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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ana Paula Jardim Roquete - AVALIAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES CAPACITIVAS DE RECOBRIMENTOS DE SOL-GEL APLICADOS SOBRE ALUMÍNIO ANODIZADO (1).pdf: 2361567 bytes, checksum: 81ac2b44fc68ae0dcd2c6e987e3b4598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / O desenvolvimento da indústria de eletrônicos junto à miniaturização dos seus dispositivos gera uma demanda de novos sistemas de armazenamento de energia, como os capacitores. Na busca por esses novos sistemas, o estudo de materiais para uso como capacitores tem papel fundamental. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um recobrimento com propriedades capacitivas em liga de alumínio, tendo como pré-tratamento o processo de anodização, o qual devido à rugosidade formada sobre a amostra pode auxiliar na aderência do recobrimento. Os recobrimentos foram produzidos a partir do processo sol-gel, o qual forma recobrimentos finos de forma consideravelmente simples e econômica. As amostras de alumínio, obtidas de latas de refrigerante, foram lixadas, para a retirada de seus recobrimentos interno e externo, após passaram por um tratamento superficial, por meio do processo de anodização, o qual foi realizado em três diferentes tempos (15, 20 e 30 minutos). Este tratamento superficial foi avaliado pela técnica de Polarização Potenciostática (PP), indicando as melhores condições de anodização para a deposição de sol-gel. A capacitância para este tratamento superficial foi avaliada por meio de Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE) ao longo de um período de seis dias em solução de NaCl 3% p/v em pH 2,7. Ambas as análises identificaram a anodização de 15 min como a melhor condição para a realização do tratamento. Amostras com e sem anodização foram então recobertas por oito composições diferentes de sol-gel, e a partir das avaliações de capacitância de cada recobrimento por EIE foi determinada a melhor composição para a adição de um novo óxido, o óxido de rutênio (RuO2), com o objetivo de aumentar a capacitância do recobrimento. As amostras com a última composição foram avaliadas por EIE, determinando a capacitância do recobrimento, Cronocoulometria, para identificação do comportamento quanto ao carregamento, Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA), avaliando a superfície das amostras. Obteve-se com as medidas de EIE uma menor capacitância para as amostras recobertas com o último sol-gel em relação às amostras anodizadas, porém por Cronocoulometria foi possível verificar carregamento e descarregamento da superfície, o que indicou um comportamento dielétrico do sol-gel, pois manteve a carga de carregamento após a imposição de um potencial contrário ao aplicado. As análises de DRX e MFA comprovaram a ação da anodização devido à presença de pseudo-boemita e rugosidade da amostra, e a indicação de uma região amorfa para amostras com sol-gel, as quais apresentaram superfícies mais planas. / The development of the electronics industry with the miniaturization of devices creates a demand for new energy storage systems, such as capacitors. In the search for these new systems, the study of materials for use as capacitors has a fundamental role. This work aims at the development of a coating with capacitive properties on aluminum alloy, using as pretreatment the anodizing process, which roughness formed on the sample can assist in coating adhesion. Coatings were produced from the sol-gel process, which forms thin coatings in a simple and economical way. The aluminum samples obtained from soft drinks cans were sanded for the removal of its internal and external coatings after undergone a surface treatment by means of anodizing process, which was conducted at three different times (15, 20, and 30 minutes). This surface treatment was evaluated by the technique of Pontentiostatic Polarization (PP), indicating the best conditions of anodizing process for the deposition of solgel. The capacitance for this surface treatment was assessed using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) over a period of six days in 3,0 % NaCl solution at pH 2.7. Both analyzes identified the anodizing 15 min as the best condition for the treatment. Samples with and without anodization were then coated with eight different sol-gel compositions, and from the capacitance ratings of each coating was