that did showed instead that they had been taken care of in form of food and shelter so that those injuries fully have healed properly. Which shows that man has taken care of the dogs and wanted them well in health, that the dog is indeed important to humans and is our best friend.

The study investigated aspects of self-rated autobiographical memory between young and middle-aged adults, as well as examined sex differences. A Swedish version of a self-rating questionnaire was used online to assess autobiographical memory. The Survey of autobiographical memory assesses autobiographical memory abilities in episodic, semantic, spatial, and future domains. Forty-one healthy volunteers were included. The youngest group (Mage=26), had 70% women and middle-aged adults (Mage=44) had 50 % percent women. The mean age for women was (M= 30, range = 30) and the mean age for men was (M=34, range= 30). Univariate General Linear Model was performed to determine whether there is a significant mean difference between the age-groups and sex, while a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance assessed the interaction between age group and memory type. It was hypothesized that there would be no difference between young and middle-aged adults in semantic autobiographical memory, but that episodic autobiographical memory would be rated lower by the middle-aged adults. The two dependent variables were semantic and episodic scores. No significant effects were found for age-group or sex on the total, episodic, and semantic scores. The age-group by memory-type interaction showed that semantic and episodic memories were not rated differently by the two age-groups. One reason for these non-significant outcomes could be the overall small sample sizes. Further elaboration is needed to assess the aspects of self-rated AM changes from young to middle adulthood, including sex differences in the self-assessment since not many studies have addressed such questions. / Studien undersökte aspekter avsjälvskattat självbiografiskt minne mellan unga vuxna och individer i medelåldern samt även könsskillnader. En svensk version av ett självsskattningsfrågeformulär användes online för att undersöka självbiografiskt minne. Frågeformuläret bedömer autobiografiska minnesförmågor inom episodiska, semantiska, rumsliga och framtida domäner. Fyrtio friska deltagare medverkade i undersökningen. Den yngsta gruppen (M ålder=26), hade 70% kvinnor, medan medelålders vuxna (M ålder =44), hade 50% kvinnor. Medelåldern för kvinnor var (M = 30, intervall = 30) och mäns var (M = 34, intervall = 30). Univariata allmänna linjär modeller utfördes för att bestämma om det finns en signifikant genomsnittlig skillnad mellan åldersgrupperna och kön, medan en multivariat variansanalys med upprepade mätningar bedömde interaktionen mellan åldersgrupp ochminnestyp. Det antogs att det inte skulle finnas någon skillnad mellan unga och i det semantiska självbiografiska minnet, men att episodiskt självbiografiskt minne skulle skattas lägre efter medelåldern. De två beroende variablerna var semantiska och episodiska poäng. Inga signifikanta effekter hittades för åldersgrupp eller kön på den totala, episodiska och semantiska poängen. Interaktionen mellan åldersgrupp och minnestyp visade att semantiska och episodiska minnen inte bedömdes annorlunda av de två åldersgrupperna.

本論文共一冊，約四萬字，可分為五章。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景 第二節 研究目的 第三節 研究範圍 第四節 研究限制 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 文獻探討 主要探討服務業中消費者行為有關之文獻。 第二節 觀念性架構 主要以EKB 模式為主體 第三節 研究假設 第三章 研究方法 第一節 問卷設計 採封閉式問卷，並以郵寄方法為主，少部分便利攜回式填寫為輔來接觸受 測者。 第二節 抽樣設計 第三節 資料分析方法 以ANOVA 規則相關分析方法分析資料。 第四章 結果分析 第一節 評估準則之差異分析（重要性分析） 第二節 評估準則與生活型態之相關分析 第三節 購屋經驗與評估準則差異探討 第四節 購買地區與評估準則差異分析 第五節 不同通路選擇者之人口變數分析 第六節 不同通路選擇者對通路認知之差異分析 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 第二節 建議

Les reliques sont des objets associés aux saints, ou au Christ. Une relique est porteuse d’une puissance spirituelle, une virtus, source de miracles. Depuis l’Antiquité et surtout le Moyen Âge, les reliques ont joué un rôle essentiel dans la vie des sociétés chrétiennes. Il n’en reste pas moins que les théologiens semblent n’avoir réservé au culte des reliques qu’une faible part de leurs écrits, au point d’être considéré par l’historiographie actuelle comme ayant eu « une élaboration théorique inversement proportionnelle à son importance ». Le présent mémoire se propose d’étudier, à travers les différents témoignages laissés sur le culte des reliques, durant l’Antiquité et le Moyen Âge, quelles ont pu être les conceptions, croyances et controverses autour du culte des reliques. L’hypothèse par conséquent proposée est celle d’un « problème des reliques », intimement lié aux évolutions du culte des saints et aux conceptions sur l’eucharistie tout au long du Moyen Âge. Un glissement se produit au cours du Moyen Âge, d’une critique jugée hérétique du culte en lui-même, à un refus des abus et du flou entourant ce culte au nom de l’orthodoxie. Ces paroles persistantes, à défaut d’un débat, sur la validité, les mécanismes mystiques et les abus d’un tel culte se sont ainsi cristallisées au XIIe siècle chez plusieurs auteurs contemporains, tels Thiofrid d’Echternach et surtout Guibert de Nogent, soulignant le besoin d’une élaboration théorique et d’une codification de ces pratiques. / Relics are items linked to the saints, or to the Christ. Relics carry spiritual power, called virtus, source of miracles. Since the Antiquity, and especially since the Middle Age, relics played an essential part in the life of christian societies. The fact remains that the medieval theologians seemed to have reserved, for the cult of relics, a small part of their writings, as to be regarded by historians as having been presenting "a theoretical elaboration inversely proportional to its significance " and did not elicit any debate. This thesis thus proposes to study, through the various accounts left on the cult of relics, the ancient and medieval, what were the views, beliefs and controversies around the cult of relics. The hypothesis is therefore proposed that a "problem of the relics" existed, throughout the Middle Age, intimately linked to developments in the cult of saints and ideas on the Eucharist. A shift occurs during the Middle Ages, from a criticism, considered heretical, of the cult itself, to a denial of abuse and vagueness of this cult in the name of orthodoxy. These persistent speeches, if not a debate, about the validity and the mystical mechanisms and abuse of such a cult, would be well crystallized in the twelfth century, reflected in many contemporary writers, such as Thiofrid Echternach and especially Guibert of Nogent, stressing the need for theoretical development and codification of these practices.

