Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Previous studies have shown that Western media often show the wrong picture of what happened during the genocide in Rwanda 1994. What is described in the news reporting is explained as a new civil war between the two different ethnic groups hutu and tutsi. The hate between these ethnic groups is described as an age-old hate that continually inflates to battles between these two different ethnic groups. The genocide witnessed by the entire international community and received no direct help from the outside world. The UN allowed people to kill each other with machetes, shoot each other and brutally and cold blooded murder others because they belong to the wrong ethnic group. Going into the UN's actions is very interesting and something I am thinking of doing in the future, but this essay focuses on two different issues: how was the genocide in Rwanda portrayed by Western media and did the Western image reflects the domestic image of the Rwanda genocide? The result is that Western media initially showed the wrong picture of what preceded in Rwanda. But when the newspapers sent their own cross-ministers, the conflict and the various players in the conflict were clarified.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciada en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica / La presente investigación se desarrolla entre los meses de julio 2012 y enero de 2013 en el marco del Seminario de Grado titulado "Testimonios y otros discursos del yo y la memoria" a cargo del profesor Leonel Delgado. En este curso se revisó bibliografía tanto teórica como literaria en relación a la literatura testimonial aparecida a propósito de procesos históricos o políticos traumáticos para sus protagonistas, y por otro lado, se puso atención a diversos aportes teóricos en relación a los trabajos de memoria, es decir, de recuperación y reflexión acerca del pasado, que los distintos sujetos y países han realizado respecto a dichos procesos.

Le modèle LES-Langevin a été étudié pour les écoulements turbulents de canal. Cette approche se base sur la dynamique des échelles sous-mailles qui d'abord a été étudiée dans le cadre de la théorie de la distorsion rapide. Le tenseur de contrainte des échelles sous-mailles a été modélisé par la combinaison d'une force turbulente et d'une viscosité turbulente. L'équation de la force turbulente est dérivée de la dynamique des échelles sous-mailles avec les hypothèses de la théorie de la distorsion rapide. Les termes non-linéaires contenant les échelles sous-mailles de la pression ont été modélisés par une force stochastique. La viscosité turbulente permet d'améliorer la dissipation des échelles résolues qui est produite par le tenseur de Reynolds sous-maille. L'avantage du modèle est la modélisation de la force turbulente par une équation dynamique dérivée des équations de Navier-Stokes. Cela donne la possibilité d'inclure tous les effets importants des échelles sous-mailles représentés par les équations de Navier-Stokes. Par exemple, le transfert inverse d'énergie des échelles sous-mailles vers les échelles résolues. La modélisation directe du gradient du tenseur de contrainte des échelles sous-mailles réduit le temps de calcul par rapport à une simulation directe, ce qui est l'objectif principal d'une simulation des grandes échelles (LES). Le travail a montré un besoin pour une étude plus approfondie de l'équation de la force turbulente afin de mieux reproduire l'action des échelles sous-mailles / The LES-Langevin model was studied on turbulent channel flows. The approach is based on the dynamics of the subgrid velocity scales previously studied in the frame of Rapid Distortion Theory. The subgrid stress tensor is modeled through a combination of a turbulent force and eddy-viscosity. The turbulent force equation is derived from the subgrid scales velocity dynamics with the hypotheses of the Rapid Distortion Theory. The complex nonlinear terms containing the subgrid scale pressure were modeled by a stochastic forcing. The well-known eddy-viscosity closure was chosen to improve the resolved scales dissipation of subgrid Reynolds stress. The advantage of the model is that the dynamics of turbulent force is prescribed by a dynamical equation derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. This allows a possibility to include all the important physical effects of the subgrid scales like the backward subgrid scale energy transfer. The direct modeling of the gradient of the subgrid scale tensor allows a reduction of the computational time compared to direct numerical simulation, which is the global objective of LES. The work demonstrates a need for further studies of the equations of the turbulent force in order to better estimate the subgrid scale action

Greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide and methane absorb and emit heat radiation, which contribute to global warming. Human activities such as increased emissions through burning of fossil fuels and deforestation drive this climate threat. International treaties such as the Paris agreement, enables stakeholders to mitigate effects of climate impact and create new sustainable markets. Various carbon offset projects on the voluntary market are an attempt to neutralize climate impact. In this report we identify five main project types for carbon offsets: i) forestry and land use, ii) renewable energy and energy effectivization, iii) transport, iv) waste handling and v) household devices. These project types are evaluated against UNs 17 sustainable development goals. The results show a net positive impact on goal 13, Climate action, for all project types, which is congruent with the focus on carbon offsetting. The results also show that impact varies depending on how the project is deigned. Climate offsetting has enabled multiple stakeholders to contribute to climate change mitigation. Despite many global benefits, carbon offsets have been subject to criticism in cases where the concept is not used as intended. There are currently no clear guidelines as to when focus for companies should shift from internal reduction to external reduction through offsetting. Validation of carbon offsets is another problematic aspect, as there is no one standard for the market to secure the quality of projects.