determined by EIA the best composition for adding a new oxide, ruthenium oxide (RuO2), in order to increase the capacitance of the coating. Samples with this final composition was evaluated by EIA, determining the capacitance of the coating, chronocoulometry, to identify the behavior and loading, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) evaluating the sample surface. EIS measurements indicating a smaller capacitance for samples coated with the sol-gel in relation to the anodized samples, however chronocoulometry was verified by loading and unloading surface, which indicated a dielectric behavior of the sol-gel, cause it kept the charging load on the establishment of a potential opposite to that applied. The analysis of XRD and AFM confirmed the anodizing action due to the presence of pseudo-boehmite and roughness of the sample, and the appointment of an amorphous region for samples with sol-gel, which had more flat surfaces.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die kationische Polymerisation neuer Furanmonomere beschrieben, die zu anorganisch-organischen Nanokompositen führt. Die kationische Polymerisation des Tetrafurfuryloxysilans steht dabei im Vordergrund. Ausgehend von den synthetisierten Kompositen wird die Herstellung von anorganischen Oxiden durch thermische Oxidation und von Kohlenstoffmaterialien durch thermische Behandlung in Schutzgasatmosphäre beschrieben. Die Charakterisierung der Komposite, Oxide und Kohlenstoffmaterialien erfolgt mittels Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie, Röntgenbeugung und Elektronenmikroskopie. Das Prinzip der neu entdeckten Zwillingspolymerisation wird vorgestellt und anhand verschiedener Beispiele auf seine weitere Anwendbarkeit zur Synthese anorganisch-organischer Kompositmaterialien überprüft.

Inorganic UV-filters in use today often occur as nanoparticles and have a photocatalytic effect, which can be a problem since they can cause negative health effects. This is why Upsalite®, a mesoporous magnesium carbonate recently has been investigated as a UV-filter. Upsalite® itself is however not suitable as a UV-filter since it mainly protects in the UVC range and hence it needs to be complemented by other substances. The substance studied to functionalize Upsalite® in this thesis is titanium dioxide which is an inorganic UV-filter commonly used in sunscreens. In this work two different sol-gel synthesis routes of titanium dioxide have been investigated as well as a co-synthesis of Upsalite® and titanium dioxide. In the first synthesis route already synthesized Upsalite® was mixed with titanium tetra-isopropoxide and 1-propanol. The second synthesis route was a modified version of synthesis routes described in literature where methanol solvent was used and the pressure was altered by CO2. This route was explored due to its resemblance with the Upsalite® synthesis. Pressure, temperature and amount of water were varied to optimize incorporation of Upsalite® and investigate possibilities for a co-synthesis. Subsequently a co-synthesis of Upsalite® and titanium dioxide was performed that resulted in two amorphous composite materials depending on if water was added in the drying procedure or not. When mixing Upsalite® in the synthesis liquid of titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide seems to be deposited on Upsalite®. It is however difficult to determine whether the pores of Upsalite® have been completely filled or if they have collapsed. The acid catalyst HCl promotes formation to crystalline titanium dioxide but Upsalite® instead prevents it. The limited crystallization of titanium dioxide when synthesized with Upsalite® may be due to confinement in the Upsalite® pores. The UV-blocking properties of the TiO2-Upsalite® without HCl are good with an sun protection factor (SPF) of 27 for a 10 wt% blend in a lotion and an SPF of 7 for the sample with HCl. The modified synthesis route of TiO2 showed that it is possible to perform a sol-gel synthesis with a considerably lower amount of water than found in literature and that alteration of temperature and pressure during the synthesis does not affect the crystallization temperature noteworthy. The materials obtained from the co-synthesis are slightly porous, probably consisting of one or several magnesium titanium oxides and a carbonate phase and showed a transmission cutoff in between Upsalite® and titanium dioxide corresponding to an SPF of 5.