Les enfants font rarement l’objet d’une étude complète et approfondie en bioarchéologie et leur intégration à la population adulte est souvent limitée. Or, il est reconnu que leurs vestiges dentaires et squelettiques apportent de nombreuses connaissances quant à leur mode de vie et l’environnement dans lequel ils ont grandi. Nous proposons de vérifier ce postulat à partir d’un large échantillon d’individus immatures (N=613, du sujet périnatal à l’adolescent tardif), daté du haut Moyen Âge européen (essentiellement, 9e-11e siècles) et provenant de populations au mode de vie contrasté (urbain vs. rural) : Cherbourg Notre-Dame, Norroy-le-Veneur (France), Mikulcice Kostelisko et Prušánky 1 (République tchèque) ; plus la collection de référence de Spitalfields (Londres, UK) pour certains aspects méthodologiques. Une problématique triple est présentée : à la fois synthétique, comparative et méthodologique, elle cerne ainsi l’ensemble des sujets traitant des individus immatures en bioarchéologie. Si les facteurs biologiques (âge au décès, variabilité intra- et inter-population, profils de croissance squelettique) ne permettent pas de discerner distinctement les individus selon leur mode de vie (hormis les indicateurs de stress non spécifique et les lésions carieuses), les pratiques funéraires — spécifiques selon les cultures — mettent parfaitement en évidence les différences entre les populations. En outre, une étude adaptée à la part non-adulte de la population permet de démontrer des modalités biologiques à partir de collections archéologiques, résultat inédit au vu de tous les facteurs de biais connus. Enfin, de nouveaux outils méthodologiques ont été mis en place (estimation secondaire de l’âge, séquences de minéralisation dentaire, profils de croissance squelettique par analyse de transition) permettant une meilleure intégration des individus immatures aux larges études populationnelles, soulignant l’importance de cette part de la population en bioarchéologie. / Thorough bioarchaeological studies of children populations are few, and their integration into the adult population is often limited. Nevertheless, it is well known that non-adult’s teeth and skeletal remains give a wealth of information about their brief lives, and on the environment where they grew. This study is based on a large skeletal sample (N= 613 individuals ranging from perinates to late adolescence), dated from the Early Middle Age (essentially 9th-11th centuries AD) and belonging to very different lifestyle populations (urban vs. rural): Cherbourg Notre-Dame, Norroy-le-Veneur (France), Mikulcice Kostelisko and Prušánky 1 (Czech Republic) ; plus the identified collection from Spitalfields (London, UK) used for methodological issues. The topic of the study is threefold: Synthetic, comparative, and methodological, in order to give a global point of view on the children in a given bioarchaeological context. The biological patterns studied (age at death, intra- and inter-population variability, skeletal growth profiles) do not demonstrate significant differences between lifestyle, whereas non-specific stress indicators, caries lesions, and funerary practices do and can describe the environment where the children grew. It has also been possible to detect and demonstrate biological patterns within archaeological samples, which is a great result, totally unexpected considering all the biases of such studies. Finally, new methodological approaches have been built (secondary age estimation, dental mineralization sequences, skeletal growth profiles with the transition analysis), allowing a better integration of the immature individuals among large population syntheses. They highlight the non-adult part of population’s great contribution to bioarchaeology.

Merging from on-ramps to mainline traffic is one of the most challenging driving maneuvers on freeways. The challenges are further heightened for older drivers, as they are known to have longer perception-reaction times, larger acceptance gaps, and slower acceleration rates. In this research, VISSIM, a microscopic traffic simulation software, was used to evaluate the influence of the aging drivers on the operations of a typical diamond interchange. First, drivers were recorded on video cameras as they negotiated joining the mainline traffic from an on-ramp acceleration lane at two sites along I-75 in Southwest Florida. Several measures of effectiveness were collected including speeds, gaps, and location of entry to the mainline lanes. This information was used as either model input or for verification purposes. Two VISSIM models were developed for each site – one for the existing conditions and verification, and another for a sensitivity analysis, varying the percentage of older drivers and Level of Service (from A to E), to determine their influence on ramp operational characteristics. According to the results, there was a significant difference in driving behavior between older, middle-aged, and younger drivers, based on the measures of effectiveness analyzed in this study. Additionally, as the level of service and percentage of older adult motorists increased, longer queues were observed with slower speeds on the acceleration lanes and the right-most travel lane of the mainline traffic.