This paper takes its point of departure in the skewed attention towards the ‘protection’ of women rather than the ‘participation’ of women when talking about ‘Women, Peace &Security’ (WPS) in the UN Security Council. Given the centrality of Sweden, as the first country in the world with a feminist foreign policy, this thesis fills a gap in the current research as it investigates whether this skewed attention was reflected during Sweden’s time as a non-permanent member in the UNSC 2017-2018 or not. A quantitative content analysis of 318 Swedish statements in the UNSC 2017-2018 conducted in this paper shows an overall result where Sweden mentions women in the context of participation more frequently than protection. This outcome is further explained by three Government Officials active during Sweden’s time in the UNSC, as resulting from the Swedish strategy and the feminist foreign policy. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate a change in how frequently Sweden refers to participation over protection between 2017 and 2018; the strategy of attaching larger focus to participation is significantly clearer the second year. The interviewees explain that this was due to the increased experience in the UNSC and increased credibility for Sweden among the other member states. The current stage of the conflict or peacekeeping operation in question, i.e. in the country of discussion in the UNSC, was also considered as a large part of the strategy, suggesting the nature of the conflict to be of importance for the results and hence relevant to analyze in future research on the attention payed to participation versus protection in the UNSC.

Esta pesquisa busca analisar a política externa brasileira (PEB) dos últimos anos por meio do referencial teórico da teoria da complexidade. Parte-se do pressuposto de que uma linha-mestra histórica da PEB é a obtenção de um lugar de maior destaque para o Brasil na ordem internacional. No contexto do fim da Guerra Fria, a situação internacional e doméstica foi alterada, de modo a favorecer essa meta tradicional. Teoricamente, discute-se a limitação dos modelos conceituais lineares sobre política internacional, de modo a defender o referencial teórico da complexidade (não linear) como mais abrangente. Com base nisso, realizam-se dois estudos de caso. O primeiro é a histórica campanha brasileira pela reforma do Conselho de Segurança da ONU: argumenta-se que fracassou, entre outros motivos, por adotar uma abordagem linear, ineficaz para a abordagem de um \"wicked problem\". Outro estudo de caso é sobre o PAA-Africa, um programa descentralizado, adaptativo e flexível, que logrou sucesso. A conclusão é que a recente prática diplomática brasileira mistura iniciativas lineares e não lineares, com resultados diversos, o que dificulta a obtenção de sua meta histórica de maior protagonismo. / This research aims to analyze Brazilian foreign policy initiatives using complexity theory\'s (CT) conceptual framework. The basic assumption is that a key Brazilian historical international objective is to achieve a greater international role as a global player. With the end of the Cold War, international and domestic settings changed in a favorable way towards the fulfilment of this objective. Theoretically, it discusses the limitations of linear conceptual models on international politics, while it asserts that CT\'s nonlinear conceptual framework is more comprehensive. On this ground, two case studies are made. The first is about Brazil\'s historic campaign to reform the UN Security Council: the argument is that it failed, among other reasons, because it adopts a linear approach, one that is unsuitable to deal with a \"wicked problem\". The other case study is about PAA-Africa, a decentralized, adaptive and flexible program, which succeeded. The conclusion is that Brazil\'s recent diplomatic practice mixes linear and nonlinear initiatives, obtaining different results, and this is an obstacle for the country to achieve its goal of greater international protagonism.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi analisar o comportamento dos Estados em instituições internacionais por meio do estudo de caso da Comissão de Direitos Humanos (CDH) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). O comportamento dos Estados foi deduzido a partir de seus votos na CDH, mais precisamente, a análise dos padrões convergentes e divergentes entre os votos dos Estados-Membros da Comissão entre 1995 e 2005. A partir do trabalho empírico, buscou-se responder à questão de pesquisa se haveria padrões de votação que permitissem identificar comportamentos dos Estados na Comissão. Os resultados encontrados fornecem subsídios para que determinados comportamentos sejam identificados e novas questões de pesquisa sejam elaboradas. / This research aimed to analyze the performance of the States in international institutions based on a case study on the United Nations (UN) Commission on Human Rights (CHR). The States´ votes were used as the main source of information to compare their behavior at the Commission, more precisely, to analyze the converging and diverging voting patterns among the Commission Member-States from 1995 to 2005. The research question that guided this study was if there the CHR would present voting patterns that allow the identification of States´ behavior in it. The results of the empirical study provide inputs for certain behaviors to be identified and for new research questions to be raised.