Au cours de cette thèse, plusieurs approches de fonctionnalisation anti-bactérienne passive, de type"bactériostatique" utilisant des espèces hydrophobes, et active (selon un standard ISO), de type"bactéricide" utilisant des nanoparticules d'argent métallique ou des espèces à base d'ammoniumquaternaire, ont été testées sur des tissus textiles. Des solutions liquides ont été élaborées par voie sol-gelet photochimique, en association ou non. Elles ont tout d'abord été caractérisées d'un point de vuephysico-chimique, morphologique et structural, afin d'optimiser leur formulation et les caractéristiquesdes espèces en solution vis-à-vis de différents cahiers des charges industriels. Ce travail d'optimisation aen particulier conduit à des solutions stables permettant leur utilisation reproductible au cours du temps.Les solutions ont ensuite été imprégnées sur des échantillons textiles, par un dispositif simplifié de "padcoating"mis au point au cours de la thèse, afin de tester la fonction anti-bactérienne des textiles traités.Selon la nature des espèces imprégnées, l'optimisation des solutions conduit à une fonctionnalité antibactériennepassive ou active respectant l'aspect visuel du textile et ne dénaturant pas son toucher. Destests de lavage de laboratoire ou de lavage ménager en conditions réelles ont également montré unaccrochage notable des espèces imprégnées sur les textiles. Des options ont finalement été proposées pouraccroître cet accrochage afin de répondre à des conditions de lavage industriel. En conclusion, ce travail met en évidence le potentiel des approches d'élaboration par chimie douce en vue de fonctionnaliser des textiles, en permettant en particulier de proposer des méthodologies originales et simplifiées en adéquation avec des impératifs industriels.

This research focuses on the development of spectroelectrochemical sensor formats based on thin film molecular architectures and electrochemical detection of sol-gel encapsulated macromolecular recognition elements. To achieve this goal, there were two major objectives: 1) to demonstrate and characterize conductive polymer grown electrochemically in porous sol-gel thin films with specific regard to the ability of the polymer to mediate charge transfer between sol-gel encapsulated molecules and the electrode surface, and 2) to develop a means to probe the spectroscopic properties of highly absorbent thin films as a function of applied potential. Toward the first objective, diffusion of a derivatized thiophene monomer into a sol-gel thin film and subsequent electropolymerization at an underlying indium-tin oxide (ITO) surface was found to produce a conductive network of polymer capable of mediating electron transfer from encapsulated redox centers in the bulk of the sol-gel film to the electrode surface. At high levels of polymer loading, emergent, sol-gel templated, polymeric structures are formed which extend from the sol-gel surface into the electrolyte solution and exhibit electrochemical properties of ultramicroelectrode arrays. To achieve the second objective, a polychromatic, electroactive attenuated total internal reflectance (EA-ATR) instrument was developed consisting of an indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass internal reflection element (IRE). In addition to a high degree of surface sensitivity relative to transmission geometries, this geometry affords acquisition of absorption anisotropy information, via polarization of the incident beam, to determine the orientation distribution in molecular adlayers. To demonstrate these abilities, the orientational distribution of monolayer and bilayer films of perylene and copper phthalocyanine derivatives, respectively, was determined. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the EA-ATR could be used in a potential-modulated mode (PM-ATR) to study the kinetics of electro-optical switching in conductive copolymer thin films.

No description available.

Silica nanoparticles are effective fluorophore carriers with high potential in imaging, diagnostics, and therapy. The particles are resistant to drastic change of environmental conditions (pH, temperature etc.) and insulate the dyes so as to protect them from photobleaching. Silica chemistry is also versatile and affords an easy modification of the particle composition and surface to integrate targeting ligands or to integrate other nanoparticles. Regardless of their advantages, there exists a lack of dye diversity in the literature that is connected to a low affinity for potential tools for biology and medicineThis thesis describes the development of an alternative method for the synthesis of fluorescent silica nanoparticles and their modification to incorporate iron oxide and gold. cont/d.

Methyl-functionalized porous silica is of considerable interest as a low dielectric constant film for semiconductor devices. The structural development of these materials appears to affect their gelation behaviors and impact their mechanical properties and shrinkage during processing. 29Si solution NMR was used to follow the structural evolution of MTMS (methyltrimethoxysilane) polymerization to gelation or precipitation, and thus to better understand the species that affect these properties and gelation behaviors. The effects of pH, water concentration, type of solvents, and synthesis procedures (single step acid catalysis and two-step acid/base catalysis) on MTMS polymerization were discussed. The reactivity of silicon species with different connectivity and the extent of cyclization were found to depend appreciably on the pH value of the sol. A kinetic model is presented to treat the reactivity of both silicon species involved in condensations separately based on the inductive and steric effects of these silicon species. Extensive cyclization in the presence of acid, which was attributed to the steric effects among numerous reaction pathways for the first time, prevents MTMS gelation, whereas gels were obtained from the two-step method with nearly random condensations. The experimental degree of condensation (DC) at the gel point using the two-step procedure was determined to be 0.86, which is considerably higher than that predicted by the current accepted theories. Both chemical and physical origins of this high value were suggested. Aerogels dried by supercritical CO2 extraction were characterized by FTIR, 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR and nitrogen sorption. The existence of three residual groups (Si-OH, Si-OCH3, and Si-OC2H5) was confirmed, but their concentrations are very low compared to silica aerogels. The low concentrations of the residual groups, along with the presence of Si-CH3, make MTMS aerogels permanently hydrophobic. To enhance applicability, MTMS aerogels were successfully prepared that demonstrated shrinkage less than 10% after supercritical drying; proving that the rigidity of the gel network is not the sole factor, suggesting in the literature, to cause the huge shrinkage in many hybrid aerogels reported. An important finding of this work is that MTMS aerogels can be prepared without tedious solvent exchange and surface modification if the molar ratio of water/MTMS increases to 8, substantially reducing the cost of aerogel production. This result was attributed to MTMS's fully condensation and low concentrations of ring species.

This work utilized the sol-gel process in two ways. First, macroporous silica thin films were developed using a combination of casting techniques and templating. Macroporsity was introduced to the silica thin films by either doping the silica sol before casting or by ordering the template on a substrate and then casting a sol over it. These techniques were first used to create silica thin films with long microchannel pores (200 nm x 60 µm) from a doped sol with the bacteria, B. Megaterium, as the template for nanomaterial formation. To enable the formation long microchannels, the flexible bacteria chains were aligned by using light scratches on the substrate surface as anchors for the bacteria’s adhesive cell capsule. Polystyrene (PS) sphere templates were then used in several studies to obtain silica thin films with well-ordered “nanowells,” single-layer hemispherical pores that allowed direct access to the substrate beneath the film. Copper and gold nanoparticles were integrated into moderately packed films by electrodepostion and monolayer self-assembly, respectfully. The size of the nanoparticles was controlled by the time of the electrodeposition or the time of exposure to an electroless growth solution. The final study with polystyrene latex sphere templates produced high quality, well-packed films containing well-defined nanowells over almost the entire conductive substrate. This was accomplished by separating the ordering of the templates on the substrate from film formation. Electroless growth was used to control the size and shape of the gold nanoparticles and the electrochemical properties of the resultant films were studied, showing an enhanced response to negatively charged redox probes. Sol-gel techniques were then used to create high aspect ratio silica nanotubes and pillars. The electroassisted deposition of silica was carried out in the pores of track-etched membranes, allowing supported nanotubes with dimensions of 100 – 400 nm x 10 µm to be obtained. The mechanism of silica formation in the tubular template was studied and it was found that growth occurred first by nanotube formation, followed by further growth through tube from the electrode to the other side of the pore. This allowed for partially filled tubes and solid pillars to be obtained. The method was found to be flexible and characteristics such as tube length, chemical functionality and porosity to be controlled.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese, Charakterisierung und Optimierung von Kohlenstoff-Aerogelen (C-Aerogele) für den Einsatz als Hochtemperaturwärmedämmung (> 1000°C). C-Aerogele sind offenporöse monolithische Festkörper, die durch Pyrolyse von organischen Aerogelen entstehen. Die Synthese dieser organischen Vorstufen erfolgt über das Sol-Gel-Verfahren. Zur Charakterisierung der Morphologie wurde die innere Struktur der Aerogele mittels Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Raman-Spektroskopie, Stickstoffsorption und Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung (SAXS) untersucht. Die thermischen Eigenschaften der Aerogele wurden mit Hilfe von Laser-Flash Messungen, dynamischer Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC), thermographischen und infrarot-optischen (IR) Messungen quantifiziert. Die innere Struktur von Aerogelen besteht aus einem dreidimensionalen Gerüst von Primärpartikeln, die während der Sol-Gel Synthese ohne jede Ordnung aneinander wachsen. Die zwischen den Partikeln befindlichen Hohlräume bilden die Poren. Die mittlere Partikel- und Porengröße eines Aerogels kann durch die Konzentration der Ausgangslösung und der Katalysatorkonzentration einerseits und durch die Synthesetemperatur und –dauer andererseits eingestellt werden. Der Bereich der mittleren Partikel- und Porengröße, der in dieser Arbeit synthetisierten Aerogele, erstreckt sich von einigen 10 Nanometern bis zu einigen Mikrometern. Die Dichten der Proben wurden im Bereich von 225 kg/m3 bis 635 kg/m3 variiert. Die Auswirkungen der Pyrolysetemperatur auf die Struktur und die thermischen Eigenschaften der C-Aerogele wurden anhand einer Probenserie erstmalig systematisch untersucht. Die Proben wurden dazu bei Temperaturen von 800°C bis 2500°C pyrolysiert bzw. temperaturbehandelt (geglüht). Um die einzelnen Beiträge zur Wärmeleitfähigkeit trennen und minimieren zu können, wurden die synthetisierten Aerogele thermisch mit mehreren Meßmethoden unter unterschiedlichen Bedingungen charakterisiert. Temperaturabhängige Messungen der spezifischen Wärmekapazität cp im Bereich von 32°C bis 1500°C ergaben für C-Aerogele verglichen mit den Literaturdaten von Graphit einen ähnlichen Verlauf. Allerdings steigt cp etwas schneller mit der Temperatur an, was auf eine „weichere“ Struktur hindeutet. Die maximale Abweichung beträgt etwa 11%. Messungen an einer Serie morphologisch identischer Aerogelproben, die im Temperaturbereich zwischen 800°C und 2500°C pyrolysiert bzw. geglüht wurden, ergeben eine Zunahme der Festkörperwärmeleitfähigkeit mit der Behandlungstemperatur um etwa einen Faktor 8. Stickstoffsorptions-, XRD-, Raman- und SAXS-Messungen an diesen Proben zeigen, dass dieser Effekt wesentlich durch das Wachstum der graphitischen Bereiche (Mikrokristallite) innerhalb der Primärpartikel des Aerogels bestimmt wird. Berechnungen auf Basis von Messungen der Temperaturleitfähigkeit weisen außerdem auch auf Veränderungen der Mikrokristallite hin. Gasdruckabhängige Messungen der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Vergleich zwischen Messungen unter Vakuum und unter Normaldruck an verschiedenen Aerogelmorphologien liefern Aussagen über den Gasanteil der Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich der Gasanteil der Wärmeleitfähigkeit in den Poren des Aerogels verglichen mit dem freien Gas durch die geeignete mittlere Porengröße erwartungsgemäß erheblich verringern lässt. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen in Rahmen der Messunsicherheit mit der Theorie überein. Durch infrarot-optische Messungen an C-Aerogelen konnte der Extinktionskoeffizient bestimmt und daraus der entsprechende Beitrag der Wärmestrahlung zur Wärmeleitfähigkeit berechnet werden. Temperaturabhängige Messungen der thermischen Diffusivität erlaubten mit der zur Verfügung stehenden Laser-Flash Apparatur die Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit bis zu Temperaturen von 1500°C. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der C-Aerogele zeigt eine Charakteristik, die mit den separat gemessenen bzw. berechneten Beiträgen zur Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Theorie im Rahmen der Messunsicherheit gut übereinstimmen. Auf der Basis der gewonnenen Messdaten ist es möglich, die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Aerogelen für Anwendungen über die maximale Messtemperatur von 1500°C durch Extrapolation vorherzusagen. Die niedrigste Wärmeleitfähigkeit der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit synthetisierten C-Aerogele beträgt danach etwa 0,17 W/(m•K) bei 2500°C unter Argonatmosphäre. Kommerziell erhältliche Hochtemperatur-Wärmedämmstoffe, wie z. B. Kohlefaserfilze oder Kohlenstoffschäume weisen Wärmeleitfähigkeiten im Bereich von etwa 0,7 bis 0,9 W/(m•K) bei einer Temperatur von 2000°C auf. Die Messungen zeigen, dass die vergleichsweise niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeiten von C-Aerogelen bei hohen Temperaturen durch die Unterdrückung des Gas- und Strahlungsbeitrags der Wärmeleitfähigkeit bedingt sind. / The scope of the present work is the synthesis, the characterisation and the optimisation of carbon (c-) aerogels as high temperature insulation (> 1000°C). Carbon aerogels are open porous monolithic solids which are produced by pyrolysis of organic aerogels. These organic precursors are synthesized via the sol-gel route. For the structural characterisation of the aerogels the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption measurements and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The thermal properties of the aerogels were quantified by laser flash measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermographic and infrared optical measurements. The inner structure of the aerogels consists of a three dimensional skeleton of primary particles which grow during the sol-gel synthesis and are connected to each other without any orientation. The voids between the particles are the pores. The mean particle and pore size of the aerogel can be tailored specifically via the concentration of the catalyst and the degree of dilution of the educt solution on the one hand and the synthesis time and -temperature on the other hand. The range of the mean particle and pore sizes of the aerogels synthesized within this work extends from some tens of nanometers to some microns. The density of the samples was varied in the range from 225 kg/m3 to 635 kg/m3. The impact of pyrolysis and annealing temperature on the morphology and the thermal properties of carbon aerogels was investigated for the first time systematically on one series of samples. For that purpose the samples were pyrolysed and annealed in the range of 800 to 2500°C. To separate and minimize the individual contributions, the thermal conductivity of the synthesized c-aerogels were thermally characterized by different measuring methods under various conditions. The measurements of the specific heat in the range of 32 to 1500°C yield values similar to the literature data of graphite; however slightly systematic higher values of up to 11% were observed as expected for “softer” solids with high interfacial surface areas. Measurements of a series of carbon aerogels with identical morphology, however different annealing temperatures, show an increase of the solid thermal conductivity with increasing annealing temperature of up to a factor of about 8 for temperatures between 800°C and 2500°C. Nitrogen sorption-, XRD-, Raman-, and SAXS-measurements reveal that this effect is dominated by the growth of graphitic domains (microcrystallites) within the primary particles of the aerogel. In addition calculations based on measurements of the thermal diffusivity indicate changes of the microcrystallites. Measurements of the thermal conductivity of aerogels with different morphologies as a function of gas pressure and the comparison of the data taken under vacuum and normal pressure yield informations about the gaseous contribution to the thermal conductivity. As expected, the gaseous thermal conductivity within the pores of the aerogel can be reduced compared to the free gas when the pore size is in the range of the mean free path of the gas molecules or smaller. The results agree with the theory within the measuremental uncertainties. Infrared optical measurements provide the extinction coefficient of carbon aerogels, from which the radiative contribution to the thermal conductivity could be determined. The laser flash equipment available at the ZAE Bayern allows measurements of the thermal diffusivity up to 1500°C from which the thermal conductivity can be determined. The thermal conductivity of carbon aerogels as a function of temperature is well described by a superposition of the single contributions determined separately and the theoretical predictions within the uncertainties. Based on the experimental data it is possible to extrapolate the thermal conductivity of carbon aerogels for applications beyond the maximum temperature investigated (1500°C). Thus the lowest thermal conductivity of the carbon aerogels synthesized in the scope of this work is about 0,17 W/(m•K) at 2500°C in argon atmosphere. This value is about a factor 4 lower than for the best commercially available insulation material.